Suzanne M. Pratt DVM, DABVP , Sharon J. Spier DVM, PhD, DACVIM , Betsy Vaughan DVM , Mary Beth Withcomb DVM , Megan R. Uerling DVM , W. David Wilson BVMS, MS
{"title":"Respiratory Disease Caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis","authors":"Suzanne M. Pratt DVM, DABVP , Sharon J. Spier DVM, PhD, DACVIM , Betsy Vaughan DVM , Mary Beth Withcomb DVM , Megan R. Uerling DVM , W. David Wilson BVMS, MS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.020","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Corynebacterium</em><em> pseudotuberculosis</em></span> is a common cause of external abscesses in horses. Approximately 8% of affected horses develop internal infection, which is associated with increased mortality and expense. Respiratory disease caused by <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> occurs in approximately 40% of horses that develop internal <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> infection. The lower respiratory tract may be the only organ system affected and infection can manifest as pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. Approximately half of the horses that develop <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> lower respiratory tract infection have concurrent abdominal organ involvement. The liver is the site most commonly affected, although renal and splenic involvement also occurs. Abdominal ultrasound is an important diagnostic technique to specifically identify affected abdominal organs. With early diagnosis, a high proportion of horses with internal <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> infection respond well to long-term antimicrobial therapy; however, pregnant mares are at risk for fetal loss.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79650415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (Strangles) Infection","authors":"Sandra D. Taylor DVM, W. David Wilson BVMS, MS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.016","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Streptococcus equi</em></span> subsp. <em>equi</em> infection (strangles) is an acute, contagious upper respiratory tract disease of predominantly young horses characterized by rhinopharyngitis and lymphadenitis of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. <em>S. equi</em><span> infects the host by attaching to tonsillar epithelium after inhalation or ingestion of infected secretions. Several components of the bacterium, including the capsular M-protein, contribute to virulence and immunogenicity. Nasopharyngeal mucosal and systemic immune responses are important for recovery, and most naturally infected horses become solidly immune for years thereafter. Definitive diagnosis is made by culture or polymerase chain reaction testing of nasal swabs, abscess aspirates, or guttural pouch lavages. Treatment is dependent on the stage and severity of disease. Inapparent carrier horses play an important role in persistence of </span><em>S. equi</em> and its transmission to susceptible populations. Control and prevention depend on isolation of affected horses, appropriate sanitation, identification of carriers, and judicious use of vaccines. Complications from <em>S. equi</em><span><span> infection include guttural pouch empyema, internal abscesses, purpura hemorrhagica, and </span>myositis.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 211-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85480783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 Respiratory Disease in the Horse","authors":"Wendy Harless DVM , Nicola Pusterla DVM, DACVIM","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.014","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1 and -4 associated respiratory disease in the horse occurs worldwide. Clinically there are no distinguishing characteristics between EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection. Disease is spread between animals by aerosolized virus, direct contact with infected respiratory secretions, or fomites. Diagnosis can be made by virus isolation, PCR of nasopharyngeal secretions or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or serology. The characteristics of the protective immune response against EHV-1/4 infection have not been well described, but it is likely a combination of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Current vaccines stimulate primarily a humoral immune response, which may decrease the severity of clinical signs, viremia, and viral shedding, but does not provide protection from infection. Since suckling foals have recently been shown to be an important reservoir in the transmission of EHV-1 and EHV-4, they ought to be the target for immunoprophylaxis to eliminate or significantly reduce </span>EHV infections in the field and prevent the establishment of a latent state. Until more effective vaccine strategies are developed, appropriate herd management is essential to preventing or containing outbreaks of EHV-1/4.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 197-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89746102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie A. Bell DVM, Udeni B.R. Balasuriya BVSc, MS, PhD, N. James MacLachlan BVSc, PhD, DACVP
{"title":"Equine Viral Arteritis","authors":"Stephanie A. Bell DVM, Udeni B.R. Balasuriya BVSc, MS, PhD, N. James MacLachlan BVSc, PhD, DACVP","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is an important if uncommon disease of horses. Potential economic losses attributable to EVA include direct losses from abortion, pneumonia in neonates, and febrile disease in performance horses. Indirect losses are those associated with national and international trade/animal movement regulations, particularly those pertaining to persistently infected carrier </span>stallions and their semen. However, equine arteritis virus infection and EVA are readily prevented through serological and virological screening of horses, coupled with sound management practices that include appropriate quarantine and strategic vaccination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 233-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138408674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parasitic Pneumonitis and Treatment in Horses","authors":"Ashley G. Boyle DVM, DACVIM , Robin Houston MS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.018","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parasitic pneumonitis is a potential source of lung disease in the horse. The most frequent parasites to affect the lung are <span><em>Dictyocaulus</em><em> arnfieldi</em></span>, commonly seen in mature horses, and <em>Parascaris equorum</em>, most commonly seen in weanlings. Horses with <em>D. arnfieldi</em> infection often have a history of cohabitation with the parasite’s natural host, the donkey. The life cycles of <em>D. arnfieldi</em> and <em>P. equorum</em> are direct with ingestion of infective larvae or eggs, respectively, migration and maturation in the lung (<em>D. arnfiedi</em>) and intestine (<em>P. equorum</em>), and shedding of larvae (<em>D. arnfiedi</em>) or eggs (<em>P. equorum</em><span>) from the intestine in patent infections. Understanding the life cycle of these two parasites is essential for interpretation of the antemortem diagnostic tests used: the McMasters flotation and the Baermann technique. The prevalence of these two parasites has decreased over the last 20 years with the use of ivermectin.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 225-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73647550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicola Pusterla DVM, DACVIM, Johanna L. Watson DVM, PhD, DACVIM, W. David Wilson BVMS, MS
