Chem & Bio Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Electron Transfer, Proton Transfer, and Molecule Transfer: Chemical Engineering and beyond","authors":"Shihao Li, Zhenhua Wu, Xiao Pang, Yonghui Shi, Xu Dong, Yu Chen, Chen Tao, Boyu Zhang, Jiang Wang, Bingchen Guo, Kexin Lv, Shujing Zhang, Xinchi Ma, Ruihan Wang, Qian Li, Jiaqi Ji, Shaohua Zhang, Runnan Zhang, Guangwei He, Fusheng Pan, Dong Yang, Hong Wu, Jiafu Shi, Zhongyi Jiang","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.6c00101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 9","pages":"745–751"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149027893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confined Chiral Microenvironments in Discrete Supramolecular Assemblies","authors":"Yingguo Li,&nbsp;Minghao Liu,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Chao Yu,&nbsp;Yong Cui","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.6c00062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chirality is a fundamental featureof nature, governing the structureand function of biological systems. Translating molecular chiralityinto well-defined supramolecular architectures is crucial for understandingchiroptical phenomena and developing advanced chiral functional materials.In this Account, we summarize our research efforts over the past decadefocused on the rational design and self-assembly of discrete chiralmetallacycles and cages. We highlight how simple chiral building blockscan be programmed to spontaneously form complex two and three-dimensionalarchitectures with confined chiral microenvironments. Our work beginswith the precise construction of chiral metallacycles, including triangles,squares, and hexagons, where we demonstrate effective chirality transferfrom the ligand to the metal center. These assemblies not only exhibitstructural elegance but also serve as versatile platforms for studyingchirality amplification. We then extend this strategy to three-dimensionalchiral cages, including helicates, tetrahedra, octahedra, and nonclassicalpolyhedra. By engineering specific functional groups, such as NH,OH, or metal-salen sites within the confined cavities, we achieveprecise control over the microenvironment. We further discuss thefunctional applications of these assemblies. The confined chiral spacesenable exceptional performance in enantioselective recognition, separation,and transmembrane transport, often mimicking the selectivity of naturalenzymes. Moreover, we showcase how these cages function as supramolecularcatalysts, where the confined nanospace significantly enhances reactivityand stereocontrol compared to nonencapsulated systems. Finally, weprovide our perspective on the future challenges in this field, includingthe construction of nonclassical and defective structures, the hierarchicalorganization of discrete assemblies into extended materials, and thepursuit of biomimetic functions. This work aims to bridge the gapbetween molecular chirality and emergent supramolecular function,providing a comprehensive insight into the development of adaptivechiral materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 9","pages":"752–764"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149022716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocatalytic Arene Functionalization Using Integrated Unspecific Peroxygenase and Halohydrin Dehalogenase","authors":"Merlin Hauer,&nbsp;Christopher Grimm,&nbsp;Rebekka M. Bechtloff,&nbsp;Miguel Alcalde,&nbsp;Selin Kara","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.6c00023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In pharmaceuticals, aromatic structuresare common motifs, underscoringthe need for efficient and sustainable functionalization of arenecompounds, particularly in late-stage functionalization. This studyintroduces a biocatalytic cascade employing unspecific peroxygenases(UPOs; PaDa-I mutant) and halohydrin dehalogenases (HHDHs), performedunder batch conditions as a proof of concept. Significant advancementswere achieved in the design of our microfluidic devices, where weincorporated HPLC screw fittings to minimize leakage and enhance compatibilitywith conventional flow equipment. To immobilize PaDa-I, we exploredthree covalent methods: (i) poly dopamine (PDA) surface coating, (ii)PDA with copolymerized polyethylenimine, and (iii) carbodiimide cross-linking.Among these, carbodiimide cross-linking achieved the highest activityyield (27%) under continuous-flow conditions, representing the mostefficient immobilization reported to date for PaDa-I. To circumventUPO instability toward hydrogen peroxide, we substituted it with ascorbicacid (AscA) for the epoxidation of styrene derivatives, improvingPaDa-I stability to 6 days, achieving a yield of 37%, and maintainingproductivity of 17 μM/h. Using EMIN340 and EMIN510 mutants fromthe commercial HHDH kit of Enzymaster facilitated the conversion ofstyrene oxide to <em>N</em>-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone, achievinga 1.3% yield over two steps. Notably, the use of AscA in the epoxidationshowed a higher yield of 10.9% in the epoxide opening reaction toward <em>N</em>-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone compared to 4% using hydrogen peroxide.These findings underscore the potential of this biocatalytic cascadefor further continuous-flow applications, offering improved enzymestability and activity, with promising prospects for further optimizationand broader implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 8","pages":"733–744"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148822400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing the PHI Surface Microenvironment for In Situ Immobilization of Ionic Liquids to Enhance CO2 Conversion","authors":"Leizhi Zheng,&nbsp;Mengyue Li,&nbsp;Bin He,&nbsp;Qiang Liu,&nbsp;Chengbao Liu","doi":"10.1021/cbe.5c00170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.5c00170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) hasemerged as a promisingcandidatefor CO₂ capture and conversion due to its structural tenabilityand abundant surface active sites. However, CN suffers from inherentdrawbacks such as poor catalytic activity, leading to unsatisfactoryutilization. In this study, a rational strategy combining organicsuperbases as hydrogen bond acceptors with hydrolyzed high crystallinityCN (poly(heptazine imide), PHI) derivatives as hydrogen bond donorswas developed to form ionic liquid-functionalized PHI catalysts. Thisdesign strategically integrates amino and hydrogen bond functionalitieswithin a single polymeric framework, thereby cooperatively acceleratingthe coupling of epoxides with CO₂. Under the conditionsof 0.1 MPa CO₂, 90 °C, and 6 h, [PHI-NH][DBUH] achievedchloropropene carbonate (CPC) in 99% yield with 99% selectivity. Basedon the multifunctional structure and experimental results of the catalyst,a plausible pathway emphasizing intramolecular cooperative activationwas subsequently elucidated. Furthermore, the heterogeneous natureof the catalyst enabled facile recovery and reuse via simple solid–liquidseparation. This work establishes a sustainable catalytic platformthat merges ionic liquid functionality with polymeric semiconductormatrices for green chemical transformations.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 8","pages":"723–732"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148822402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene-Oxide-Based Organic Solvent Filtration Membranes: Recent Progress and Perspectives","authors":"Jiwon Kim,&nbsp;Junhyeok Kang,&nbsp;Ju Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Wooyoung Choi,&nbsp;Taeyoung Kim,&nbsp;Huiseon Jang,&nbsp;Jeongyeob Oh,&nbsp;Younghoon Joung,&nbsp;Dae Woo Kim","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.6c00026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graphene-based membranes can be promisingplatforms for organicsolvent nanofiltration (OSN) due to their unique two-dimensional nanochannels,chemical robustness, and tunable transport pathways. In particular,graphene oxide (GO) and nanoporous graphene architectures offer opportunitiesto overcome permeability/selectivity trade-off through controlledinterlayer spacing, engineered nanopores, and tailored solvent–membraneinteractions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recentadvances in multilayer graphene-based OSN membranes, focusing on synthesisstrategies, transport mechanisms, and structural engineering approachesthat enable high-performance separation. We discuss the synergisticroles of nanopore-mediated through-plane transport and confined interlayerdiffusion, highlighting how solvent affinity, swelling behavior, andinterfacial slip collectively determine separation performance. Recentprogress in pore structure refinement, interlayer regulation, nanosheetorientation control, and aspect-ratio control is summarized to providekey design principles for achieving ultrafast permeance while maintainingsharp molecular separation. Beyond material design, emerging industrialapplications, including purification, concentration, solvent exchange,pharmaceutical processing, electronic-grade solvent polishing, andorganic solvent reverse osmosis, are broadly discussed. Finally, wechecked remaining challenges toward scale-up and commercialization,including stability under harsh solvents, module compatibility, andrealistic performance evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 8","pages":"672–697"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148815802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Successive Phase Transition between Pt and Ti Domains Promotes Sulfur-Tolerant CO Oxidation in Sintering Flue Gas","authors":"Jiebing He,&nbsp;Jiaye Xu,&nbsp;Chunlei Wei,&nbsp;Mingjia Zhang,&nbsp;Lian Zhang,&nbsp;Mi Yan,&nbsp;Pengfei Xie","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.6c00031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The