Energy Conversion最新文献

{"title":"Incorporation of long range electrostatic effects in the canonical ensemble partition function","authors":"J. C. Denton","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90083-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90083-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"36 1","pages":"123-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89047630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From oil and gas to alternate fuels: The transition in conversion equipment","authors":"John A. Belding,&nbsp;William M. Burnett","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90076-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90076-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This Nation is facing a critical shortage of oil and natural gas resources. The Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)^∗ is responding to this problem with a broad strategy to open new energy choices. A major element of the strategy is a transition from oil and natural gas to alternate fuels. The subject of this paper is an approach to accomplishing this transition in energy conversion machinery.</p><p>The paper looks at the transition in each of four major market sectors: electric utilities, industry, transportation and commercial/residential. The processes/devices which presently convert oil and gas into useful products are examined in each market for ease of conversion to or replacement by coal or other alternate energy sources. Alternate energy sources discussed include coal, coal derived synthetic fuels, fuels from waste, solar energy, nuclear energy and waste thermal energy.</p><p>Based on this examination, a long range transition strategy is proposed which identifies transition approaches for each market sector dependent on the ease of conversion to alternate fuels in each sector. The strategy emphasizes near term transition in electric utilities to save petroleum resources for the more dificult to convert transportation sector. The roles of both improved efficiency and multifuel capability in the transition of conversion machinery are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 57-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90076-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91684610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the theory of crude oil prices—I. Inroduction of opportunity costs","authors":"Bijan Mossavar-Ramani,&nbsp;Jesse C. Denton","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90055-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90055-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>If recent trends are continued, the price of crude oil will be a strong driving force in changing the practice of energy conversion. This paper discusses the inclusion of an opportunity cost to a state or nation in establishing an appropriate price of crude oil. Succeeding papers will discuss the elasticity of crude oil supply and some implications of offsetting opportunity costs in establishing the price of crude oil. A reasonable approach is established for pricing crude oil, taking into account state or national opportunities, although its application brings into conflict the differing interests of states and nations. The approach relates the opportunity cost to the price elasticity of recoverable volumes of crude oil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 37-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90055-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77755182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two dimensional analysis of end effects in diagonal type MHD generator","authors":"M. Ishikawa, J. Umoto","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90081-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90081-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"28 1","pages":"113-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87514210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methanol-air fuel cell with hydrophilic air electrodes","authors":"C. Sylwan","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90077-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90077-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"26 1","pages":"67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76681227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The thermoelectric figure of merit of poor thermal conductors","authors":"A.J. Dixon","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90038-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90038-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calculations are given to show that for low thermal conductivity materials the radiation losses at even moderate temperatures preclude the use of the Harman technique for measuring the thermoelectric figure of merit. Measurements on liquid Tl₆₆Se₃₄, which has suitable thermoelectric properties, confirm this.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 139-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90038-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85016900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the relation between insolation and climatological variables—II. Prediction of insolation at Fort Hood, Texas","authors":"Donald Rapp,&nbsp;A.A.J. Hoffman","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90054-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90054-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Total insolation data were taken at hourly intervals at Fort Hood in Central Texas from September, 1974 to the present. This paper presents a digest of the data through the end of August, 1975. By analyzing the hourly variation of insolation on clear days, a simple correlation was devised for predicting the total insolation at any hour of any clear day in the year. The standard deviation for predicting daily total insolation on clear days is 10.2 Langleys compared to the average daily total of 300–700 Langleys. On unclear days, the fraction of clear weather insolation received at ground level was correlated with cloud cover and visibility. For any combination of cloud cover and visibility, the insolation can thereby be predicted. This correlation is found to be least accurate at low insolation, where solar energy systems are non-functional. At higher insolation, the accuracy improves, but is never as accurate as for clear days. With this correlation, monthly