Cleaner Energy Systems最新文献

{"title":"Reducing energy consumption in a factory and providing an upgraded energy system to improve energy performance","authors":"Armin Tayefeh,&nbsp;Alireza Aslani,&nbsp;Rahim Zahedi,&nbsp;Hossein Yousefi","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The industrial sector is a major energy consumer worldwide. Much of this consumption is due to air conditioning systems. In regions with extreme temperature conditions, the electricity consumption of these air conditioning systems increases significantly. This study was carried out with the objective of calculating the total energy consumption of the factory and identifying methods to decrease it. Furthermore, an enhanced energy system is suggested to lower energy consumption. This study was carried out with the objective of calculating the total energy consumption of the factory and identifying methods to decrease it. Furthermore, an enhanced energy system is suggested to lower energy consumption. It is also evident that the cooling load decreases by 21,661 kWh when thermal insulation is applied to the walls. Utilizing double-glazed windows for the skylight roof can lead to a reduction in the cooling load by 822 kWh. Additionally, the use of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) bulb lamps in the factory can further decrease the cooling load by up to 14,717 kWh.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000189/pdfft?md5=d3eb238ce55f4bf09490f5f561fe5213&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000189-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and eco-technoeconomic analysis of a natural gas cogeneration energy management center (EMC) with short-term thermal storage","authors":"Nina Monteiro ,&nbsp;Thomas A. Adams II ,&nbsp;James Cotton","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work proposes a non-islanded cogeneration energy management center (EMC) that can be used to displace grid-level natural gas turbine systems and natural gas combustion systems for heat. The design of the proposed EMC included a weighted multi-objective optimization aimed at minimizing: i) natural gas consumption; ii) capital costs; iii) utility costs; and iv) unmet thermal demand. The decision variables consisted of the existence and capacity of the equipment comprising the EMC, including: i) a natural gas boiler; ii) an internal combustion engine that generates heat and electricity; and iii) a hot water thermal storage system. Four resulting candidates EMC designs were then compared with the status-quo (SQ) in an eco-technoeconomic analysis; The SQ draws electricity from the grid and heating for dwellings come from natural gas boilers. Emissions at grid level change which alternative is favored. The findings showed that, for a system that serves 4–5 dense urban city blocks over a 20-year lifetime, the SQ system had cumulative levelized costs of 9.6 million USD for the final consumer, while the levelized costs of the EMC designs ranged from 12.9 to 15.1 million USD. In terms of emissions, the SQ emitted 959 tonnes of CO_2eq per year, while the EMC system produced around 500 tonnes of CO_2eq per year depending on the year, yielding a CCA varying between 364 and 653 USD/tonneCO_2eq</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000128/pdfft?md5=df090e47f2669be2afb8d5229e3dbf76&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000128-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic literature review of urban charging infrastructure planning over time","authors":"Niklas Hildebrand,&nbsp;Sebastian Kummer","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The transition from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs) is imperative to achieve the goal of reducing transport-related greenhouse gas emissions by 90 % in 2050. As urbanization intensifies, vehicle miles in urban environments increase and cities already consume 75 % of global energy, there is a pressing need for efficient charging infrastructure (CI) placement tailored to urban environments. Accordingly, this paper conducts a systematic literature review to outline prevailing research and derive requirements for a future CI model adaptable to urban environments. Analysis of <em>N</em> = 57 studies underscores the necessity for agent-based demand models to capture the intricate behaviors of EV drivers, which are currently underrepresented due to their data-heavy nature (<em>n</em> = 28 flow-based; <em>n</em> = 18 node-based). Furthermore, with a projected surge of 800 % in CI installations in Europe by 2030, strategic placement according to demand and urban-specific requirements is paramount. Still, multi-periodicity considerations are largely absent in current literature (<em>n</em> = 50). Geometric segmentation is presented as a solution to mitigate partial coverage issues. Ultimately, agent-based models, coupled with geometric segmentation, emerge as pivotal requirements for future CI models in urban environments, facilitating the transition to EVs, aligning with emission reduction targets, ensuring resource efficiency, and fostering urban sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000177/pdfft?md5=f564588b9a3edaa49a60d35557bf467e&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000177-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140639315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-saving effect assessment of various factors in container plant factories: A data-driven random forest approach","authors":"Kunlang Bu ,&nbsp;Zhitong Yu ,&nbsp;Dayi Lai ,&nbsp;Hua Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plant factory is one of the controlled environment agriculture forms with huge potential to alleviate food crisis, but the high energy cost restricts its widespread adoption. Numerous researches have explored various factors for energy-saving in plant factories in their settings, but there is a lack of analysis of the importance of these factors in energy saving. In this work, the energy-saving effect assessment of various factors in the container plant factory is investigated. Four cities (Harbin, Taiyuan, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), three plant densities (cultivation area: floor area=100 %, 150 %, and 200 %), and two temperature/humidity setpoints (20/22 ℃, 60/70 %, and 16/22 ℃, 50/95 %) are selected as operating conditions to cover different weather conditions and plant heat loads. The energy-saving effect of each factor is calculated using a random forest algorithm based on large amounts of energy simulation data. We identify that envelope overall heat transfer coefficient (<em>U</em>), air conditioner coefficient of performance (COP), and light efficacy (Efficacy) are three factors that have the largest impact on energy-saving in plant factories, in which light efficacy is the most important factor. Simultaneous optimization of these three factors could possibly reduce electricity consumption by ∼50 % compared to the base