Earthquake Engineering and Resilience最新文献

{"title":"Matrix-Based Analytical Method for Failure Mode Identification and Uniform-Failure Seismic Design of Prestressed Column","authors":"Jian Zhong,&nbsp;Hao Ye,&nbsp;Longfei Shi,&nbsp;Biao Wei,&nbsp;Dewang Yang","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Resilient seismic design requires that structures exhibit excellent seismic performance and small residual deformation. Unbonded prestressed reinforced concrete (UBPRC) columns, with prestressed strands serving as self-centering components, can effectively reduce residual displacement, which is of great significance for the seismic resilience of bridges. Compared with a traditional reinforced concrete column, the presence of prestress may change the failure mode of the UBPRC column. To quantitatively study the failure mode of UBPRC columns, two failure modes in the complete damage state were defined, and a matrix-based analytical model was proposed. First, two failure modes were defined: crushing of the core concrete and tensile fracture of the longitudinal steel bars. On this basis, the uniform-failure state was defined as the two failure modes occurring almost simultaneously. Then, an analytical model for the failure mode, including eight structural and material parameters, was proposed. The failure mode can be identified by inputting the values of these parameters into the analytical model. According to the proposed analytical model, the effects of various parameters on the failure mode of UBPRC columns were investigated. The parameter design was carried out using transverse and longitudinal reinforcement ratios, and the prestressing force ratio as examples, based on the uniform-failure state. The proposed analytical model can be applied to identify the failure modes and to perform preliminary parameter design of the UBPRC column.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"385-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Fragility Analysis of Multistory Masonry Structures Strengthened by Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs)","authors":"Yongqun Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangmin Li,&nbsp;Lixue Jiang,&nbsp;Zhuolin Wang,&nbsp;Yubing Leng,&nbsp;Qingfeng Xu","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Strengthening multistory masonry structures with engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) overlay is a new strengthening method that can save construction time and achieve minimal disturbance. To investigate the effectiveness of various ECC overlay layout strategies, this manuscript studies the seismic fragility of ECC-strengthened masonry structures with different strengthening methods. An equivalent framework model based on OpenSees for ECC-strengthened masonry structures was first established and validated through shake-table tests. Then, 25 ground motions were selected for incremental dynamic analysis of the ECC-strengthened masonry structures, and the seismic fragility curves were obtained. Finally, the effects of ECC overlay thickness (<i>t</i>_ECC), ECC overlay configuration strategy, and ECC overlay length ratio (<i>R</i>_l) were analyzed. The interstory drift ratio (IDR) was employed to assess the structural performance levels. The numerical results of the equivalent framework model show close agreement with experimental results, demonstrating the validity of the modeling methodology. ECC-strengthening method can significantly improve the seismic performance of masonry structures, reducing the collapse probability from 30.6% to 2.2 × 10⁻⁵ at Maximum Considered Earthquake. As <i>t</i>_ECC increases, the number of strengthening walls increases, and <i>R</i>_l increases, the IDRs and the fragility of the structures decrease, with significant impacts. A strengthening scheme with ECC overlay thickness of 20–40 mm, exterior walls strengthening, and ECC overlay length ratio of 1.0 was suggested in practical engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"351-366"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Seismic Resilience: Damage Characteristics and Mitigation Strategies for Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame Buildings on Hill Slopes","authors":"Vyas R. N. Pammi,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Ramancharla","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Buildings on hillside slopes have complex structural systems due to the existing topographical limitations. The seismic behavior and the failure pattern of these buildings are also observed to be peculiar in the past earthquakes such as Sikkim (2011) and Nepal (2015). Therefore, the mitigation strategy for such buildings must be delineated based on the detailed understanding of the typical damage characteristics exhibited. This study is focused on identifying the effect of critical parameters of configuration such as aspect ratio and slenderness ratio, that are usually imposed due to the topographical limitations, on the seismic response of the buildings on hill slopes. A total of 40 buildings are numerically modeled with varying aspect and slenderness ratios and the correlation between various member-level parameters such as beam axial stresses, columns shear stress etc., are studied with the help of correlation matrices. Based on the observations, these parameters are categorized into three sets namely system parameters, behavior control parameters, and behavior verification parameters. Further, a suite of 11 ground motions recorded during the past earthquakes are utilized to verify the observations through nonlinear dynamic analysis. The response along the valley is predominantly governed by shear-force concentration in the uphill columns, whereas the response across the valley is associated with differential flexible- and rigid-edge deformations and the resulting torsional behavior. Lastly, three mitigation strategies are suggested and verified to improve the response and reduce the brittle failure modes, viz., (a) to limit the shear failures, (b) to improve the base shear distribution along the valley, and (c) to regulate the deformation of flexible edge that leads to reduction in the overall twist. Nonlinear analysis of the proposed model showed substantially reduced concentrated shear in short columns and improved deformations along and across the valley. The proposed methodology produced a more balanced structural response by improving stiffness distribution, deformation compatibility, torsional behavior, and force redistribution, with the flexible-to-rigid edge deformation ratio moving closer to