Dermatological Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Permanent fillers—What is their role","authors":"Lina Chan,&nbsp;Andraia Li,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.189","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With the growing cosmetic industry, there have been numerous advancements in nonsurgical interventions including the use of permanent dermal filler injections. Permanent fillers are relatively novel in clinical use when compared to temporary and semi-permanent fillers. The only FDA-approved, non-biodegradable permanent filler uses polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres. PMMA is suspended in bovine collagen and lidocaine solution for injection, absorbed by the body, and replaced overtime by collagen. ArteFill® was the first FDA approved permanent filler in 2005 for correction of nasolabial folds, with studies demonstrating rejuvenation for up to five years, trumping its predecessors in longevity. A decade later with rebranding, Bellafill® was indicated for correction of nasolabial fold and atrophic acne scars.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To review the development of permanent fillers, mechanism, and safety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials &amp; Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A qualitative systematic review was conducted on PMMA microspheres indications, contraindications, and off-label use on benefits, risks, and adverse events.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The durability of permanent fillers has a strong appeal for both patients and practitioners, however, usage for certain patient populations demonstrates increased risk for both early and late complications compared to temporary and semi-permanent fillers. A skin test composed of purified 3.5% bovine collagen gel administered in the volar forearm is recommended one month prior to injection, to identify any patients who may have a positive response. Bovine collagen demonstrates low immunogenicity with the incidence of preexisting hypersensitivity reported to be between 2-4%. Bovine collagen in dermatologic formulations use pepsin-solubilized formulations in which telopeptides are cleaved to further help reduce aberrant immunogenic responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early and late complications may outweigh the benefits in use of permanent fillers, however these complications are patient dependent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Permanent fillers may be useful in volume replacement for nasolabial folds and atrophic acne scars, however a provider must use good clinical judgement in deciding which patients are ideal candidates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 3","pages":"121-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50143169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juvéderm: What we know now","authors":"Chelsea Shope,&nbsp;Laura Andrews,&nbsp;Chelsea Eason,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Introduction</b>: The Juvéderm family of dermal fillers are injectable, long-lasting, homogenous, monophasic, monodensified hyaluronic acid fillers which are cross-linked with varying amounts of 1,4-butanediol-diglycidyl-ether (BBDE). Several formulations of Juvéderm exist, including the original Juvéderm Ultra® and Juvéderm Ultra Plus®, and the newer Juvéderm Voluma® XC. Differences in the Juvéderm product line stem from the hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration, gel hardness (G star (G*)), elastic properties (G prime (G′)), amount of molecular cross-linking (BBDE percentage), and technology utilized for cross-linking. <b>Discussion</b>: The Juvéderm filler lineup is such that each product is uniquely formulated for a specific indication. The lineup together has shown to be efficacious in treating superficial lines to deep-seated wrinkles. These fillers are unlikely to cause adverse immune reactions, and as with other HAFs, their effects can be reversed with the injection of hyaluronidase. <b>Conclusion</b>: This chapter discusses the variety of fillers currently in the market within the Juvéderm family, as well as several new products on the horizon. We detail product FDA approvals, indications, safety, and adverse events.</p>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"90-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50152915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restylane: What we know","authors":"Almeera Lateef,&nbsp;Alan Snyder,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Restylane is a hyaluronic acid-based facial and hand dermal filler line used for cutaneous augmentation and fold-crease reduction approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003. It is sourced from nonanimal products which confers low immunogenicity and mitigates risk of hypersensitivity reactions and forgoes the need for allergy testing. Restylane has been observed to have excellent longevity secondary to its unique cross-linking properties, lasting in the skin for up to 12 months. Despite its relatively low-risk profile, case reports indicate injection site reactions being common, with more serious adverse events being very rare. In these cases, dissolution of Restylane is performed with hyaluronidase, while intralesional steroids can be utilized to manage unwanted inflammatory reactions. Overall, its low reaction potential, established safety profile, facial filler product-line consistency as well as indication diversity, and prolonged mechanism of action have been leading factors in its continued popularity over the past two decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"86-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50152236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiesse: State of the Art and Dilute Radiesse","authors":"Katelyn Fritsche,&nbsp;Andraia R. Li,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.185","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Radiesse is a calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA)-based filler first FDA-approved in 2006 for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy and moderate to severe facial wrinkles, particularly the nasolabial folds. It has since expanded into new formulations and has been approved for jawline contouring and treatment of dorsal hand volume loss. CaHAs provide the basis of the filler's appeal, inducing biostimulation of stromal components including collagen, elastin, and vasculature. The carboxymethylcellulose gel carrier gives the filler its notoriously stiff volumizing effects, intended for deeper placement, typically in the subdermal and supraperiosteal planes. Since its inception, innovative efforts have been ongoing to take advantage of the filler's biostimulatory effects without its volumization.