Cleaner Water最新文献

{"title":"Bioremediation of heavy metals in palm oil mill effluent (POME) using Chlorella vulgaris: A biological approach","authors":"Hemen Emmanuel Jijingi,&nbsp;Sara Kazemi Yazdi,&nbsp;Yousif Abdalla Abakr,&nbsp;Azalea Dyah Maysarah Satya","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palm oil mill effluent (POME) poses a significant threat to water and soil ecosystems due to high loads of organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals such as copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). This study evaluates <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> as a sustainable microalgal solution for heavy metal bioremediation in POME under two cultivation conditions: POME plus synthetic growth medium plus <em>C. vulgaris</em> (PSC, 2:1) and POME plus <em>C. vulgaris</em> (PC, 1:1), alongside a control. Heavy metal concentrations were quantified over 14 days using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, validated with calibration curves showing strong linearity (e.g., Cu: Abs = 0.05504 Conc. + 0.011839, R² = 0.9746; Cd: Abs = 0.26909 Conc. + 0.012259, R² = 0.9637). Removal followed triphasic kinetics: rapid adsorption onto cell-wall functional groups, intracellular bioaccumulation mediated by phytochelatins, and a residual polishing phase. Maximum removal efficiencies reached 98.99 % (Cu), 99.24 % (Cd), 99.29 % (Fe), and 99.92 % (Zn) for PSC. ANOVA confirmed significant effects of treatment condition and time on metal concentration reduction (e.g., Cu: F = 35.29–166.48, P &lt; 0.000001). Under optimum PSC (2:1) culture conditions, maximum removal efficiencies were achieved, reaching 98.99 % for Cu, 99.24 % for Cd, 99.29 % for Fe, and 99.92 % for Zn within 14 days, significantly outperforming the PC (1:1) setup. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² &gt; 0.95) described the adsorption process, confirming chemisorption dominance. The results demonstrate that nutrient-enhanced <em>C. vulgaris</em> cultures provide a cost-effective, green strategy for POME heavy metal removal while generating valuable biomass, supporting circular bioeconomy practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated anaerobic reactor and intermittently aerated constructed wetland for enhanced textile wastewater treatment","authors":"Jerome Michael Bidu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential of the sequential anaerobic-intermittent aerobic system for treating real textile wastewater was investigated at a pilot scale. The intermittent aerated reactor consisted of an intermittently aerated constructed wetland (CW) connected in series with an anaerobic reactor. The volumetric ratio of textile to domestic wastewater (77:23) was used in the pilot system. The treatment temperature in the anaerobic reactor was controlled at 35 ± 2 °C, and the initial pH was in the range of 7.5–8.5, which resulted from mixing the textile and domestic wastewater. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal observed in the anaerobic reactor, nonaerated CW and intermittently aerated CW were 65.0 %, 87.6 % and 90.4 %, respectively. The highest decolourization rate achieved for the pilot system after the anaerobic reactor was 82.5 %, and after intermittent aeration in the CW was 86.5 %. On the other hand, the highest colour removal achieved for the wastewater that went through nonaerated CWs was 84.5 %. The biodegradation of dyes and their corresponding biodegradation byproducts was analysed via GC–MS. The pilot-scale system showed enhanced dye degradation. The aromatic amines detected after anaerobic treatment were not detected after intermittent aerated or nonaerated CWs. There was a continuous removal of hydrocarbons throughout the treatment system. 100 % removal efficacy of nitrates and ammonia was observed in the pilot system. However, phosphate removal was observed to be very low. The pilot system was found to be very effective in removing colour, COD, aromatic amines, ammonia, and nitrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in African freshwater sediments: A systematic review of characteristics, abundance and analytical methods","authors":"David Edem Dinku,&nbsp;Samuel Ndur,&nbsp;Eric Gyimah,&nbsp;Shadrack Fosu,&nbsp;Patience Korley","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic contamination of freshwater ecosystems is a growing environmental concern due to their persistence and potential to cause ecological risk. This study systematically reviews the abundance and characteristics of microplastics and the analytical techniques used to detect them in African freshwater sediments. Following PRISMA guidelines, 28 studies were reviewed, revealing significant variations in microplastic concentrations across freshwater systems. The results showed a varied microplastic abundance ranging from 0.623 to 27,259 particles/kg, with fibres, fragments, and films being the most frequently reported shapes. White, transparent, green, and blue were the predominant colours observed. The dominant polymer types identified were PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), and PVC (polyvinyl chloride). Sodium chloride was the most commonly used separation solution, while microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were the primary detection techniques. This review highlights the urgent need for standardised methods to improve comparability among studies and