{"title":"Techniques for Extending the Breeding Career of Aging and Disabled Stallions","authors":"Sue M. McDonnell PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The useful and comfortable breeding life of most disabled and aging stallions<span> can be extended with well-planned and coordinated management and veterinary care aimed at maintaining libido and adequate copulatory ability. This paper outlines various aspects that can be addressed in a coordinated plan, including pain management, fitness and weight management, optimum breeding management and handling, and alternate methods of semen collection, including ground semen collection, manual stimulation, and pharmacologically induced ejaculation.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 269-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81074469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter R. Morresey BVSc, MACVSc, DipACT DipACVIM (Large Animal)
{"title":"Prenatal and Perinatal Indicators of Neonatal Viability","authors":"Peter R. Morresey BVSc, MACVSc, DipACT DipACVIM (Large Animal)","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The intrauterine environment exerts profound effects on the prenatal development of the equine fetus and postnatal development of the foal through to adulthood. Perinatal events have also been shown to affect neonatal viability and subsequent development through to adulthood. Assessment of intrauterine and neonatal parameters can yield valuable information as to the prognosis for good health of the foal. This article emphasizes those concepts and parameters that are readily accessible to the practitioner.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 238-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76743051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katrin Hinrichs DVM, PhD, DipACT, Young-Ho Choi DVM, PhD
{"title":"Assisted Reproductive Techniques in the Horse","authors":"Katrin Hinrichs DVM, PhD, DipACT, Young-Ho Choi DVM, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Embryo transfer is commonly performed in equine practice, both to increase production from a given mare and to obtain offspring from mares that suffer early embryo loss. Oocyte transfer is a more specialized technique that is used clinically to obtain offspring from mares that cannot provide an embryo for embryo transfer. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (transfer of both sperm and oocyte to the oviduct) is currently only efficient when fresh semen is used, and so has limited application at this time. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection offers a method for in vitro fertilization of isolated oocytes, as standard in vitro fertilization is not repeatably successful in the horse. Oocytes fertilized by sperm injection can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage, and then transferred transcervically to recipient mares for normal pregnancies. Foals have been produced by nuclear transfer (cloning); this offers a method for preserving the genetics of valuable individual horses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 210-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88914525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Management of Estrus in the Performance Mare","authors":"Patricia Pryor DVM, Ahmed Tibary DMV, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The equine practitioner commonly receives requests to manage the estrous cycle<span> in performance mares. These requests stem from complaints of less than desirable performance or problem behaviors related to the estrous cycle. Unwanted behaviors or poor performance may be truly related to the different phases of the estrous cycle or they may be behaviors that either resemble some sexually receptive behavior or problems that are ascribed to estrus but have no relationship to the estrous cycle. The approach to these cases involves working with owners, trainers, and caretakers to precisely define and then document daily changes in behavior or performance. The veterinarian should start with a complete history and physical examination and then document the reproductive events in the mare. Finally, working together, the owners/trainers and the veterinarian must establish parallelism between behavior and ovarian events, institute a treatment protocol, and then verify the efficacy of that treatment and management regime.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 197-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75491129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Techniques for Evaluation of Stallion Fertility","authors":"Regina M. Turner VMD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although the most accurate test of a stallion’s fertility is to determine pregnancy rates in bred mares, time and financial limitations usually render this option impractical. Thus, there is a need for reliable, practical tests that can prospectively determine the potential fertility of a stallion. In this regard, a number of assays have been developed that are designed to prospectively assay a stallion’s breeding potential for relatively small investments of time and money. The most widely used tests are those that comprise the Society for Theriogenology’s Breeding Soundness Evaluation (BSE). However, new tests have emerged that complement the BSE and may improve the veterinarian’s ability to address the demands placed on today’s breeding stallions. This article will review the components of the standard BSE and will detail additional assays that have been proven or suggested to add additional information to the core tests that comprise the BSE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81614659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Diagnosis of the Cryptorchid Stallion","authors":"Kristina G. Lu VMD, Diplomate ACT","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, can be a challenging clinical diagnosis, particularly in horses with an unknown castration history. Etiology of cryptorchidism is multifactorial and includes a genetic component. Diagnosis is centered on a detailed physical examination. </span>Transrectal ultrasonography<span> and endocrinologic assays including baseline testosterone, estrone sulfate<span>, and human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation are diagnostic aids. Treatment of cryptorchidism in horses is surgical removal of testicular tissue. A review of testicular descent, proposed etiologic mechanisms of cryptorchidism, as well as diagnosis and treatment options are presented.