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe novel uses of dilute, hyperdilute, and HA-mixed CaHA filler.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A review was performed on current available literature and consensus guidelines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diluted and hyperdiluted Radiesse allow for widespread treatment, providing patients the dermal rejuvenation they desire, without the firm volumizing effects seen with undiluted product. This has led to an explosion in off-label use including treatment of skin laxity of the face, neck and decolletage, arms, abdomen, buttocks, and thighs. Clinicians have also begun combining the CaHA filler with hyaluronic acid-based fillers to induce skin regeneration while providing a more flexible and softer volume replacement. Radiesse' uses continue to evolve with alterations in the original formula, allowing for increasingly customized product to meet each patient's individual needs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 3","pages":"110-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50151530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dermal fillers: History 101","authors":"Laura Andrews,&nbsp;Chelsea Shope,&nbsp;Alan Snyder,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dermal fillers are an efficacious option for treating age-related volume deficiency, as well as scars and wrinkles. Additionally, they are useful for facial sculpting and contouring, and to augment anatomical structures such as the lips.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The start of the search for an ideal dermal filler can be traced back to the late 1800s. Characteristics of this ideal filler product include nontoxic, nonmigratory, noncarcinogenic, easily applied, noninfectious, painless, and long-lasting. It would also have predictable and consistent results, feel natural, and require no patient downtime. Over the past century and a half, numerous products have been used or developed in an attempt to achieve a filler possessing these characteristics. However, only in the past few decades have safe, injectable filler products approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), been developed. Herein, we discuss the various injectable agents used in the past, as well as the most commonly used agents of present day.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reflecting upon the history of dermal filler development serves as an important reminder to proceed with caution, as serious complications may occur with their use. Importantly, no single filler is ideal for all patients or indications, therefore optimal treatment requires awareness of the properties and characteristics of each available product, and discretionary use by providers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"82-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50151539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acne and its association with internalizing problems","authors":"Charlotte Hammill,&nbsp;Tracy Vaillancourt","doi":"10.1002/der2.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acne vulgaris or “acne” is a prevalent and burdensome cutaneous condition that has been linked with unique mental health implications. Clinical (i.e., general and social anxiety, and major depression) and subclinical indicators (e.g., excessive worry, social self-consciousness, and low self-esteem) of internalizing disorders have been associated with acne across demographics (e.g., age groups and cultures). Considering the persistent burden of disease associated with these mental health outcomes, our primary aim was to concretely synthesize the relation between acne and internalizing symptoms. A secondary aim was to address the role that combined oral contraceptives and isotretinoin (e.g., Accutane), widely prescribed medical treatments for acne, may play in this relation as both have been linked to depression and anxiety. We discuss practical implications that may strengthen the effective biopsychosocial management of acne for suffering individuals. This review actively upholds and amplifies the call for longitudinal research that integrates the developmental psychology and dermatology literature to effectively treat acne in its entirety, including mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 5","pages":"228-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/der2.181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68179894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algeness—What do we know about this filler","authors":"Andraia R. Li,&nbsp;Brooke Taylor,&nbsp;Alan N. Snyder,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.184","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dermal fillers are cosmetic injections that temporarily treat signs of aging. While hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers have been in forefront of the cosmetic industry, non-HA-based alternatives have increased in popularity over the past decade. Algeness is an agarose gel-based dermal filler marketed as a natural and biodegradable alternative to HA. Available in four different concentrations, including 1%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% agarose, Algeness has numerous applications ranging from lip augmentations to treatment of nasolabial folds and nonsurgical rhinoplasties. The structure of Algeness closely mimics that of the extracellular matrix and may be advantageous for mitigating migration. Algeness is also not readily digested by a specific human enzyme but is metabolized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system instead. These characteristics are thought to contribute to Algeness' durability and volumizing properties. The longevity of the filler directly correlates with the concentration of agarose incorporated, reportedly ranging from 3 to 15 months, depending on the formulation. Injection of Algeness differs from that of HA filler and a linear retrograde injection approach is recommended.