EconomiA最新文献

{"title":"Smoking effects on labor income: new evidence for Brazil","authors":"Leandro Pinheiro Vieira, Rafael Mesquita Pereira","doi":"10.1108/econ-05-2023-0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/econ-05-2023-0077","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effect of smoking on the income of workers in the Brazilian labor market.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the 2019 National Health Survey (PNS), we initially address the sample selection bias concerning labor market participation by using the Heckman (1979) method. Subsequently, the decomposition of income between smokers and nonsmokers is analyzed, both on average and across the earnings distribution by employing the procedure of Firpo, Fortin, and Lemieux (2009) - FFL decomposition. Ñopo (2008) technique is also used to obtain more robust estimates.FindingsOverall, the findings indicate an income penalty for smokers in the Brazilian labor market across both the average and all quantiles of the income distribution. Notably, the most significant differentials and income penalties against smokers are observed in the lower quantiles of the distribution. Conversely, in the higher quantiles, there is a tendency toward a smaller magnitude of this gap, with limited evidence of an income penalty associated with this habit.Research limitations/implicationsThis study presents an important limitation, which refers to a restriction of the PNS (2019), which does not provide information about some subjective factors that also tend to influence the levels of labor income, such as the level of effort and specific ability of each worker, whether smokers or not, something that could also, in some way, be related to some latent individual predisposition that would influence the choice of smoking.Originality/valueThe relevance of the present study is clear in identifying the heterogeneity of the income gap in favor of nonsmokers, as in the lower quantiles there was a greater magnitude of differentials against smokers and a greater incidence of unexplained penalties in the income of these workers, while in the higher quantiles, there was low magnitude of the differentials and little evidence that there is a penalty in earnings since the worker is a smoker.","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"19 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139958447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contagion by COVID-19 in the cities: commuting distance and residential density matter?","authors":"Denis Fernandes Alves, R. S. Silveira Neto, André Luis Squarize Chagas, Tatiane Almeida De Menezes","doi":"10.1108/econ-11-2023-0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/econ-11-2023-0197","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study addresses the COVID-19 infection and its relationship with the city’s constructive intensity, commuting time to work and labor market dynamics during the lockdown period.Design/methodology/approachMicrodata from formal workers in Recife was used to adjust a probability model for disease contraction.FindingsThe authors' results indicate that greater distance to employment increases the probability of infection. The same applies to constructive intensity, suggesting that residences in denser areas, such as apartments in buildings, condominiums and informal settlements, elevate the chances of contracting the disease. It is also observed that formal workers with completed higher education have lower infection risks, while healthcare professionals on the frontlines of combating the disease face higher risks than others. The lockdown effectively reduced contagion by limiting people’s mobility during the specified period.Research limitations/implicationsThe research shows important causal relationships, making it possible to think about public policies for the health of individuals both when commuting to work and in living conditions, aiming to control contagion by COVID-19.Practical implicationsThe lockdown effectively reduced contagion by limiting people’s mobility during the specified period.Social implicationsIt is also observed that formal workers with completed higher education have lower infection risks, while healthcare professionals on the frontlines of combating the disease face higher risks than others.Originality/valueThe authors identified positive and significant relationships between these urban characteristics and increased contagion, controlling for neighborhood, individual characteristics, comorbidities, occupations and economic activities.","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"30 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139684228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commodity prices and business cycles in small open economies: the role of news shocks","authors":"Cleyton Farias, Marcelo Silva","doi":"10.1108/econ-02-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/econ-02-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose The authors explore the hypothesis that some movements in commodity prices are anticipated (news shocks) and can trigger aggregate fluctuations in small open emerging economies. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned objective. Design/methodology/approach The authors build a multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with endogenous commodity production. There are five exogenous processes: a country-specific interest rate shock that responds to commodity price fluctuations, a productivity (TFP) shock for each sector and a commodity price shock. Both TFP and commodity price shocks are composed of unanticipated and anticipated components. Findings The authors show that news shocks to commodity prices lead to higher output, investment and consumption, and a countercyclical movement in the trade-balance-to-output ratio. The authors also show that commodity price news shocks explain about 24% of output aggregate fluctuations in the small open economy. Practical implications Given the importance of both anticipated and unanticipated commodity price shocks, policymakers should pay attention to developments in commodity markets when designing policies to attenuate the business cycles. Future research should investigate the design of optimal fiscal and monetary policies in SOE subject to news shocks in commodity prices. Originality/value This paper contributes to the knowledge of the sources of fluctuations in emerging economies highlighting the importance of a new source: news shocks in commodity prices.","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135010909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workers’ mobility across occupations: Complementary insights from the human capital, migration and social stratification literature.","authors":"Ben Hur Francisco Cardoso, Dominik Hartmann","doi":"10.1108/econ-08-2022-0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/econ-08-2022-0115","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose A growing body of literature shows how intragenerational occupational mobility affects economic dynamics and social stratification. In this article the authors aim to carry out a structured review of this literature, outlining a systemic overview for more comprehensive research and public policies. Design/methodology/approach The authors use methods from structured literature reviews and network science to reveal the segmented research landscape of occupational mobility literature. The authors made an in-depth analysis of the most important papers to summarize the main contributions of the literature and identify research gaps. Findings The authors reveal a segmented research landscape around three communities: (1) human capital theory, (2) social stratification theory and (3) migration studies. Human capital research uses microfounded mathematical modeling to understand the relationship between skills and mobility. Nevertheless, it cannot explain social segregation and generally does not focus on the importance of local labor demand. Social stratification research can explain the social and institutional barriers to occupational mobility. Migration research studies the relationship between migration, labor demand and social mobility. Originality/value This paper is the first literature review that uses network analysis to perform a systematic review of the intragenerational occupational mobility literature. Moreover, this review identifies opportunities for mutual learning and research gaps in the research landscape.","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135939464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to EconomiA COVID-19 Issue","authors":"Monica Viegas , Letícia Nunes","doi":"10.1016/j.econ.2022.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.econ.2022.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 145-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517758022000054/pdfft?md5=7cfa394a935e1a12c8ff72da6a84c386&pid=1-s2.0-S1517758022000054-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73918353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential and effective remote work in Brazil: Looking into the gap between metrics","authors":"Felipe dos Santos Martins ,&nbsp;Geraldo Sandoval Góes ,&nbsp;José Antônio Sena Nascimento","doi":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main objective of this paper is to seek an explanation for the gap between the estimated remote work potential for Brazil and the remote work observed in the country. For this, at first, the teleworking potential is estimated based on the methodology of Dingel and Neiman (2020) applied to the Brazilian PNAD <em>Contínua</em> research based on the period prior to the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the research’s second stage, this potential is compared with remote work measurement provided by the PNAD Covid-19 survey, which was carried out between May and November 2020. A potential and effective telework gap was found, and we sought to investigate its causes based on the first PNAD <em>Contínua</em> interviews conducted in 2019, which contains information on people's domicile. The results indicate that about a fifth of workers in occupations that can be performed remotely live in households without the necessary means to be in a home office, such as a computer with internet access or even continuous electricity. Thereby, the potential for remote work was refined considering the socioeconomic characteristics of the workers, via the characteristics of the households present in the PNAD <em>Contínua</em> survey, which resulted in a refinement in the initial estimate of the potential for remote work initially carried out here went from 22.7% to 16.7%, significantly closer to that observed in May 2020, whose percentage was 13.3%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 265-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517758021000230/pdfft?md5=c89ddb50bb2a8ef7d3f68d2135c569a9&pid=1-s2.0-S1517758021000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82716262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saving lives and livelihoods: The Paycheck Protection Program and its efficacy","authors":"Nika Sabasteanski ,&nbsp;Jeremy Brooks ,&nbsp;Thomas Chandler","doi":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, swept through the United States. The necessary but costly non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) including social distancing, stay-at-home orders, and the closing or restriction of most businesses greatly increased the unemployment rate, and put millions of Americans at risk for eviction and bankruptcy. As a part of the relief efforts to mitigate the economic consequences of the shutdown orders, the United States Congress passed The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, also known as the CARES Act, which created the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP, administered by the Small Business Administration (SBA), was intended to help small business keep employees on their payroll through loans guaranteed by the SBA that are forgivable if certain conditions are met. This paper, using publicly available data released by the SBA of loans worth $150,000 or greater, analyzes the effectiveness of the program through multiple avenues. On the overall effectiveness of the program, we explore the types of business that received PPP funding, the ranges of loan amounts provided, the types of banks that processed the loans, the cost-effectiveness of jobs saved based on the loan range, and the racial distribution of loan recipients. We also analyze the geographical distribution of loans based on congressional district to look at the influence race and political party had on how much PPP funding each congressional district received. Finally, we look at the how the PPP fit into the context of the COVID-19 pandemic by looking at the number of COVID-19 cases in each state at the time the program was initially closed, the amount of PPP funding for each state and analyzing the relationship between the loan amount per COVID-19 case and the date of reopening in each state, the relationship between the number of PPP loans received, and how long it took until a state reopened. We note that states that received more