{"title":"Supernumerary Teeth in the Horse","authors":"P.M. Dixon MVB, MRCVS, PhD , Jack Easley DVM, MS, DABVP (Equine) , Anita Ekmann","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Supernumerary teeth are relatively uncommon occurrences in horses and, when present, usually occur in the permanent incisors or cheek teeth, with supernumerary “wolf” and canine teeth rarely diagnosed. The presence of supernumerary incisors which are usually of normal morphology (ie, termed supplemental supernumerary teeth) can cause displacements of the normal incisors with development of </span>diastemata and periodontal disease. In addition, overgrowths will occur on incisors that are not in occlusal contact. If rostrally (labially) displaced onto the gingiva, supernumerary incisors can be extracted, but when present palatally to the normal incisor arcade, extraction is difficult and should be avoided if possible. Supernumerary cheek teeth may be of normal morphology or may be connated (ie, are large structures composed of a number of vestigial teeth). They most commonly occur at the caudal aspect of the maxillary cheek teeth rows. Their presence may give rise to a variety of clinical problems, such as malocclusion, food pocketing, and deep periodontal disease that may even lead to maxillary sinusitis. Overgrowths can occur on supernumerary cheek teeth and may cause soft tissue trauma to the cheeks and tongue which may render normal mastication difficult and, in some cases, impossible. These teeth may also result in eruption abnormalities from mechanical obstruction. In the presence of periodontal disease, diastemata, or sinusitis, extraction of the supernumerary tooth is indicated. If possible, this is best performed per os. Where significant periodontal disease is not present, reduction of overgrowths on the unopposed supernumerary cheek teeth is indicated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 155-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87910793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equine Dentistry: Safety Considerations for Practitioners","authors":"Katherine M. Burnett DVM","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Motorized instruments and profound sedation are invaluable to the practice of equine dentistry. They do, however, present multiple safety challenges. It is essential to understand and mitigate these hazards for the welfare of veterinarians, assistants, and patients. This manuscript explains effective and safe restraint and positioning of the horse for dentistry. It also makes practical recommendations that will help protect the operator and assistants from electrocution, hearing damage, pulmonary illness, and ocular insults.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 120-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82758767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosis and Management of Equine Diastemata","authors":"N.M. Collins, P.M. Dixon","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diastema (plural, diastemata; Greek: “an interval”) is the presence of a detectable interdental space between adjacent incisor or cheek teeth. Diastema of the cheek teeth (CT) is a major differential diagnosis for quidding in horses, particularly in those with no obvious dental overgrowths on oral examination. Equine CT diastemata is a difficult and frustrating condition to treat and is currently underdiagnosed in equine practice due, in part, to the difficulty of reliable clinical examination of the erupted crowns, especially of the caudal cheek teeth. Diastema of the incisors is less common and also causes less severe clinical signs when present. In this article, we describe the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and current treatment options for this condition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 148-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75483810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Dentistry and Equilibration","authors":"Maury B. Linkous DVM","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Performance dentistry and equilibration is of the utmost importance for any horse which is ridden or driven. Properly done, with skill and judgment, it permits the horse to better respond to the rider or driver, minimizes fussiness on the bit, and through better mastication, improves nutrition. Every tooth must be addressed. Cheek teeth need to have sharp enamel points removed. Excessively long cheek teeth need to be reduced. Waves and ramps need to be corrected. Bit seats need to be established. Wolf teeth need to be extracted. Canine teeth need to be reduced in height and their margins rounded. Incisors need to be evaluated and corrected if necessary. Careful attention to these needs will help the horse to reach his full potential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 124-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85207812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intraoral Radiology in Equine Dental Disease","authors":"David O. Klugh DVM (Fellow AVD/Equine)","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Intraoral radiographs can be valuable aids in the diagnosis and management of equine dental disease. A step-by-step method is described for taking intraoral radiographs. Specific pathologic findings in equine dental disease are discussed. Utilization of this process facilitates diagnosis and treatment of dental disease and makes it possible to make a prognosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 162-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90943395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jim Schumacher DVM, MS, MRCVS, Dip ACVS , Justin Perkins BVetMed, MS, MRCVS, Dip ECVS