{"title":"Diagnostic Approach to Infectious Respiratory Disorders","authors":"Nicola Pusterla DVM, DACVIM, Johanna L. Watson DVM, PhD, DACVIM, W. David Wilson BVMS, MS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Infectious respiratory tract diseases in horses have been identified as one of the most common medical entities by veterinarians nationwide. Because of the contagious nature of certain pathogens involved in these diseases, early diagnosis is important to allow proper management and reduce the risk of exposure to other horses. The combination of general clinical signs, such as fever, anorexia, and depression, with specific respiratory signs such as tachypnea, nasal discharge, coughing, submandibular lymphadenopathy, and adventitial lung sounds should alert the veterinarian to a respiratory tract infection. The individual, herd, and farm histories are important in determining the contagious nature of the disease. Once the patient’s problems have been assessed and the differential diagnosis considered, a diagnostic workup is instituted. There are several diagnostic tools available to investigate a respiratory tract infection to achieve an accurate diagnosis in a timely manner. Generally, imaging techniques are performed at referral clinics, whereas samples of the respiratory tract can easily be collected in the field. Samples such as nasopharyngeal swab, transtracheal wash fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or pleural fluid are routinely used for cytology and culture to detect the inciting pathogen(s). Molecular biological methods based on antigen (ELISA) or nucleic acid (PCR) detection have become more widespread in recent years, increasing the sensitivity and speed for detection of specific respiratory tract pathogens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 174-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85490793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Heidmann DVM, MPH, Dip. ACVIM , John E. Madigan DVM, MS, Dip. ACVIM , Johanna L. Watson DVM, PhD, Dip. ACVIM
{"title":"Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia: Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention","authors":"Peter Heidmann DVM, MPH, Dip. ACVIM , John E. Madigan DVM, MS, Dip. ACVIM , Johanna L. Watson DVM, PhD, Dip. ACVIM","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.015","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Rhodococcus equi</em></span> is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen and the most common cause of severe infectious pneumonia in foals. The pathogen is ubiquitous in the environment, but becomes concentrated in breeding farm situations due to its ability to reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract of herbivores. Foals may be exposed to the organism soon after birth; overt infection results in variable number of foals due to a combination of pathogen virulence, host susceptibility, and infective dose of the organism. Herd health programs using passive transfer of antibodies, especially with transfusions of equine hyperimmune plasma, can decrease incidence rates on affected premises, but rarely prevent infection in all susceptible individuals. An effective vaccine is not currently available. Combined therapy of clinically affected individuals using macrolide antibiotics combined with rifampin has improved outcome, including both morbidity and mortality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 203-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82529191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fungal Pneumonia in Horses","authors":"Jill C. Higgins DVM , Nicola Pusterla DVM, DACVIM","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.017","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A suspicion for fungal pneumonia must be established in the equine patient based on clinical signs, geographical location, and exclusion of more common pathogens. From there, a combination of diagnostic procedures must be used to achieve a definitive diagnosis of the exact fungal agent. As antifungal drugs become more affordable and effective in horses, successful treatment may be reported more frequently in cases that are diagnosed early. Although relatively uncommon, fungal pneumonia is an important class of respiratory tract infection that has a need for further research and treatment trials, as there is a unique group of horses that would benefit from appropriate and effective treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 218-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84622833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equine Influenza Virus","authors":"Christine Myers BVSc, W. David Wilson BVMS, MS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Equine influenza<span> virus is a highly contagious agent that is capable of causing explosive outbreaks of respiratory disease among susceptible horse populations. The virus infects the mucosal cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and induces respiratory disease characterized by a harsh dry cough and fever. Infection is generally self-limiting and the majority of horses recover uneventfully; however, the recovery period may take several weeks to months. Outbreaks affecting performance horses exert a significant economic impact on the equine industry due to loss of performance and time out of work. Vaccination and careful management can limit the spread and severity of disease among groups of horses, but, in the past, vaccines have often failed to provide adequate protection. Vaccine failure has been attributed to genetic and antigenic drift of the influenza A/equine/2 virus from vaccine strains, as well as failure of some vaccines to stimulate the appropriate array of immune responses. This article offers the equine veterinarian a practical approach to preventing infection and the steps that can be taken to promote rapid diagnosis and effective control of outbreaks if preventive measures fail. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment, vaccines, and vaccination protocols are discussed, and a brief discussion of future technologies is presented.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 3","pages":"Pages 187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91425109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emergency Fracture Stabilization","authors":"Jennifer J. Smith DVM, Dipl ACVS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Equine limb fractures require emergency veterinary attention. First aid treatment of most equine fractures consists of sedation, analgesia, and external coaptation. More severe or open fractures may require administration of antimicrobial medications, tetanus prophylaxis, and/or fluid therapy before transportation to a referral facility. Prompt patient stabilization and proper immobilization of the fractured limb decrease the risks of further injury to the limb and increase the chances of a successful fracture repair. Knowledge of proper splinting techniques is essential; improper management of a fractured limb can result in more damage occurring at the fracture site and a grave prognosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"5 2","pages":"Pages 154-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81634932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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