case. Finally, employing weight-light intensity correlation, the minimum specific energy consumption is approximately 4.76 kWh/kg lettuce fresh weight. This study utilizes advanced machine learning methods to sort out important factors and shows that significant energy reduction may be achieved by optimizing dominant factors, which gives a general guidance for future designers to build energy-efficient plant factories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000165/pdfft?md5=a812a8511d6452c35a1004475ac526fc&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000165-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140632636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart car parks with EV charging for academic campus","authors":"Shafiqur Rehman ,&nbsp;Abdul Baseer Mohammed ,&nbsp;Luai M. Alhems ,&nbsp;Fahad A. Alsulaiman","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy is directly related to the economy and its demand would increase with development in the industrial, residential, transportation, and commercial sectors. It is projected that by 2050, the global energy demand will experience a two-fold increase. Currently, almost 85 % of the consumed energy globally is generated by burning non-renewable sources like oil, coal, and gas. Open car parking areas at universities, shopping malls, hospitals, etc. are unexploited areas that have enormous potential to generate renewable energy without disturbing the flora and fauna of the region. This study analyses the techno-economic feasibility of generating grid-connected energy using solar photovoltaic, PV panels on the parking lots of academic institutions and utilizes a part of it for charging the parked EVs . The best system is found to produce energy at a cost of 0.0529 USD/kWh, almost 54 % less compared to the grid. In the proposed design, 69 % of the total energy is produced by solar PV and almost 52.5 % is sold to the grid. The capacity factor of the PV system, at this location, is 19.8 %. The annual utility bill saving is around US $ 798,100. The internal rate of return and simple payback period are 7.35 % and 10.9 years. The proposed system architecture also caters to an EV charging capacity of 195 MWh, about 1.5 % of the total energy consumption, and a charging load of 578 kWh/day. This proposed PV energy system, for the parking areas, can be adopted in any other region with similar climatic conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000153/pdfft?md5=f07484282bfc2b2a0f52f0c58929abd8&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000153-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140620921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept development of exercise-to-power: The Green&Healthy power concept","authors":"Herwin Saito Schultz ,&nbsp;Carlos Eduardo Keutenedjian Mady ,&nbsp;Monica Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy harvesting systems can capture and convert small amounts of energy from various natural sources, contributing to offsetting the growing global energy challenges without incurring the depletion of additional energy resources. Human kinetic energy can be obtained from physical exercise - in indoor cycling, the athlete's metabolic energy converts into heat, enthalpy (to the environment), and work. This study reports on the concept development of the <em>Green&amp;Healthy</em> Power system, an energy harvesting system that collects energy from physical activities. A case study based on an indoor bike generator as a conceptual innovation is presented. The user can select the intensity of effort in which the exercise occurs to produce electricity. Using situations based on literature results, the gains are evaluated by measuring aerobic endurance. The user is informed about the health benefits of the exercise (traditional indices), the energy produced, and the greenhouse gas emissions avoided. This study also reviews some aspects of precedent practices, highlighting the concept's challenging characteristics and setting out the initial formulation of the Green&amp;Healthy Power system. This contribution defines research, development, and demonstration priorities for new ideas and technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce the final consumption of primary energy. As results of the study case, initial figures indicate that 1000 people performing 20 min of activities on the energy harvesting system three times a week can avoid annual emissions of 180 kg CO₂ and produce 800 kWh/year of electricity, resulting in savings of R$ 800/year. Brazil has a population of 200 million inhabitants and if 1 % of the population carried out this activity, electricity generation could reach up to 1.6 TWh/month (= 19.2 TWh/year), representing 3.4 % of electricity flows within the Brazilian electricity matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000141/pdfft?md5=78ce2bfeb6eab2ef1cec14ecacd9a2e5&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000141-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140620931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renewable energy trading: Assessment by blockchain","authors":"Vikas Khare,&nbsp;Monica Bhatia","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Renewable energy trading could be considered the next step in power trading's development. It is probable that individuals currently involved in power trading will need to upgrade their data collection, processing, and reporting systems. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of renewable energy trading utilizing Blockchain technology. Initially, the paper examines country-specific renewable energy trading with a focus on India, China, the US, France, and Germany's renewable energy policies. Moreover, the paper presents potential renewable energy trading markets such as peer-to-peer, over the grid, and partially or fully independent microgrid's. This paper shows the appraisal of bond, commodity, derivative, and algorithm-based renewable energy trading using different Blockchain methods, including Ethereum and R3 Corda. It is find out during the renewable energy trading, proposers of bid, also include capital cost of the renewable energy power plant, salvage value after useful life of different component of renewable energy power plant. It is also find out proper trading is to be done with offering subsidies of up to 70 % of the capital cost, and with a 30 % viability gap finance (VGF) at this cost.