Cleaner Waste Systems最新文献

{"title":"Biochar as a catalyst for methane enhancement in anaerobic digestor containing cow dung, food waste, and rice straw: An experimental and statistical study","authors":"P. Sivakumar ,&nbsp;R. Saravanane ,&nbsp;S. Mohan ,&nbsp;B. Sankar","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a growing interest in meeting the rising energy demand from a more sustainable source. Biomass energy has the potential to act as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels and help achieve net-zero emissions in the near future. This study proposes an economically feasible method to enhance biogas efficiency by co-digesting cow dung (CD), food waste (FW), rice straw (RS), with the addition of Coconut husk Bio-Char (BC). The present research aims to study the variation in the biogas yield from biochar addition by monitoring the alteration in the influential parameters such as pH, temperature, total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). The biochar addition stabilized both pH and temperature due to its intrinsic properties by transforming intermediates like H₂S and CO₂. It also significantly increased the VFA accumulation and degradation attributed to the buffering ability of the biochar. The methane yield of blends with biochar was significantly higher than that of the blends without biochar. The mixture CD 30: FW 50:RS 20 containing biochar showed a peak methane yield of 165.08 mL. The statistical model developed using response surface methodology (RSM) predicted the methane yield with an accuracy of 99.07 % and a statistical significance level of 0.05. The accuracy of the RSM model was validated by comparing it with the existing Gompertz kinetic model. The performance evaluation error metrics, Coefficient of Correlation (R), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) results were observed to be 0.966, 0.925, and 62.89 mL/gVS, 87.24 mL/gVS for RSM model and Gompertz model, indicating the superior performance of the RSM model developed in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seafood by-products from canning industry: A review on the environmental assessment of valorisation pathways and future trends","authors":"Cheila Almeida ,&nbsp;Maria Sapatinha ,&nbsp;Carla Pires ,&nbsp;Maria Leonor Nunes ,&nbsp;António Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seafood canning industries generate large amounts of by-products, including effluents, with high organic and salt contents. Valorisation treatments can transform by-products into valuable products applying a circular approach, however they also entail environmental impacts. This review analysis articles published between 2013 and 2023 on valorisation treatments for the production of value-added products from seafood canning industry by-products. It also verified to which extent the environmental performance of those treatments was considered by gathering information on the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology that assess impacts comprehensively. A second goal was to investigate the European Union (EU) seafood canning industry to provide data on potential by-products and amounts generated. A total of 18 valorisation treatments and 12 different products were found. Bioactive products represented 61 % of the products and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) were the most frequently products obtained. FPHs are, proteins that are broken down into smaller peptides used to improve the functional and nutritional properties of food. PHAs serve as raw materials to replace petroleum-based plastics. A total of eight articles assessed environmental impacts of valorization options, but only six used LCA related with fishmeal production together with uses of by-products as fish oil, fish pâté, energy recovery, lipid extraction and PHAs production. Based on the EU annual production of canned seafood products, it was estimated that 511 k tonnes of by-products could be available. The valorisation of such by-products face challenges as their variability and degradation and, although it is a low-cost raw material, logistics are required to collect them. The environmental impacts, currently assessed of valorisation treatments are not representative of the most promising technologies and therefore it is still difficult to take evidenced-based decisions on the fate of the fish by-products coming from canning industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical characterization of coffee pulp-derived biochar and its effects on soil abiotic and biotic properties","authors":"Piyaphad Ninlaphong ,&nbsp;Kesinee Iamsaard ,&nbsp;Sasiprapa Kullachonphuri ,&nbsp;Phonlawat Soilueang ,&nbsp;Yupa Chromkaew ,&nbsp;Metinee Nakdee ,&nbsp;Toungporn Uttarotai ,&nbsp;Yaoliang Chen ,&nbsp;Nuttapon Khongdee","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coffee processing waste, particularly coffee pulp, has been accumulating at increasing rates, resulting in substantial environmental concerns. Unfortunately, comprehensive documentation of effective waste management approaches is still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of coffee pulp-derived biochar on agricultural soil health by examining its influence on several soil parameters, including nutrient content, physicochemical properties, and microbial activity. