Chemistry of Inorganic Materials最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and DFT analysis of Cu(II) diamide complexes for optical chemical sensing applications","authors":"Fatin M. Elmagbari ,&nbsp;Ahmed N. Hammouda ,&nbsp;Rashd M. EL-Ferjani ,&nbsp;Aya O. Abouligheeb ,&nbsp;Wesal A. Abdulqader ,&nbsp;Abdel-Fattah Y. Ateeyah ,&nbsp;Younis O. Ben Amer ,&nbsp;Graham E. Jackson ,&nbsp;Raffaele P. Bonomo ,&nbsp;Yassir Younis","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two novel mixed amine/amide/pyridyl ligands, H(555)NH₂ and H(555)NMe₂, were synthesised and evaluated as optical chemical sensors for Cu(II) ion detection. Potentiometric, spectrophotometric, and DFT studies revealed distinct coordination behaviours involving pyridyl, amide, and amine donors, resulting in well-defined Cu(II) complexes with characteristic absorption maxima at 569 nm and 631 nm, respectively. The UV–Vis spectra exhibited pH-dependent speciation consistent with potentiometric data, and the deconvoluted electronic and EPR spectra supported tetragonally distorted Cu(II) geometries. Optical sensing showed excellent linearity between absorbance and Cu(II) concentration, with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9984 (H(555)NH₂) and 0.9979 (H(555)NMe₂), and limits of detection (LOD) of 7.6 × 10⁻⁴ and 6.2 × 10⁻⁴ mol dm⁻³, respectively. Both sensors displayed outstanding photostability (RSD ≤0.4 %) and reproducibility under continuous illumination, with negligible interference from common metal ions. Comparative analysis indicated that while H(555)NMe₂ offers slightly improved sensitivity, H(555)NH₂ exhibits greater photostability and operational robustness. Validation with spiked lake water samples yielded recoveries of 96.8–103.4 %, confirming the reliability of these ligands as selective, reproducible, and practical optical sensors for Cu(II) detection in environmental analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the structural integrity, atomic dynamics and electromagnetic traits of X-type hexagonal ferrites: A comprehensive review","authors":"M. Irfan,&nbsp;Tehreem Idrees,&nbsp;Fatima Khan,&nbsp;Hafiz Ghulam Shabbir,&nbsp;Isbah shamshad,&nbsp;Abdul Rehman Ashiq,&nbsp;Maryam Choudhary,&nbsp;Komel Maryam,&nbsp;Nayyab Sajjad,&nbsp;Esha Fatima,&nbsp;Momina Rauf,&nbsp;Rabia Jabeen,&nbsp;Maham Razzaq,&nbsp;Muhammad Atif Rauf,&nbsp;Muhammad Azhar Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>X-type hexaferrites due to remarkable magnetic tunability, dielectric stability, and inherent multifunctionality, have become runners in the field of high-frequency and microwave technologies. Their technological significance is highlighted by their significant potential in spintronics, stealth technology, and electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding. The complex crystal structure of Ba₂Me₂Fe₂₈O₄₆ (Me = divalent metal ions) is examined in detail in this review, with particular attention paid to the interaction between synthesis pathways and functional behavior. The ability of advanced fabrication techniques to engineer phase purity and nanoscale precision is examined. The advancement of computational and experimental techniques has made it easier to precisely tune and characterize unit cell symmetry and lattice constants in crystals. Dielectric spectroscopy and magnetic hysteresis also provide deep insights into optimized reflection loss, permittivity enhancement, and coercivity modulation. The study provides a strategic framework for utilizing X-type hexaferrites in adaptive electromagnetic interfaces, radar systems, and next-generation electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe3O4 nanoparticle-modified exfoliated carbon paste electrode for enhanced electrochemical detection of dopamine","authors":"Soukaina El Abbadi ,&nbsp;Abdelaziz Elgamouz ,&nbsp;Abdel-Nasser Kawde ,&nbsp;Mohamed Douma ,&nbsp;Hajar El Moustansiri ,&nbsp;Najib Tijani","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An exfoliated carbon paste electrode modified with Fe₃O₄ (CPE/Fe) has been developed as an advanced electrochemical sensor for detecting dopamine in aqueous solutions. The structural and morphological characteristics of the modified electrode were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A series of CPE/Fe were fabricated with varying concentrations (10–30 wt%) of Fe₃O₄. Among these, the electrode containing 20wt% Fe₃O₄ and exfoliated under the optimal conditions [CPE/Fe-20% (5V; 1s)], demonstrated the highest electrochemical area (0.323 cm²), as evaluated using the Ferri/Ferrocyanide redox system. DPV was identified as the best electrochemical technique for dopamine detection, showing a pronounced response of 34 μA for 0.5 μM DA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0). The sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range (1–1000 μM), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.024 μM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.081 μM. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity for dopamine, with minimal interference (%RSD) from common compounds found in biological matrices such as uric acid (±3.1%), ascorbic acid (±4.2%), alanine (±5.3%), and adenine (±9.1%). It also effectively detected DA in human serum, highlighting its practical applicability. The CPE/Fe-20% (5V; 1s) electrode enables precise DA detection with high sensitivity and stability. This This electrode configuration supports advanced applications in neuroprosthetics and brain-machine interfaces driven by intelligent feedback systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced electrochemical performance of ZnO modified by Y2O3 for application in supercapacitors","authors":"Madhu Gangwar ,&nbsp;Sameer Khan ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar ,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Chawla ,&nbsp;Gagan Dixit","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a non-toxic semiconductor known for its broad optical band gap and versatility in industrial and medical applications. This study explores the electrochemical properties of pure ZnO modified by making its composite with Y₂O₃. Three composite samples were prepared by adding 2 %, 5 %, and 8 % Y₂O₃ in pure ZnO. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize each sample for phase and structural investigation. The ZnO sample is found in its pure hexagonal phase, while the composites exhibit phases of both ZnO and Y₂O₃. Crystallite size calculations from XRD indicated that all samples are bulk in nature. Galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD) curves at varying current densities, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetric study (CV) at various scan rates were used to investigate the electrochemical characteristics. CV plots of all samples show clear redox peaks and changes in capacitance with scan rate. The charge storage mechanism in all samples involves a mixture of double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitive behaviour. According to the GCD curve, composites have higher specific capacitance than pure ZnO. The specific capacitance rises from 277 F/g to 449 F/g as the Y₂O₃ concentration is increased from 2 % to 5 % at a current density of 2A/g and for 8 % Y₂O₃ it becomes 467 F/g. Lower charge transfer resistance is demonstrated by ZnO after incorporation of 5 % and 8 % Y₂O₃, suggesting improved electrochemical stability and enhanced performance for supercapacitor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural evolution of inorganic SinPd2 (n = 1–17) clusters","authors":"Madison Winkeler,&nbsp;Ciara N. Richardson,&nbsp;Ryan Carlin,&nbsp;Jonathan T. Lyon","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structures of silicon clusters doped with two palladium atoms have been explored using an unbiased global optimization technique, and the candidate structures further analyzed using density functional theory. The optimized geometries, stabilities, and electronic structures of Si₁Pd₂ – Si₁₇Pd₂ are reported, and several new lowest energy isomers are located for the first time impacting the relative cluster stabilities. Based on the relative energies, Si₅Pd₂, Si₁₀Pd₂, and Si₁₆Pd₂ are predicted to be the most stable clusters for the sizes considered here. A growth pattern in this size range is noted that primarily consists of trigonal and pentagonal structural motifs, the latter dominating for larger clusters once Pd atoms become encompassed in the silicon cluster framework. Palladium atoms bind exohedrally to the base cluster for smaller sized clusters, but begin to bind endohedrally once the cluster size reaches Si₁₁Pd₂ (for the first Pd atom) and Si₁₆Pd₂ (for the second Pd atom). Detailed analysis of the cluster's electronic structure indicate that palladium atoms have only a small partial charge, and that the frontier molecular orbitals consist primarily of