unity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"411-440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70062","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Behavior of a One-Story CFS-Framed Building Under Shaking Table Excitation","authors":"Mohammad Rahimibala,&nbsp;Fayaz R. Rofooei","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The behavior of Cold-Framed Steel (CFS) frames under earthquake loads must be examined before CFS building systems can be integrated fully into the construction market. Over the past 20 years, studies have focused on the subsystem level, while system-level performance has been less studied. This paper aims to bridge the gap between subsystem and system-level performance. In this regard, a full-scale shake-table test is conducted using results from subsystem-level tests to provide experimental insight into the behavior of real 3D CFS-framed structures under seismic excitation. The CFS-framed building is designed in accordance with the Iranian Cold-Formed Light Steel Structures Design and Construction Code. The building's structural system comprises CFS, CFS-framed shear walls with two-sided and one-sided sheathings, and a k-brace for lateral force-resisting shear walls. The CFS test structure features a rectangular floor plan measuring 2.9 m × 3.10 m, with a uniform story height of 2.4 m throughout all levels. Using signal-processing techniques, the frequency response function of the CFS specimen is determined to identify its natural frequencies and damping ratios. The structure is subjected to ground motion tests on the shake-table. Then, simplified numerical models are developed in OpenSees. Nonlinear time-history analyses were performed on finite element models of the CFS building, with results systematically compared with shake-table test data to validate the proposed simplified modeling approach. The developed model demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental results, showing: (1) close correlation in natural period between the numerical model and physical structure, and (2) nearly identical peak story absolute acceleration responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"459-477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A General Solution-Based Physics-Constrained Neural Network for Solving the One-Dimensional Wave Equation","authors":"Youming Chen,&nbsp;Duofa Ji,&nbsp;Changhai Zhai,&nbsp;Lili Xie","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wave propagation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, serving as a fundamental mechanism for energy and information transfer across various fields. Traditional numerical methods for solving the wave equation, such as finite difference and spectral element methods, suffer from discretization errors that typically require a sufficiently small grid size to achieve acceptable accuracy. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) offer a mesh-free alternative by embedding physical constraints directly into the loss function to achieve accurate and efficient modeling. However, PINNs encounter convergence challenges when applied to the one-dimensional (1D) wave equation, primarily due to the unique loss landscape associated with wave problems, particularly for long-duration and complex wave-input scenarios. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a general solution-based physics-constrained neural network (gs-PCNN), which embeds the general solution of the wave equation directly into the network architecture. The gs-PCNN consists of two subnetworks inspired by the D'Alembert general solution, so that the governing equation is satisfied by construction and only the initial and boundary conditions need to be enforced during training. Compared with the standard PINN and sinusoidal-feature PINN (sf-PINN) baseline models, the gs-PCNN achieves substantially higher accuracy and shorter training times for long-duration harmonic waves and maintains a clear accuracy advantage for broadband earthquake-motion inputs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"334-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical Damage Classification of Base-Isolated Buildings Based on Global Postearthquake Observations","authors":"Yunze Wang,&nbsp;Zhe Qu,&nbsp;Lingxin Zhang","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current seismic damage classification standards do not adequately capture the distinctive damage characteristics inherent to base-isolated buildings. To bridge this gap, this study collects and analyzes empirical damage observations from 52 base-isolated buildings affected by 11 destructive earthquakes globally. Operating within the framework of current Chinese seismic damage classification standards, the typical damage patterns of critical and vulnerable components in base-isolated buildings are summarized, including isolation bearings, supplemental energy-dissipation devices, nonstructural elements within the isolation layer, and the superstructure. On this basis, we propose a seismic damage classification framework for base-isolated buildings, which incorporates postearthquake functionality, the conditions of the isolation layer, and the extent of nonstructural damage. The damage state of the isolation layer is derived from discrete damage states and damage rates of its constituent parts, which is subsequently integrated with the state of the superstructure to determine the overall building damage state. It offers a practical foundation for postearthquake field survey, damage statistical analyses, and the future revision of relevant standards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"441-458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Ground-Motion Characteristics on Floor Acceleration Demands in Fixed-Base and Base-Isolated RC Building Frames","authors":"Iqra Latif,&nbsp;Mitesh Surana,&nbsp;Arnab Banerjee","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the floor acceleration response of 4-, 8-, and 12-storey reinforced-concrete moment-resisting frame buildings with and without friction pendulum (FP) base-isolation systems. Time-history analyses are conducted for elastic and inelastic structural responses under 184 ordinary and pulse-type ground motions each, including pulse motions with periods close to and significantly different from the fundamental modal periods of the structures. The effectiveness of FP isolation in mitigating acceleration demands on secondary systems is evaluated using in-structure amplification factors, floor response spectra, and Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS). The