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 250-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.07.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77256274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of Scintigraphy for the Diagnosis of Apical Infection of Equine Cheek Teeth","authors":"Safia Barakzai BVSc, Cert ES (Soft Tissue), MRCVS","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Technetium Methyldiphosphate (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MDP) can detect changes in bone which precede radiographic changes, and this makes it a very useful imaging modality for the diagnosis of early periapical infection of the equine cheek teeth, where the results of radiography may be equivocal. It is a particularly useful technique for the differentiation of dental sinusitis from other causes of sinusitis. Bone phase images acquired 2 to 4 hours postinjection give the most useful information for the evaluation of dental and sino-nasal lesions. Images should be acquired in sedated horses using dynamic studies which are then motion corrected. Left and right lateral, dorsal, and ventral views are usually sufficient to image the equine skull fully; however, oblique views may occasionally be useful for lesion localization. Periapical infections of the cheek teeth typically result in focal and intense increased radionuclide uptake (IRU) located over the apical region of the affected tooth. In contrast, most cases of primary sinusitis show more diffuse and less marked IRU over the affected region(s). However, some cases of primary sinusitis do exhibit focal areas of moderate to marked IRU, and care should be taken to try and differentiate these from periapical infections by three-dimensional lesion localization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75835668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dental Endoscopy in the Horse","authors":"W. Henry Tremaine","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An oral examination is an essential part of the investigation of any suspected dental disease in the horse. The range of opening of the equine mouth is extremely limited even when the horse is sedated and this severely limits the visualization of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth and structures at the caudal aspect of the oral cavity. This can be facilitated by the use of dental mirrors, but better visualization is achieved by using an endoscope adapted for the equine mouth, which produces a greatly magnified image suitable for demonstration purposes. A rigid endoscope coupled to a halogen light source and a chip camera enables detailed visualization of the occlusal aspects of the cheek teeth. In addition, the buccal, lingual, and palatal aspects can be examined enabling greatly improved detection of oral ulceration and periodontal disease. Endoscopy enables more sensitive detection of dental diseases including dentine fissures, infundibular hypoplasia, caries, enamel fissures, dental fractures, periodontal pocketing, cemental caries, and other oral diseases including gingival ulceration. Under endoscopic guidance occlusal lesions can be probed and assessed more thoroughly. Although equipment costs are high and a moderate level of sedation is required, equine endoscopy represents a significant advance in the ability to accurately examine the equine mouth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 181-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74123655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equine Periodontal Disease","authors":"David O. Klugh DVM (Fellow AVD/Equine)","doi":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Periodontal disease affects horses of all ages, with aging horses having the highest incidence. It can cause premature tooth loss, pain, and dysmastication. Anatomic and histologic characteristics of the periodontium are discussed. The influences of principles of eruption physiology, mastication biomechanics, orthodontic forces, bacterial involvement, and host defense mechanisms on pathophysiology of periodontal disease are discussed in detail. Loss of attachment of the tooth to the alveolar bone is reviewed in a clinical setting. Examination procedures, including specific characteristics of diseased tissues, intraoral radiographic findings, staging of disease, including staging tooth mobility, give the equine dental practitioner specific steps to follow to evaluate equine periodontal disease. Treatment strategies include occlusal equilibration, debridement of necrotic tissue, and local use of perioceutic medicaments. Early intervention in any disease process brings with it improved prognosis. The same is true of equine periodontal disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100279,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 135-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1053/j.ctep.2005.04.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83777957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}