palladium <em>d</em> and silicon <em>p</em> atomic orbitals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of component ratio on the photocatalytic performance of CuS/ZnS nanocomposites in methylene blue degradation","authors":"Jyoti Yadav ,&nbsp;Shubham Tripathi ,&nbsp;Surya Prakash Singh ,&nbsp;Pooja Dwivedi ,&nbsp;Ravindra Kumar Rawat ,&nbsp;Pratima Chauhan","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study successfully synthesized and characterized CuS, ZnS, and CuS/ZnS composite nanoparticles with varying component ratios. EDX analysis and elemental mapping confirmed the formation of the CuS/ZnS composite, showing characteristic peaks for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and sulfur (S). The resulting heterostructures, particularly the 1:1 CuS:ZnS composite, exhibited significantly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. This composite achieved a 90 % degradation efficiency of methylene blue dye in 85 min, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (K_app) of 0.02173 min^-1, which is substantially higher than that of the individual CuS and ZnS components. CuS nanoparticles demonstrated superior visible-light photocatalytic activity compared to ZnS, which was expected given their respective bandgaps. Scavenger experiments identified holes (h⁺) as the dominant reactive species. The catalyst's reusability was confirmed over three cycles, demonstrating its stability for potential wastewater treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Fe/ZnO/H+-montmorillonite nanocomposite for effective cationic dye (Methylene blue) removal from aqueous solutions","authors":"Chandini Machahary ,&nbsp;Angita Sarkar ,&nbsp;Bipul Das ,&nbsp;Sanjay Basumatary","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollution from industrial dye waste is a major environmental concern, especially in water bodies. These synthetic dyes often contain toxic substances that harm aquatic life and affect water quality. In response to this matter, the current research goal is to enhance the Montmorillonite's (MMT) adsorption efficiency through its transformation with acid activation and doping of metal oxide. This study presents the synthesis of a hybrid composite (Fe/ZnO/H⁺-MMT), combining acid-activated MMT with Iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of MB dye from water. The composite was then characterized by multiple analytical techniques like Powder XRD, FT-IR, BET, FESEM, and HRTEM. At a neutral pH, 120 min of time period, 100 mg/L of starting dye concentration, and 0.8 g/L of adsorbent dose at room temperature, this composite removes MB to 97.54 ± 0.14 %. The Langmuir model revealed a highest monolayer adsorption capacity (q_max) of 169.49 mg/g with R² = 0.9938 among the isotherm model, which indicates that the adsorption involves chemical interactions in the process of adsorption. In kinetic studies, this experiment fit the PSO quite well with R² = 0.99887 and the BET surface area is 171.287 m²/g. These outcomes demonstrate the potential of the Fe/ZnO/H⁺-MMT composite as a highly effective and promising adsorbent for MB removal from aqueous medium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mixed-anion strategy for constructing rapid ion-conducting Na solid-state electrolyte","authors":"Lingjun Huang ,&nbsp;Kit Barker ,&nbsp;Xinzhang Liu ,&nbsp;Yiru Jian ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Skinner ,&nbsp;Mary P. Ryan ,&nbsp;Chun Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To advance the development of all-solid-state Na-ion batteries (ASSNIBs), optimal Na solid-state electrolyte (SSE) materials must meet critical requirements, including high ionic conductivity (&gt;10⁻³ ​S ​cm⁻¹), low electronic conductivity (&lt;10⁻¹⁰ ​S ​cm⁻¹), and cost-effectiveness (&lt;$50 ​kg⁻¹). In this study, we present a mixed-anion strategy for designing SSEs containing earth-abundant elements only. Density functional theory (DFT) and bond valence site energy (BVSE) calculations show that Na₂ZrO₃ offers better electrochemical stability but poor Na ​⁺ ​conductivity compared to Na₂ZrCl₆. Mixed-anion SSE Na₂ZrCl_6-4xO_2x has the potential for combining the strengths of high electrochemical stability of the oxide and high ionic conductivity of the halide. The optimal composition Na₂ZrCl₃O_1.5 synthesized by a mechanochemical method exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 5.17 ​× ​10⁻⁵ ​S ​cm⁻¹ at room temperature, nearly