recommends formulating a comprehensive monitoring strategy to guide efforts in reducing microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of bioremediation of textile dye containing wastewater","authors":"Aravin Prince Periyasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing prevalence of synthetic dyes in wastewater has become a significant environmental issue, primarily due to their extensive utilization in diverse industries such as textiles, food manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals. These dyes are frequently discharged without treatment into water bodies or employed for irrigation, present substantial hazards to human health and ecosystems. This review manuscript specifically examines the environmental consequences of wastewater containing dyes and explores the viability of bioremediation as an environmentally friendly treatment approach. Conventional chemical treatment methods for dye removal often generate large volumes of sludge, requiring complex and costly management. In contrast, biological treatment offers an eco-friendly and efficient alternative, utilizing microorganisms to degrade dye compounds and reduce environmental impact. This review focuses on recent advancements in the bioremediation of dye-contaminated wastewater, emphasizing the role of diverse biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and enzymes. It also explores the integration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), nano-bioremediation, and the application of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates bioremediation via predictive modeling, optimization, process regulation and automation, microbial interaction analysis, and the integration of large datasets. The paper critically evaluates current challenges, emerging technologies, and the potential of sustainable, biologically based approaches to mitigate the environmental impact of textile dye pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater contamination and health risks near waste dumps and mechanic workshops: A seasonal perspective","authors":"O.R. Nlemolisa ,&nbsp;J.N. Ogbulie ,&nbsp;J.C. Orji ,&nbsp;C.O. Nweke ,&nbsp;U.N. Kemka ,&nbsp;V.K. Gaius-Mbalisi ,&nbsp;F.C. Ihenetu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100090","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Groundwater is an essential source of drinking and domestic water in most developing countries. In the absence of an effective public water supply, residents often drill boreholes and use groundwater without adhering to standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study assessed the health impacts of groundwater quality in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria, focusing on areas near waste disposal sites and mechanic workshops.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Water samples were collected from ten boreholes during the dry and rainy seasons, and analyzed for physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The Water Quality Index (WQI), pollution indicators, and health risk assessment were calculated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;All sampling sites showed acidic pH levels, ranging from 3.42 to 6.1 during the rainy season and 4.72–6.28 in the dry season. Temperatures ranged from 31.8°C to 32.8°C in the dry season which was above the WHO recommended standard, and 28°C in the dry season, which falls within permissible limits. Elevated concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (61.8 mg/L and 86.8 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (136.5 mg/L and 73.9 mg/L), and dissolved oxygen (DO) (18.9 mg/L and 12.8 mg/L) were detected across all samples during both seasons, exceeding WHO drinking water guidelines. However, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), and magnesium (Mg²⁺) levels were below recommended limits in both seasons. Heavy metals such as cadmium and chromium showed concentrations ranging from 0.047 to 0.109 ppm and 0.04–0.078 ppm, respectively, in the dry season, and from 0.04 ppm to 0.078 ppm and 0.00–0.023 ppm in the rainy season, these values exceeded WHO standards. The calculated water quality index (WQI) ranged from 239.61 to 581.33 in the dry season and 156.15–464.60 in the rainy season, indicating that all samples were unsuitable for drinking. The ecological risk index for cadmium classified all sites as posing a very high ecological risk during both seasons, while Cr, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu presented low ecological risks across all sites. Despite low pollution load indices, health risk assessments revealed hazard quotients and indices exceeding 1 for both adults and children, indicating significant non-carcinogenic risks. Carcinogenic risk values for chromium and lead also exceeded acceptable limits (10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁴, respectively). Cadmium contamination was primarily ascribed to anthropogenic sources, while zinc was linked to natural lithogenic origins.