loans tended to delay their reopening, as a result, one of the main goals of the PPP, limiting the spread of COVID-19 by keeping people at home, was successful in that regard. We determine that the program, while a critical lifeline in a desperate, unprecedented time, had flaws in its deployment related to a lack of preparedness, a lack of equity in which recipients had initial access and how much funding recipients received, and noticeable gaps in the data. Finally, we recommend policy solutions and fixes going forward to bolster our preparedness response at the state and federal level and ensure that going forward, we can do better to meet the missed marks during the acute phase of the coronavirus pandemic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 278-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517758021000217/pdfft?md5=10fbc1b2278ed5d5b89b5400f915bca9&pid=1-s2.0-S1517758021000217-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91137627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gender gap and the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of net Brazilian formal job destruction","authors":"Maria Micheliana da Costa Silva ,&nbsp;Marcelo Henrique Shinkoda","doi":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper sets out to analyze gender behavior in the Brazilian labor market as a result of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on job destruction and creation during the lockdown and implementation of social distancing throughout 2020. To do so, it uses the New General Register of Employed and Unemployed (NCAGED) and applies the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to net male and female job destruction at municipal level, in the 18 to 40 age group. In addition, inequality for every month of 2020, in terms of the pre- and post-pandemic context was verified. It was found that the initial months affected all formal workers but had an even greater effect on women. Another relevant contribution of this study is its inequality decomposition, where the findings show that it is largely due to structural effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 225-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517758021000266/pdfft?md5=c9a4b565e715e11ef0e9d20e4b5ddafc&pid=1-s2.0-S1517758021000266-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77091743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lockdown policies: A macrodynamic perspective for COVID-19","authors":"Francesco Busato ,&nbsp;Bruno Chiarini ,&nbsp;Gianluigi Cisco ,&nbsp;Maria Ferrara ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Marzano","doi":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a global health and economic crisis. The entire world has faced a trade-off between health and recessionary effects. This paper investigates this trade-off according to a macro-dynamic perspective. We set up and simulate a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model to analyze the COVID-19 contagion within an economy with endogenous dynamics for the pandemic, variable labor utilization, and four lockdown policies with different degrees of size and duration. There are three main results in this study. First, the model matches rather well with the main European economies’ preliminary stylized facts during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, a temporary lockdown policy reduces the epidemic’s size but exacerbates the recession’s severity. The negative peak in aggregate production ranges from 10% with a soft containment measure to 25% with a strong containment measure; second, recovery from recession emerges when the lockdown policy is relaxed. On that basis, the output return to its pre-lockdown level after about 50 weeks. Third, sectors characterized by flexible and capital-intensive technology suffer a more severe slowdown.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 198-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517758021000199/pdfft?md5=a492460b8bde6585407bae540202a4e7&pid=1-s2.0-S1517758021000199-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83743788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social protection and COVID-19: Evaluation of regional impacts of the Emergency Aid policy in Brazil","authors":"Prisciane Raupp da Rosa ,&nbsp;Adelar Fochezatto ,&nbsp;Giácomo Balbinotto Neto ,&nbsp;Eduardo Rodrigues Sanguinet","doi":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.econ.2021.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The new Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), which began in late 2019 in China, lead to a health and economic crisis of significant proportions. The decrease in economic activity in order to prevent further spread of the disease affected all economic sectors, resulting in the unprecedented loss of jobs and the weakening of the informal economy. The Emergency Aid (EA) was created with the purpose of guaranteeing a subsistence income, minimizing the economic problems brought about by the pandemic. The aim of this paper is to analyze the direct and indirect impacts of the EA income transfers on the economy of Brazilian states. Of particular interest is to assess the distribution of indirect impacts as there may be spillovers of income between regions because of inter-sector relations and production chains. Thus, given the differences in production structures, the accounting of indirect impacts can result in a structure of regional distribution of benefits that is quite different from the initial one. The aim of this study is to assess which regions are relatively more benefited by comparing the initial structure of the distribution of the EA benefits with the final structure, after accounting for the spillovers. To do so, an interregional input-output model developed by Haddad et al. (2017) and data from the Brazilian Transparency Portal (<em>Portal da Transparência</em>) on resources allocated by the EA in the period from April to August 2020 were used. The results show that the states that benefited most in the initial distribution of the EA are the relatively most populous and poorest (Northeast) and the most benefited in the final distribution are those with more complex and relatively more developed productive structures (Southeast and South).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100389,"journal":{"name":"EconomiA","volume":"22 3","pages":"Pages 239-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517758021000254/pdfft?md5=60f70959d30e389e9f6244fdf510534b&pid=1-s2.0-S1517758021000254-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77246977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}