an order of magnitude improvement over Na₂ZrCl₆ and orders of magnitude higher than that of Na₂ZrO₃. This enhancement is attributed to the more disordered phase within Na₂ZrCl₃O_1.5. Cost analysis reveals that Na₂ZrCl_6-4xO_2x can be produced at a large scale and low cost (≤£25.53/kg). These findings pave the way for the mixed-anion strategy for developing high-performing SSE materials for ASSNIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the thermal and structural characteristics of synthesized CoFe2-XNdXO4:SiO2 nanocomposites","authors":"Meenakshi Bansal ,&nbsp;Dharamvir Singh Ahlawat ,&nbsp;Amrik Singh ,&nbsp;ShishPal Rathee ,&nbsp;Anjali Maan ,&nbsp;Manjeet Singh Goyat ,&nbsp;Jasvir Dalal ,&nbsp;Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth-doped ferrites stems from their unique and tuneable properties, leading to a wide range of potential applications. Synthesis of CoFe_2-xNd_xO₄:SiO₂ nanocomposites at various concentrations of Nd³⁺ ions doping is carried out by sol-gel method and structural as well as thermal parameters have been evaluated by using XRD, FTIR, TEM, and TGA- DTG analysis techniques. Enhancement in XRD peak intensity may be due to an increase in crystallite size which could be attributed to the larger ionic radius of Nd³⁺ (0.995 ​Å) replacing Fe³⁺ ions (0.67 ​Å). TEM results are also reported in good agreement for particle size 26 ​nm, 35 ​nm, 39 ​nm, and 47 ​nm at Nd³⁺ ions concentrations 0.00, 0.050, 0.075, and 0.1 respectively, supporting the XRD results. TGA- DTG curve indicates a maximum weight loss for all the samples in the temperature range of 20 ​°C–350 ​°C due to maximum water evaporation and decomposition of precursors. At high temperatures, spherical particles with aggregation can be viewed from the TEM images. These explored physicochemical and morphological parameters may be insightful to optimise novel functionalities for advance high-tech fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosted visible light photoelectrochemical water splitting performance by tailoring a nanostructure of BiVO4/rGO and BiVO4/g-C3N4 composites","authors":"Mahdi Abdollahi ,&nbsp;Zahra Sadeghian ,&nbsp;Esmaeil Akbarinezhad ,&nbsp;Kimia Sadeghian ,&nbsp;Alireza Rahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cinorg.2025.100103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of efficient photocatalysts for visible-light-driven water splitting is crucial for sustainable energy solutions. This study demonstrates the design of 2D/3D heterostructured BiVO₄-based photocatalysts integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) to boost visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Three materials—BiVO₄ (BV), BiVO₄/rGO (BRG), and BiVO₄/g-C₃N₄ (BGC)—were synthesized hydrothermally and evaluated. The BRG composite exhibited exceptional PEC performance, achieving a photocurrent density of 163 ​μA/cm² at 1.23 ​V vs. RHE, 5.5 times higher than BV, along with the lowest charge transfer resistance (1522 ​Ω). Its superiority stems from rGO's thin, transparent layers enveloping BiVO₄ particles, enhancing light absorption and charge dynamics. The favorable work function and high conductivity of rGO enabled rapid electron transfer and minimized recombination, while its 2D structure preserved BiVO₄'s active sites. In contrast, BGC's coarser g-C₃N₄ morphology reduced active site exposure, and its less optimal band alignment hindered electron transport. Photocatalytic methylene blue (MB) degradation tests monitored via UV–vis spectroscopy further validated BRG's efficiency, showing ∼95 ​% degradation due to improved light harvesting and charge separation. Additionally, BRG achieved the highest applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency (ABPE) of 0.3 ​%, surpassing BV (0.06 ​%) and BGC. These results highlight the critical role of 2D/3D heterostructure engineering, where rGO's structural advantages synergistically enhance BiVO₄'s performance. This work underscores BRG as a high-efficiency photocatalyst for water splitting and provides a framework for optimizing heterostructured materials in renewable energy technologies, emphasizing the importance of interfacial design and charge carrier management in advancing solar-driven water splitting systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100233,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry of Inorganic Materials","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}