A review of bioremediation of textile dye containing wastewater

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of synthetic dyes in wastewater has become a significant environmental issue, primarily due to their extensive utilization in diverse industries such as textiles, food manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals. These dyes are frequently discharged without treatment into water bodies or employed for irrigation, present substantial hazards to human health and ecosystems. This review manuscript specifically examines the environmental consequences of wastewater containing dyes and explores the viability of bioremediation as an environmentally friendly treatment approach. Conventional chemical treatment methods for dye removal often generate large volumes of sludge, requiring complex and costly management. In contrast, biological treatment offers an eco-friendly and efficient alternative, utilizing microorganisms to degrade dye compounds and reduce environmental impact. This review focuses on recent advancements in the bioremediation of dye-contaminated wastewater, emphasizing the role of diverse biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and enzymes. It also explores the integration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), nano-bioremediation, and the application of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates bioremediation via predictive modeling, optimization, process regulation and automation, microbial interaction analysis, and the integration of large datasets. The paper critically evaluates current challenges, emerging technologies, and the potential of sustainable, biologically based approaches to mitigate the environmental impact of textile dye pollution.