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277278312400013X/pdfft?md5=f756763fad6b75e2160246ea17567951&pid=1-s2.0-S277278312400013X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140607061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elasticity of substitution between clean energy and non-clean energy: Evidence from the Chinese electricity industry","authors":"Caifei Luo,&nbsp;Keyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>At present, China is in a stage of high-quality economic development. Rising demand for electricity has created a lot of CO₂ emissions, which has put great pressure on the low-carbon development of China's power industry. Therefore, China attaches great importance to the potential of various clean power generation to replace thermal power generation. Given this, the study examines the potential for substitution of non-clean energy generation (thermal power generation) and clean energy generation (hydropower, nuclear power generation, and other energy generation) from 1993 to 2022 by using the translog production function and provides a scenario analysis of energy substitution for power generation. Firstly, the k-fold cross-validation method is used for ridge regression estimation in this paper, which avoids the subjective bias caused by the ridge trace diagram method used in most of the previous literatures. Secondly, compared with the previous research on the substitution elasticity of the power sector, this paper subdivides the types of clean power energy when estimating the substitution elasticity, which can better analyze the substitution relationship between thermal power and various clean power. Finally, the estimated substitution elasticity of thermal power and various clean energy sources is greater than 1, which indicates that clean energy generation can effectively replace non-clean energy generation. This provides an effective substitution elasticity parameter for the power sector to study low-carbon development. The scenario analysis show China's power sector can increase the proportion of clean power generation to reduce the carbon emission intensity while ensure power supply, which can help the Chinese government adjust the implementation of policies to promote the early peak of carbon emissions and keep carbon emission at a low level in the power sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000116/pdfft?md5=6a74a6ed6676cea42b637793a7d4ed98&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000116-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140552715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorisation of biogas for market development and remission of environmental nuisance in Uganda","authors":"Irene Namugenyi ,&nbsp;Joachim Scholderer","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Uganda, biogas is a low-value product considered a pro-poor renewable energy source. Farmers with excess biogas release it into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. This study used mixed data sources and methods to explore how biogas can be valorised to become a valued commercial energy source in Uganda and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The results reveal the inefficiency of current biogas purification processes: the concentration of methane (CH₄) in the upgraded gas was only 58 %, far below the standard specification of 98 %. The pilot production process never came close to even the lower specification level of 95 % for upgraded methane and the upper specification level of 5 % for carbon dioxide (CO₂). The presence of traces of H₂S, water and oxygen could lead to the corrosion of storage equipment and complicate the use of the gas. The study also found that small-scale biogas producers with excess gas have a high desire to sell it but have currently no clear idea of how to valorise it to reach the market. Our market analysis revealed three promising customer segments: bioenergy entrepreneurs, gas companies and electricity suppliers. Taken together, our findings imply that to become a commercially viable energy source, the quality of biogas needs to be improved using valorisation strategies like monitoring gas quality, shaping the market, market research and certification and controls. The national bioenergy policy could consider subsidising valorisation technologies to make them affordable for farmers and thus support a more climate-smart biogas commercialisation process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000104/pdfft?md5=3146aa38778fe4ea4bce2999c2da080f&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000104-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140344179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy assessments of concrete incorporating waste tire rubber and waste brick powder: A comparative analysis of various concrete grades","authors":"David Sinkhonde","doi":"10.1016/j.cles.2024.100115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2024.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some non-conventional concrete mixes are a new generation of concrete characterised by reduced energy requirements during their production. Compared with conventional concrete, some non-conventional concrete mixes incorporating waste materials have reduced energy requirements due to their excellent abilities in constraining high energy requirement values of conventional concrete ingredients. Despite several studies on energy requirement of non-conventional concrete, the underlying reduction of energy requirement of concrete containing waste tire rubber (WTR) and waste brick powder (WBP) is not completely understood due to the absence of appropriate studies in this area. In this study, the energy requirements of control and non-conventional concrete mixes among various concrete grades (20 MPa, 25 MPa and 30 MPa) are developed in conjunction with the compressive strength results of concrete, to generate eco-concrete mixes with reduced energy requirements and considerable strength performances. The results indicate that inclusion of WTR and WBP in concrete reduces the energy consumption of concrete. It is shown that the choice of amounts of WTR and WBP in concrete should not only be based on the drive to reduce energy consumption, but also the motivation to avoid substantial reduction in concrete compressive strength. For all concrete grades, the reductions in compressive strength of 5P20T mixes (5 % WBP and 20 % WTR) need to be greater than 32.57 % compared with 0P0T mixes, to achieve concrete energy requirement reductions of less than 5.56 %. Moreover, the reductions in energy requirements of concrete for 5P10T mixes are nearly 5 % for all concrete grades, with reductions in compressive strength being in the range of 11.67 % – 16.87 %. The study establishes that 5P10T concrete mixes provide a route for reductions in energy requirement of concrete without substantial reductions in compressive strength. These results therefore imply the exciting possibility that the energy requirement of concrete can be tailored by controlling the replacement levels of conventional concrete ingredients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100252,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Energy Systems","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772783124000098/pdfft?md5=8ec2b0f493fa5028d6d63d9ad83ad1b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2772783124000098-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140338885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}