total insolation is predicted to within 5–10%. For the year September, 1974–August, 1975, the correlation predicted total insolation 1% lower than the observed value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 31-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90054-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85675019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of synthetic methanol from air and water using controlled thermonuclear reactor power—I. technology and energy requirement","authors":"Meyer Steinberg,&nbsp;Vi-Duong Dang","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90080-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90080-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide, water and nuclear fusion energy is extensively investigated. The entire system is analyzed from the point of view of process design of various processes. The main potential advantage of a fusion reactor (CTR) for this purpose is that it provides a large source of low cost, environmentally acceptable electric power based on an abundant fuel source. Carbon dioxide is obtained by extraction from the atmosphere or from sea water. Hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis of water. Methanol is synthesized by the catalytic reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The water electrolysis and methanol synthesis units are considered to be technically and commercially available. The benefit of using air or sea water as a source of carbon dioxide is to provide an essentially unlimited renewable and environmentally acceptable source of hydrocarbon fuel. Extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere also allows a high degree of freedom in plant siting.</p><p>The significant contribution of the present study is the evaluation of various methods of separation of carbon dioxide from air or sea water. Eight different methods of extraction of carbon dioxide from air are analyzed: (1) absorption and stripping of air by water at atmospheric pressure, (2) absorption and stripping of air by water at atmospheric pressure with a cooling tower as part of the absorption unit, (3) absorption and stripping of air by water at higher pressure, 20 atm, (4) absorption and stripping of air by methanol at 20 atm and −80°F, (5) removal of water vapor by adsorption on molecular sieves and subsequent extraction of carbon dioxide by refrigeration, (6) removal of water vapor by compression refrigeration and subsequent extraction of carbon dioxide by refrigeration, (7) absorption and stripping of air by a dilute aqueous potassium carbonate solution, and (8) removal of water vapor by adsorption on molecular sieves and adsorption/desorption of carbon dioxide from dry air by molecular sieves. A method of stripping of carbon dioxide from sea water is also presented. In order to compare these newly developed methods for CO₂ separation with other conventional non-fossil sources of carbon, the calcination of limestone is also examined.</p><p>For the extraction of carbon dioxide from air, the process of absorption/stripping of air by dilute potassium carbonate solution is found to require the least amount of energy. The total energy required for methanol synthesis from these sources of carbon dioxide is 3.90 kWh(e)/1b methanol of which 90% is used for generation of hydrogen. The process which consumes the greatest amount of energy is the absorption/stripping of air by water at high pressure and amounts to 13.2 kWh(e)/1b methanol. A subsequent paper will consider the important topic of economic evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 97-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90080-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91684612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-stage refrigeration and power producing arrangement consisting of a “vortex” cooling tube and a thermoelectric stage","authors":"K. Landecker","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90082-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90082-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A refrigeration and power producing arrangement is described which consists of two stages in series and which appears to be novel. The first (lower) stage is a “vortex cooling tube” which effects the necessary cooling of the second thermolelectric stage. It is found by calculations and experiments that this combination offers considerable advantages compared to an all-thermoelectric refrigeration or power producing arrangement, in particular when cooling water is not available or is to be excluded for reasons dictated by the particular application of the unit.</p><p>Although the volume of compressed air for the operation of the vortex tube is considerable it is of minor importance for the operation of the unit as a refrigerator.</p><p>It is, however, of major importance when the application of the vortex tube to the utilization of solar energy is contemplated. This possibility is considered separately in Section 4 of the text.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 119-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90082-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91684614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast transient response of novel Peltier junctions","authors":"G.E. Hoyos,&nbsp;K.R. Rao,&nbsp;D. Jerger","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90057-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90057-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fast transient response of a thermoelectric (TE) cooler with novel geometry is discussed. This geometry involves conical semiconductor legs whose hot to cold junction cross-sectional area ratios can be varied. The novel TE junctions are fabricated such that the thermal capacitance and electrical conductance are decreased while simultaneously increasing the thermal resistance. The experimental apparatus which includes the vacuum system, power supplies, pulse and control circuitry, sensing and measuring instrumentation etc. is described. With narrow pulse width and large amplitudes, additional cooling of the order of 45°C below the steady-state maximum with recovery times in the range of 1–3 sec is obtained.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 45-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90057-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87227838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}