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the limited studies performed thus far, Algeness has been shown to have comparable durability, patient satisfaction, and early adverse effects to HA fillers, particularly for treatment of the nasolabial folds. However, Algeness has not yet received Food and Drug Administration approval and is currently not available in US markets. Randomized clinical trials are currently underway to further evaluate its performance and safety.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"100-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50127109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Belotero: What we know now","authors":"Chelsea Shope,&nbsp;Laura Andrews,&nbsp;Alan Snyder,&nbsp;Todd Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/der2.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.180","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Belotero® Balance is a monophasic, polydensified hyaluronic acid gel filler (HAF) with a cross-linked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether. Belotero uses a unique, two-step cross-linking process yielding a highly cross-linked, cohesive gel with characteristic soft, smooth, flowing quality. Belotero is the only monophasic, polydensified gel currently approved by the FDA. It is highly efficacious for correction of very fine lines. Belotero Balance is formulated free from lidocaine, and thus should be avoided for injections in nerve-dense areas. Like other HAFs, the side effect profile of Belotero is minimal, and the product is temporary and reversible with hyaluronidase.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this chapter we discuss Belotero's FDA approval, uses and indications, efficacy as compared to other HAFs, and adverse effects, as well as new products on the horizon.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 2","pages":"96-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50119970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis of melasma","authors":"Rayva Khanna,&nbsp;Abigail Nowah,&nbsp;Desiree Morris,&nbsp;Seemal R. Desai","doi":"10.1002/der2.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To adequately guide future therapies, it is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of melasma. Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, hormonal stimulation, and genetic predisposition play a role in melasma. A widely accepted theory for the pathogenesis of melasma is the increase of melanin through UV, which leads to the upregulation of melanin stimulating receptors (MSR) such as melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R), resulting in increased hormone binding and melanin production. Furthermore, there are similarities between the histopathologic presentation of melasma and solar elastosis, a hallmark of photo-aged skin. These overlaps include altered basement membrane, increased vascularization, and increased mast cell count. There is significant data showing greater degree of solar elastosis in the melasma skin compared to the perilesional skin. Additionally, an etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of melasma is hormonal exposure to estrogen. Melasma has increased prevalence among menstruating women, women on oral contraceptives, and pregnant women. In melasma lesions, studies have shown an increased number of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in the dermis and epidermis, respectively. Previously, increased melanogenesis was thought to be the sole contributing factor to the pathogenesis of melasma but more recently, aberrant vasodilation and angiogenesis have been found to play a role. Nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, was found to be overexpressed at the dermal-epidermal junction and was hypothesized to contribute to melasma through stimulation of tyrosinase and increasing vascularity. In conclusion, the various mechanisms implicated in melasma include melanocyte dysfunction, solar elastosis, mast cell dysfunction, hormonal influence, vascular transformation, and basement membrane damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":"12-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50142631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overlap syndrome of juvenile dermatomyositis with systemic lupus erythematosus: A rare case report of diagnostic perplex","authors":"Vasudha A. Belgaumkar,&nbsp;Rachana Raj,&nbsp;Shekhar N. Pradhan,&nbsp;Gauri Bhale","doi":"10.1002/der2.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/der2.179","url":null,"abstract":"Overlap syndromes include a heterogenous group of conditions presenting with mixed features of more than one autoimmune disorder simultaneously in the same patient. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with myositis overlap is a rare scenario, particularly in the pediatric age group.","PeriodicalId":100366,"journal":{"name":"Dermatological Reviews","volume":"4 5","pages":"223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68179903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}