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Groundwater quality in the study area presents a serious threat to public health and is currently unsuitable for consumption. Immediate intervention is required to ensure the safety of water used for drinking and domestic purposes. This includes the im","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144269460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights on the influence of natural co-contaminants on the photocatalytic performance of biochar supported p-n heterojunction photocatalyst in an aqueous media","authors":"Saptarshi Ghosh ,&nbsp;Manoranjan Sahu","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In last few decades, photocatalysis have been extensively studied in a simulated wastewater under laboratory conditions to degrade wide range of organic pollutants. To transfer this technology into a large scale, several approaches have been made focusing on developing novel photocatalyst for maximizing the generation of reactive species and efficient photocatalytic reactor for maximizing photon usage. However, there are some fundamental issues exist with the presence of natural co-contaminants such as competitive ions and natural organic matter (NOM) which can significantly reduce efficiency of the photocatalytic process. Hence, this study investigated role of competitive ions and NOM on photocatalytic oxidation of DMP using p-n heterojunction photocatalyst (O₂-TiO₂/CuO) decorated on biochar. The study revealed that competitive ions showed quenching effect towards photogenerated charged pairs and significantly reduces degradation efficiency. Similarly, presence of NOM in small amount could enhance or does not have substantial impact on the removal efficiency of DMP. However, at higher NOM concentration, DMP removal dropped significantly by screening of photons, blocking of adsorption sites of the catalyst and scavenging of positive holes (^h+). In addition, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) analysis was performed as an evidence for the generation of radicals and quenching experiment was conducted to identify the major contributing radical in the degradation process among multiple radicals generated from the photocatalysis. The findings revealed that among different reactive species OH^• is the dominant species in the degradation process and O₂^-• has least contribution to the degradation of DMP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The isolation, compound, and application of scale inhibition biological agents for treating recirculating cooling water system","authors":"Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Liuyang Shi ,&nbsp;Xingbiao Wang ,&nbsp;Yifan Han ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaojie Pan ,&nbsp;Caigui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operation of circulating cooling water systems (CCWS) can lead to inorganic scale deposition, causing technical issues such as reduced heat transfer efficiency and pipe obstruction. In industry, chemicals are commonly used as scale inhibitors; however, many of these, such as phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, can contribute to eutrophication. Growing environmental concerns and discharge regulations have shifted focus towards scale inhibitors that are biodegradable, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This study aimed to identify strains with scale inhibition capabilities to create a microbial agent for potential use for treating CCWS. Compound microorganism including three strains with scale inhibition activity was developed through isolation, screening and combination test. The 10 L and 100 L circulating water dynamic reaction device was used to optimize the best strain combination and formulation for CCWS treatment. The developed agent was applied in an actual CCWS at a power plant with a holding water volume of 2800 m³, and exhibited a more efficient and stable scale inhibition effect compared to chemical agents during practical application. This research contributes valuable insights for the adoption of biological treatment technologies in circulating cooling water systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144269458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of two sewersheds in Belo Horizonte, Brazil reveals hospital and municipal wastewaters in a hospital-dominated sewershed as priority sources for antibiotic resistance spread to the environment","authors":"L. Astete Vasquez ,&nbsp;A.P.A. de Carvalho ,&nbsp;E.C. Machado ,&nbsp;C.D. Leal ,&nbsp;N. Mladenov ,&nbsp;J. Calábria de Araújo","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs) is a threat to global public health and has been associated with environmental release of wastewater (WW), with healthcare facilities suspected as primary sources of generation. This study found similar ARB abundance in WW collected from two hospitals (5.7 ± 0.7-log CFU mL⁻¹) and two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, 5.3 ± 0.8-log CFU mL⁻¹). However, there was significantly higher (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) meropenem-resistance in hospital WW (5.77 ± 0.35-log CFU mL-1) than in municipal WW (4.58 ± 0.34-log CFU mL-1). Similarly, ARGs <em>intI1</em>, <em>sul1</em>, <em>ermB</em>, <em>qnrB</em>, and <em>bla</em>_TEM were higher in hospital WW, (8.4 ± 1.03-log gene copies mL-1) than in untreated municipal WW (7.60 ± 1.15-log gene copies mL-1), with significant correlations observed between the effluent ARGs of a hospital used as a reference facility for infectious diseases and the ARGs in its corresponding WWTP influent. During treatment, low-energy systems demonstrated an average reduction of 52 % for ARBs and 48 % for ARGs, while conventional activated sludge achieved 98 % and 86 %, respectively. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 76 % of 18 isolated bacterial strains, particularly for <em>E. coli</em> and <em>K. pneumoniae</em>. The results of this study implicate hospitals as hotspots of antimicrobial resistance, suggesting the potential for discretionary guidelines when determining whether to treat hospital WW prior to discharge to local sewersheds and highlight the need to determine the best methods to reduce their release from WWTPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of reactive dyes-based wastewater with moringa-coated cellulose microcrystals (CMC) produced from sugarcane bagasse","authors":"Md. Hasibur Rahaman,&nbsp;Md. Pranto Miah,&nbsp;Md. Masukul Islam Siam,&nbsp;Md. Khairul Barat,&nbsp;Mohammad Abbas Uddin","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactive dyes are mostly used for cotton dyeing, but due to the high amount of unfixed dyes present after the dyeing, various adsorbents have been developed to remove them effectively. This study aims to develop novel bioadsorbents based on cellulose microcrystals (CMC) derived from agri-food waste sugarcane bagasse (SB), with a yield of ∼15 %, which is then coated with cationic protein derived from <em>Moringa oleifera</em> (MO) to enhance absorbent performance. The performance of these absorbents – SBCMC and SBCMC/MO were tested for the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 180 dye from dyeing wastewater. Surface characterisation of bioadsorbents was carried out using FTIR spectroscopy, laser particle size analyser, Zetasizer, and FESEM imaging. Removal percentages of dyes by the adsorbents were carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in combination with different adsorbent dosages, time, pH and dye concentrations. The size of the CMC was found to be less than ∼10 μm for 50 % of particles and less than ∼20 μm for 90 % of particles. The removal efficiency was found to be higher for moringa-coated SBCMC, with an adsorption capacity of 99.61 mg/g at an initial dye concentration of 1000 ppm and a dosage of 5 g/l. This is attributed to neutralisation of anionic surface as evident through zeta potential, which is reduced from −15.39 to −2.105 mV and also in FESEM images. The experimental data were better fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Comparison with other bioadsorbents showed that the developed SBCMC/MO bioadsorbent has a similar or better adsorption capacity, demonstrating the effectiveness of dye removal. This study encourages the use of waste and natural materials as renewable resources to remove dyes from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative investigation of PFS and PAC coagulants with activated carbon in cellulose microfiltration systems for treatment of real printing ink wastewater","authors":"Maryam Gull ,&nbsp;Zoya Shahid ,&nbsp;Ahmad Raza ,&nbsp;Shanza Mazhar ,&nbsp;Zafar Masood","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Printing Ink wastewater (PIW) generated during printing machine cleaning, ink formulation, and paper processing is a significant environmental concern because of its hazardous chemical composition. A complex combination of pollutants is generated as a result of printing ink operations, including toxic chemicals such as heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), resins, solvents, and synthetic dyes. If printing ink wastewater (PIW) is not handled properly, it poses a grave concern to the health of humans as well as the environment. As a result of contaminated water entering drinking water sources and agricultural fields, harmful chemicals can accumulate in the human either directly or indirectly through direct consumption, skin contact, or food consumption. A number of serious health issues can result from exposure to these compounds, including dermatitis, respiratory problems, organ damage, particularly to the liver and kidneys, as well as even cancer. In order to avoid these consequences, modern methods of treating printing ink wastewater (PIW)are needed, such as chemical precipitation, electrochemical advanced oxidation, and hybrid systems. This study examines a hybrid treatment system that combines coagulation with adsorption for the effective removal of these contaminants from actual industrial wastewaters. In order to achieve coagulation, 30 mL polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were individually used as pretreatment agents, followed by adsorption with powdered activated carbon (AC) and a cellulose microfiltration step. During an interval of four minutes (60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), both coagulants were tested at pH 6.5, which provides optimal coagulation efficiency by maintaining the coagulants' stability and reactivity. The results demonstrated that PAC had higher treatment efficiency compared to PFS, achieving COD and TSS removal rates of 98 %, BOD₅ and TOC elimination rates are 97 %, and 94 % respectively after 150 minutes of settling. PAC has been shown not only to enhance floc formation but also to enhance particulate and dissolved organic matter removal. Results indicate that continuous-flow systems in industrial settings have a great deal of potential for scaling. It is recommended that in the future, work be focused on assessing the reusability of the adsorbent, conducting a cost-benefit analysis, and developing efficient methods for large-scale implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}