carbon monoxide emitted from steel sintering fluegas seriouslythreatens the ecological environment and public health. Various impuritiesin the emission, such as sulfur dioxide and moisture, readily causepoisoning of the CO oxidation catalysts. Here, a successive phasetransition between Pt and Ti domains induced by H₂ reductionleads to the formation of unique Pt₃Ti intermetallics withsignificant electron transfer. This catalyst delivers a 96% CO conversionand remains stable for 1000 h at 200 °C in a simulated sinteringflue gas involving SO₂, NO, 15% H₂O, and 10%O₂. The commendable reactivity and stability are ascribedto the sustainability of metallic Pt in Pt₃Ti intermetallicsunder harsh oxidative circumstances. Mechanism studies reveal thewell-aligned energy levels between the d-orbitals of metallic Pt withCO orbital facilitate CO oxidation, while suppress the SO₂ adsorption and further increases the oxidation barrier, ultimatelyreduce the sulfates deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 8","pages":"698–712"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148822364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetically Controlled Assembly of Janus-Structured Nanobubble–Lipid Nanoparticles via Ultrasonic Micromixing","authors":"Zhikai Liu,&nbsp;Yufeng Zhang,&nbsp;Daixin Chen,&nbsp;Mei Yang,&nbsp;Liming Wang,&nbsp;Hanqiu Jiang,&nbsp;Shubo Du,&nbsp;Jiaqi Lin,&nbsp;Guangwen Chen","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.6c00022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Controlling the internal architecture and morphologyof lipid nanoparticles(LNPs) beyond their size remains a central challenge in nanoparticleengineering. Conventional micromixer-based assembly methods providerapid mixing but lack the temporal resolution to manipulate the multiplecompeting kinetic processes that occur during LNP self-assembly. Here,we demonstrate kinetically controlled fabrication of Janus-structuredsurface nanobubble–lipid nanoparticles (SNB-LNPs) using anultrasonic micromixer that enables independent tuning of three criticaltime scales: mixing time (<em>t</em>_m), bubblegeneration time (<em>t</em>_b), and LNP self-assemblytime (<em>t</em>_a). By systematically mapping thesetime scales, we establish an assembly kinetic zone diagram that definesthe process windows for distinct nanoparticle architectures, includingspherical LNPs, bleb LNPs, and the previously inaccessible SNB-LNPs.Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutronscattering confirm the Janus morphology of SNB-LNPs, featuring a gas-fillednanobubble compartment (∼17 vol % gas phase) attached to alipid–mRNA core. The assembly outcome can be further modulatedby gas supersaturation and lipid shell composition, providing additionaldegrees of freedom for structural control. As a proof of concept,the ultrasound-responsive SNB-LNPs demonstrate enhanced mRNA deliveryboth in vitro and in vivo. This work establishes a process engineeringframework for fabricating multicompartment nanoparticles with nonequilibriumarchitectures through kinetic control in continuous-flow microreactors.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 8","pages":"713–722"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148822363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Cycling Stability of Li Anode in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries with Li–Ga Anodic Interlayer","authors":"Jie Lu,&nbsp;Guoyong Xue,&nbsp;Chenji Hu,&nbsp;Yixiao Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Linsen Li,&nbsp;Fuqiang Huang,&nbsp;Liwei Chen","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00017","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbe.6c00017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The commercialization of Li metalanodes in all-solid-state lithiumbatteries (ASSLBs) is hindered by uncontrollable dendritic growthand nonuniform deposition during cycling. Here, we report a facilemetal displacement strategy to construct a Li–Ga alloy anodicinterlayer to suppress Li dendrite growth and stabilize the anode–solid-stateelectrolyte interface. The significantly enhanced performance originatesfrom the dramatically improved Li diffusion kinetics, with the Li–Gaalloy modified Li (Li-Ga@Li) anode exhibiting a Li atomic diffusioncoefficient twice as high as that of pristine Li metal. Consequently,the Li-Ga@Li|LPSCl|Li-Ga@Li symmetric cells deliver stable lithiumstripping/plating behavior over 800 h with minimal polarization anda significantly increased critical current density. When paired witha high-loading LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811) cathode active material, Li-Ga@Li|LPSCl|NCM811 ASSLBsdemonstrate enhanced rate capability and prolonged cycling stability.This work provides a practical interfacial engineering strategy throughdiffusivity improvement toward high-performance ASSLBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"667–671"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148611654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zwitterionic Molecule Intercalation in Nanoporous Multilayer Graphene Oxide Membrane for Metal Ion Recovery from Spent Li-Ion Batteries","authors":"Jeong Pil Kim,&nbsp;Junhyeok Kang,&nbsp;Ju Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Jiwon Kim,&nbsp;Go Eun Lee,&nbsp;Kiok Kwon,&nbsp;Dae Woo Kim","doi":"10.1021/cbe.5c00176","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbe.5c00176","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing demand for lithium-ionbatteries has intensifiedthe need for efficient recovery of lithium and transition metals fromspent battery materials. Membrane-based ion separation provides alow-energy alternative or can be combined with conventional hydrometallurgicalpurification routes. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) membraneswere engineered through the intercalation of a zwitterionic molecule,3-(1-vinyl-3-imidazolio)propanesulfonate (VIPS), followed by hot-presstreatment to produce structurally stabilized VIPS-intercalated GOmembranes. Structural and spectroscopic analyses reveal that VIPSmolecules expand the interlayer spacing of GO and introduce positivelycharged groups, which suppress the permeation of divalent cations.Hot-pressing further generates nanopores and reinforces the layeredstructure, enabling improved Li ion transport. Concentration-drivenpermeation tests demonstrated that the GO membrane containing a 1:1weight ratio of GO to VIPS achieved a lithium-ion permeation rateof 33.2 mmol m^–2 h^–1 with markedlyenhanced selectivity over divalent ions, including a lithium/manganeseselectivity of 18. Long-term forward osmosis operation conducted for480 h exhibited stable Li-selective permeation behavior, yieldingpermeation rates of 33.0, 8.3, 4.0, and 3.8 mmol m^–2 h^–1 for Li⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Mn²⁺, respectively. Although extended operationcaused slight swelling and partial loss of selectivity, a multistepforward osmosis enrichment process produced high-purity lithium solutions(&gt;99%) and decreased the concentrations of Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Mn²⁺ to undetectable levels after threecycles. This study demonstrates that the combination of zwitterionicmolecule intercalation and hot-press treatment produces structurallystable graphene oxide membranes capable of selective lithium transportand high-purity lithium enrichment, offering a practical and energy-efficientplatform for lithium recovery from hydrometallurgical recycling streams.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"656–666"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148611692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Tryptone on Clathrate Hydrate Crystal Growth in the HFC-134a + Tryptone Aqueous Solution System","authors":"Leo Kamiya,&nbsp;Ryo Ohmura","doi":"10.1021/cbe.6c00013","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbe.6c00013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Clathrate hydrate crystal formationproceeds throughhydrate filmformation at the gas–liquid interface, followed by crystalgrowth into the aqueous phase. The growth sequence and morphologyof HFC-134a hydrate crystals in aqueous tryptone solutions were visuallyobserved. These visual observations were examined at varying subcoolingtemperatures. The subcooling temperature (Δ<em>T</em>_sub) is defined as the difference between the system temperatureand the phase equilibrium temperature at a given pressure. Δ<em>T</em>_sub was set from 1.0 to 8.0 K. In the 0.1 mass% solution, polygonal plate or polyhedral crystals were observed atΔ<em>T</em>_sub of 2.6 and 4.0 K. At 2.6 K,a plate crystal grew from about 1 mm to about 2 mm in diagonal lengthwithin around 40 min after detaching from the liquid and gas interface.The interface was not covered by a hydrate film until 10 min afterthe first observable detachment crystal. At 7.9 K, a hydrate filmformed within several seconds, and columnar or dendritic crystalsgrew from the film into the bulk liquid. In the 0.4 mass % solution,film formation was delayed; at 7.4 K, a hydrate film formation took44 min after the first observable crystal, and polygonal crystalswith sizes from 0.5 mm to 1 mm were observed in the liquid bulk phase.Polygonal morphologies persisted from 1.9 to 7.4 K, whereas columnaror dendritic morphologies were observed at 8.0 K. These observationsof crystal morphologies and growth sequences revealed that tryptonecould change the hydrate crystal growth and morphology and delay thehydrate film formation at the gas-liquid interface. The tryptone asan eco-friendly additive may change the growth sequence and the morphologyof the hydrate.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"3 7","pages":"635–640"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148611661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}