{"title":"Surgery of the Paranasal Sinuses Performed with the Horse Standing","authors":"Jim Schumacher DVM, MS, MRCVS, Dip ACVS , Justin Perkins BVetMed, MS, MRCVS, Dip ECVS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.012","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surgery of the paranasal sinuses of horses is usually performed through an osteoplastic, frontonasal flap with the horse anesthetized and in lateral recumbency, but the risks of general anesthesia can be eliminated and expense reduced by performing surgery of the sinuses with the horse standing. Performing sinus surgery with the horse standing causes less hemorrhage than when it is performed with the horse anesthetized. Procedures that can be performed through a frontonasal flap with the horse standing include exploration of the sinuses, biopsy of abnormal tissue, removal of inspissated exudate from the ventral conchal sinus, excision of a cyst, a progressive ethmoidal hematoma, or a tumor, and evaluation or removal of diseased maxillary cheek teeth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 188-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86180222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feeding Dentally Challenged Horses","authors":"Sarah L. Ralston VMD, PhD, DACVN","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dentally challenged horses that are suffering from weight loss, excessive quidding, chronic choke, or that have severe malocclusions can benefit from special rations. However, a thorough dental and blood chemistry work-up should be done before rations are changed. Depending on the age and health status of the horse, hay cubes (soaked or dry), “complete” pelleted or extruded feeds, beet pulp, and/or chopped hays can be used as the basal rations. High fat (7-10%) concentrates are recommended for weight loss not due to hepatic failure. High starch/sugar feeds should be avoided in horses with pituitary dysfunction and/or chronic laminitis but are recommended for hepatic failure. If incisors are severely misaligned or missing, do not rely on pasture grasses as a source of nutrition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 117-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73244584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How to Radiograph the Erupted (Clinical) Crown of Equine Cheek Teeth","authors":"Safia Barakzai BVSc, Cert ES (Soft Tissue), MRCVS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diseases of the erupted (clinical) crown are being recognized with increasing frequency. Conventional “closed mouth” radiographic projections of the cheek teeth allow only limited evaluation of the erupted crowns and occlusal surfaces, due to superimposition of the opposing arcade. Open-mouthed oblique (OMO) radiographic projections are taken with a gag placed between the incisors, thus separating the maxillary and mandibular arcades and allowing more accurate assessment of the erupted crowns. They can therefore highlight lesions that are not visible on standard oblique views. The use of these techniques in clinical cases has proved to be of great value in diagnosing and evaluating lesions of the erupted crown, such as diastemata, abnormalities of eruption and wear, and coronal fractures. The open-mouthed 15° ventrolateral–lateral oblique gives an optimal view of the erupted crowns of the maxillary cheek teeth, and the open-mouthed 10° dorsolateral–lateral oblique optimally images the corresponding area of the mandibular arcades.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 171-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74664724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eye Examination Techniques in Horses","authors":"Diane V.H. Hendrix DVM, DACVO","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Complete ophthalmic examination in the horse generally requires sedation and an auriculopalpebral nerve block. Before sedation, the symmetry of the head and globes are examined followed by evaluation of the menace response and palpebral reflex. After sedation and akinesia of the auriculopalpebral nerve, the adnexal structures, cornea, and pupillary light reflexes are examined. Diagnostics, including fluorescein staining, cytology, culture, Schirmer tear test, and tonometry, are often indicated at this time. The examination is continued with evaluation of the anterior segment, mydriasis, and indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy. Subpalpebral lavage systems are often required for the treatment of painful corneal conditions. Subpalpebral lavage systems are relatively easy to place and are relatively problem-free if maintained properly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 2-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91602711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Medical and Surgical Management of Melting Corneal Ulcers Exhibiting Hyperproteinase Activity in the Horse","authors":"Franck J. Ollivier DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corneal ulcerations are very common in horses; most of them are uncomplicated noninfected ulcers that heal quickly without complications, but some can present various levels of corneal liquefaction or “melting.” Because melting corneal ulcers can progress rapidly and be sight threatening, the crucial steps of their diagnosis and clinical management are stressed in this paper. The treatment of melting corneal ulcers in horses should eradicate the infection, reduce or stop the corneal destruction, support the corneal integrity, control the uveal reaction and the pain associated with it, and minimize corneal scarring. Medical therapy including antiproteolytic drugs is discussed as well as adjunctive surgical options, including keratectomy, conjunctival grafts, and amniotic membrane and other biomaterial grafts. The prognosis depends on the stage and the severity of the corneal ulceration, the etiology of the condition, and the therapeutic choice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 50-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.03.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91602714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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