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design, consisting of five treatments. The approaches entailed incorporating coffee pulp-derived biochar into soil at proportions of 0, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00, and 7.50 % of the soil’s weight. The characterization of biochar was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results showed the coffee pulp biochar contains various pore’s structure and high spectra of –C–O stretching functional group. High carbon (C) content (66.60 %) and abundance of exchangeable K were detected in as-made biochar. The analysis of basic soil nutrients after treatment with coffee biochar revealed statistically significant differences (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) in available P exchangeable K, exchangeable Mg (highest at 7.5 %), exchangeable Ca (highest at 5 %), and %SOM (increased at 3.75 %). Notably, soil microbial respiration (SMR) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased proportionally with the percentage of coffee biochar used. Conversely, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased as the dosage of coffee biochar increased. Microbial analysis revealed reduced fungal counts (max 68 % at 5 % biochar) and increased cellulase-producing (39 %) and phosphate-solubilizing (14 %) microorganisms at 2.5 % biochar compared to control. The correlation matrix has evidenced significant exchangeable K content in coffee pulp biochar demonstrating the positive correlation with soil biological improvement. Coffee pulp biochar produced from traditional kiln considerably enhances soil characteristics and modifies microbial populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological responses to anthropogenic stress: Restoring degraded landscapes from galamsey activities in Ghana – A review","authors":"Kwame Anokye ,&nbsp;Lois Okyere Darko","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Illegal small-scale mining (galamsey) in Ghana has caused severe ecological degradation, including deforestation, soil depletion, biodiversity loss, and water contamination. This review synthesizes existing literature on the environmental impacts of galamsey and evaluates restoration strategies employed in affected landscapes such as the Atewa Range and Offin River Basin. Using a systematic narrative review methodology, peer-reviewed articles, government reports, and grey literature were analyzed to assess degradation patterns, restoration interventions, and implementation challenges. Empirical findings indicate that major rivers, including the Pra and Ankobra, are heavily polluted with mercury and cyanide, exceeding WHO safety limits. Deforestation rates in mining zones have significantly reduced carbon sequestration, contributing to climate vulnerability. Restoration strategies—such as afforestation, biochar application, and phytoremediation—have had mixed success due to weak policy enforcement, financial constraints, and low community engagement. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of global best practices, such as China's policy-driven land reclamation and Brazil's agroforestry-based restoration, into a localized framework for sustainable rehabilitation in Ghana. The findings emphasize the need for adaptive restoration techniques, stronger regulatory mechanisms, and community-inclusive approaches to enhance ecological resilience. Limitations include the reliance on secondary data, highlighting the need for field-based validation of restoration outcomes. Future research should explore long-term ecological monitoring and innovative restoration models specific to Ghana’s socio-environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sulfur by-products on the durability and sustainability of asphalt pavement construction: A systematic review","authors":"Abdalrhman Milad ,&nbsp;Fahad Sultan Habib ,&nbsp;Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan ,&nbsp;Abdualmtalab Abdualaziz Ali ,&nbsp;Nur Izzi Md Yusoff ,&nbsp;Ali Mohammed Babalghaith ,&nbsp;Tan Huy Tran","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been growing interest in utilizing sulfur by-products in asphalt binders and mixtures for pavement construction. Historically explored in the 1970s and shelved in the 1980s due to economic constraints, sulfur-based technologies are now being reconsidered considering current environmental and economic demands. This systematic review aims to assess the current research on incorporating sulfur into asphalt binders and mixtures and its effects on pavement performance, environmental sustainability, and economic feasibility. It conducts a detailed analysis of the existing literature and synthesizes the key findings on the engineering properties, long-term performance, environmental impacts, and safety considerations of sulfur-modified asphalt (SMA) or Sulfur-Extended Asphalt (SEA). The key findings revealed that incorporating sulfur enhanced the Marshall stability, stiffness, and ductility of asphalt mixtures while reducing flow and permanent deformation. However, concerns