results demonstrate that FP isolation provides substantially greater reductions in in-structure amplification under ordinary ground motions than under pulse-type ground motions. Floor response spectra further indicate that secondary systems tuned to the fundamental mode of the supporting structure achieve higher isolation efficiency than systems tuned to higher modes, particularly under pulse-type ground motions. FAS confirms that base-isolation filters seismic energy and suppresses modal amplification. Overall, the findings highlight the strong dependence of FP isolation effectiveness on ground-motion characteristics and secondary-system frequency, with substantially reduced protection against pulse-type ground motions and higher-mode excitation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"367-384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Instability of Pile Foundations Under Real Earthquake Excitation","authors":"Jian Deng,&nbsp;Diego Galvez","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the dynamic instability of pile foundations subjected to real seismic excitation through numerical analysis. The seismic input is extracted from ground motion records of the 1966 Peru earthquake, specifically the PER01 station record obtained from the official database of the Instituto Geofísico del Perú. The recorded ground acceleration was processed using the SeismoSignal software and then incorporated into the equation of motion of the pile foundation as a parametric excitation. Because the time-varying coefficient in the equation of motion is represented by digitally recorded discrete data, conventional methods are not directly applicable. To overcome this limitation, a novel numerical method is proposed for evaluating the dynamic instability of systems whose equation coefficients are available only as digital discrete data. The method approximates the state transition matrix using a cascading matrix technique, enabling accurate stability analysis under arbitrary recorded excitations. A series of parametric studies is then conducted to investigate the effects of key parameters—including static load, soil damping, soil stiffness, excitation frequency, pile elastic modulus, and pile length—on the boundaries of the dynamic instability regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"400-410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning for the Spatiotemporal Prediction of Seismic Ground Motion Fields: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"Jiaxin Li,&nbsp;Zhenning Ba,&nbsp;Jingxuan Zhao","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spatiotemporal prediction of seismic ground motion represents a critical scientific challenge in earthquake engineering and seismology, with important implications for seismic design, rapid post-earthquake damage assessment, and emergency response. Traditional methods, which primarily rely on physics-based simulations and ground motion prediction equations, face inherent limitations in balancing prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. In recent years, the continuous expansion of strong motion records and numerical simulation databases has enabled machine-learning (ML) approaches to demonstrate significant advantages in ground motion prediction. This study systematically reviews advances in ML–based spatiotemporal ground motion prediction, focusing on two key aspects: spatial ground motion parameter prediction and time series prediction. The reviewed studies are further categorized according to input data type, including feature parameters, sparse spatial fields, and station time series data, while recent developments in physics-informed learning are also summarized. Existing research indicates that ML approaches show strong potential for modeling complex nonlinear spatiotemporal characteristics of seismic motions and for improving computational efficiency under specific data conditions. However, important challenges remain regarding data imbalance, cross-region generalization, physical consistency, interpretability, and uncertainty quantification. Current evidence suggests that ML-based approaches should presently be regarded as complementary tools rather than replacements for traditional ground motion prediction frameworks in engineering-critical applications. This review aims to provide a critical reference for future development of ML-based spatiotemporal ground motion prediction methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 3","pages":"309-333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149219590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Using Skybridge and Its Various Design Methods on the Performance of Multitower","authors":"Majid Moradi,&nbsp;Sadegh Rezaei,&nbsp;Shafee Farzanian,&nbsp;Parsa Mohseni Saravi","doi":"10.1002/eer2.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eer2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of using a truss-type skybridge and different design methods on the performance of tall structures. Three design methods were examined, including force-based design, energy-based performance design, and a supplementary configuration using isolators and dampers, which was also examined to illustrate an upper-bound elastic scenario for comparison purposes. The study first analyzed twin 50-story towers, followed by a 50-story and a 40-story tower with a core-braced and outrigger truss system. After initial design, the structures were nonlinearly modeled in PERFORM-3D software and subjected to 28 near-field ground motion records recommended by FEMA P695, and the average responses were finally compared. The results illustrated that the force-based design method could not provide appropriate performance for the skybridge under seismic loads. The energy-based performance method ensured the skybridge met the Life Safety performance level, while the force-based method with isolators and dampers guaranteed elastic behavior of the skybridge. The findings also indicated that both the use of a sky bridge and its design methods significantly affect structural performance. In the twin towers, the average roof displacement decreased by 9.2% when the skybridge was designed using the energy-based performance design method and 7% when designed using the force-based method with isolators and dampers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100383,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering and Resilience","volume":"5 2","pages":"161-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eer2.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}