remain over sulfur’s environmental and health impacts, particularly hazardous gas emissions, underscoring the need for clear guidelines, deeper insight into chemical and mechanical interactions, optimized mixing procedures, and effective mitigation strategies. This review outlines these challenges alongside motivations and future directions to guide further research and development. The paper summaries the findings that highlight the potential use of sulfur by-products to modify asphalt binders and mixtures for robust and sustainable pavement road construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stabilization of black soldier fly larval frass through vermicomposting with cattle manure: Agricultural and chemical assessment","authors":"Felipe do Casal de Paula ,&nbsp;Monica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa ,&nbsp;Jessica Caroline de Lima ,&nbsp;Larissa Tonial dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frass, a byproduct of <em>Hermetia illucens</em> (black soldier fly) rearing, contains high levels of nutrients, but its direct application to soil may be limited due to biological instability and phytochemical compounds. This study aimed to assess the vermicomposting of frass mixed with cattle manure at different proportions, targeting its stabilization for agricultural use. Five mixtures with increasing frass content (0–100 %) were prepared, and physicochemical parameters, germination index (GI), and structural characteristics were monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our findings revealed that high frass content compromises worm development and compost maturity. The mixture of 50 % frass and 50 % cattle manure showed the best results regarding stability, nutrient content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) value, and was not phytotoxic (GI &gt; 80 %). FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation of organic compounds and the formation of stable functional groups. In conclusion, vermicomposting with cattle manure is an effective strategy for frass stabilization, addressing an important gap in the literature and enhancing its potential as an organic fertilizer in sustainable farming systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanosilica from diatomaceous earth waste in the brewing industry with pozzolanic potential","authors":"Rafaela de Jesus Paula ,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo Martins Moreira ,&nbsp;Antônio Teodoro Dutra Júnior ,&nbsp;Filipe Gomes Fagundes ,&nbsp;Dreison Mendanha Leal Arouca Poço ,&nbsp;Evaneide Nascimento Lima ,&nbsp;Magno André de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Augusto Cesar da Silva Bezerra ,&nbsp;Osania Emerenciano Ferreira ,&nbsp;Eduardo da Silva Martins ,&nbsp;Robson Pereira de Lima ,&nbsp;Alan Rodrigues Teixeira Machado","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brewing industry generates large volumes of residual diatomite, the disposal of which remains an environmental challenge. In this context, this study proposes the valorization of this waste as a raw material for the production of nanosilica (NS). To this end, the residual diatomite was subjected to thermal treatment at 700 °C for 6 h and characterized via various techniques. Morphological analysis via SEM revealed a porous structure, whereas chemical characterization via XRF, XRD and FTIR confirmed that silica was the predominant phase. The XRF analysis results showed that the following metal oxides were present in the order of SiO₂ (95.05 %), Al₂O₃ (2.37 %), and Fe₂O₃ (1.69 %), resulting in a total composition of 99.11 %, which is in agreement with the chemical requirements for the formation of pozzolanic material. The average crystallite size, estimated via Scherrer’s equation, was 21.69 nm. Additionally, the electrical conductivity test, carried out in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution, indicated a variation of 3.833 mS/cm, classifying NS as a material with good pozzolanic activity. The results indicated that converting residual diatomite into NS adds value to underutilized industrial waste and shows potential for partial replacement of cement, which may help reduce the environmental footprint associated with concrete production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and valorization of fly ash and phosphogypsum into a binary composite for construction","authors":"Jabulani Matsimbe ,&nbsp;Megersa Dinka ,&nbsp;David Olukanni ,&nbsp;Innocent Musonda","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limited comprehensive laboratory and analytical studies on the physico-mechanical properties of fly ash (FA) and phosphogypsum (PG) hinder the extensive valorization of these readily available waste materials. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive laboratory and analytical investigation of the physico-mechanical properties of FA, PG, and a developed FA-PG composite in relation to their mineralogy and morphology. The significance of the study is in lowering environmental pollution by valorizing FA and PG into an FA-PG composite for use as a construction material. Various physical and mechanical tests were conducted based on ASTM standards. The chemical composition, morphology, and mineralogy were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the addition of PG activated the FA in the presence of water, thereby increasing its strength such that the developed FA-PG composite gave an optimal strength of 0.66 MPa at a 70 wt% FA:30 wt% PG mix proportion, making it applicable for soil stabilization and lightly trafficked road pavements. The hydraulic conductivities of FA, PG, and FA-PG composite were found to be 7.72667 * 10⁻⁴, 5.281002 * 10⁻³, and 1.972907 * 10⁻⁵, respectively. The practical implication of this study comprises landfill solid waste management and high-volume valorization of FA and PG waste materials for construction applications, reducing virgin raw materials extraction and promoting circularity and sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable biofuel production from waste potato residue in South Africa: Bibliometric analysis and SWOT appraisal","authors":"Isaac A. Sanusi ,&nbsp;Stella B. Eregie ,&nbsp;Abimbola E. Oluwalana ,&nbsp;Sinenhlanhla L. Mweli ,&nbsp;Jeremia S. Sefadi ,&nbsp;Ayodeji E. Adedoyin ,&nbsp;Michael O. Olusanya ,&nbsp;Gbenga P. Sanusi ,&nbsp;Johnson O. Adelakun","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>South Africa energy consumption will increase due to increasing urbanisation and industrialisation. A major part of this energy need is met by fossil fuel that is predominantly (&gt;60 %) sourced through imports (&gt;13 billion litres). This increase in energy consumption, coupled with high reliance on fuel importation, presents huge challenge to South Africa's energy security. Also, the excessive consumption of fossil fuels has raised key environmental issues. Therefore, exploring biofuel production from agricultural waste such as potato residue is desirable. This review reports a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and bibliometric analyses to assess the feasibility and potential of biofuel production from potato residue in South Africa. It also examined South Africa biofuel economics in the context of renewable energy development and sustainability. Potato residue as a feedstock for biofuels is abundant, and has high useful carbohydrate content for biofuel production. Weaknesses that could limit potato residue valorisation for biofuel production are its seasonal availability and high perishability. Opportunities for biofuels from potato residue in South Africa include potato residue disposal management, the potential for rural development, increase internal revenue with future external revenue possibility and reduced dependence on crude oil and coal. Foreseeable threats are needed investment, market readiness and variabilities, technological readiness, and government policy as well as commitment. This analytical review elucidates valuable scientific perspectives into the viability, potential bottlenecks, and opportunities for biofuel production from potato residue in South Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rolling planning-based closed-loop supply chain logistics model under an unstable demand scenario","authors":"Md. Mohibul Islam,&nbsp;Md. Limonur Rahman Lingkon","doi":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supply chain management (SCM) network is struggling to enhance profitability while managing shorter-lived products, particularly electronic items like cell phones. This challenge arises because customers continuously upgrade to new models within a very short timeframe. As a result, maintaining an optimal inventory level in retail outlets becomes difficult to prevent stock-outs and overstock situations in a dynamic market. Furthermore, electronic waste (e-waste) increases significantly, raising additional environmental concerns. This study develops a new closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) logistics model to tackle these issues. This CLSC model is designed by integrating a new production approach known as rolling planning production schedules (RPPS). The main feature of the RPPS is that real market demands dictate the manufacturing quantity at the factory. Additionally, RPPS lead time is included in developing the proposed CLSC model, replacing simultaneous flow systems with periodic flow systems of goods from one stakeholder to its successive stages. Also, <em>K</em>-means algorithm was applied to cluster stores for efficient shipment. Afterward, a second alternative model was also developed to compare the performance of the suggested model, where a fixed production volume manufacturing approach was utilized instead of the RPPS. The findings indicate that the proposed model yields better results than the second alternative. Moreover, by adjusting the model's parameters, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to confirm the model's robustness and the reliability of the results. The sensitivity study demonstrated that the suggested model can produce consistent outcomes when a large-scale problem size and a recurrent simulation environment are employed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100256,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Waste Systems","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}