{"title":"Mechanistic Insights into the Tools for Intracellular Protein Delivery.","authors":"Jingwen Xie, Jiajia Xiang, Youqing Shen, Shiqun Shao","doi":"10.1021/cbe.4c00168","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbe.4c00168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteins are an important therapeutic modality in modern medicine. However, their inherent inability to traverse cell membranes essentially limits their application to extracellular targets. Recent advances in intracellular protein delivery have enabled access to traditionally \"undruggable\" intracellular targets and paved the way to precisely modulate cellular functions. This Review provides a comprehensive examination of the key mechanisms and emerging technologies that facilitate the transport of functional proteins across cellular membranes. Delivery methods are categorized into physical, chemical, and biological approaches, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Physical methods enable direct protein entry but often pose challenges related to invasiveness and technical complexity. Chemical strategies offer customizable solutions with enhanced control over cellular targeting and uptake, yet may face issues with cytotoxicity and scalability. Biological approaches leverage naturally occurring processes to achieve efficient intracellular transport, though regulatory and production consistency remain hurdles. By highlighting recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities within each approach, this review underscores the potential of intracellular protein delivery technologies to unlock new therapeutic pathways and transform drug development paradigms.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"132-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingwen Xie, Jiajia Xiang, Youqing Shen and Shiqun Shao*,
{"title":"Mechanistic Insights into the Tools for Intracellular Protein Delivery","authors":"Jingwen Xie, Jiajia Xiang, Youqing Shen and Shiqun Shao*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbe.4c0016810.1021/cbe.4c00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.4c00168https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.4c00168","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Proteins are an important therapeutic modality in modern medicine. However, their inherent inability to traverse cell membranes essentially limits their application to extracellular targets. Recent advances in intracellular protein delivery have enabled access to traditionally “undruggable” intracellular targets and paved the way to precisely modulate cellular functions. This Review provides a comprehensive examination of the key mechanisms and emerging technologies that facilitate the transport of functional proteins across cellular membranes. Delivery methods are categorized into physical, chemical, and biological approaches, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Physical methods enable direct protein entry but often pose challenges related to invasiveness and technical complexity. Chemical strategies offer customizable solutions with enhanced control over cellular targeting and uptake, yet may face issues with cytotoxicity and scalability. Biological approaches leverage naturally occurring processes to achieve efficient intracellular transport, though regulatory and production consistency remain hurdles. By highlighting recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities within each approach, this review underscores the potential of intracellular protein delivery technologies to unlock new therapeutic pathways and transform drug development paradigms.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"2 3","pages":"132–155 132–155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbe.4c00168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chem & Bio EngineeringPub Date : 2024-12-18eCollection Date: 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1021/cbe.4c00151
Hsi-Hsin Lin, Jedidiah Chukwusom, Hyunju Lee, Brent H Shanks
{"title":"Elucidating the Role of Water on Limonene Oxidation with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> over γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.","authors":"Hsi-Hsin Lin, Jedidiah Chukwusom, Hyunju Lee, Brent H Shanks","doi":"10.1021/cbe.4c00151","DOIUrl":"10.1021/cbe.4c00151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limonene oxide, which is produced from limonene epoxidation, is a valuable molecule that can be applied in flavor, fragrance, and renewable polymer applications. A catalytic reaction system using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> with γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) as the solvent has been explored as an effective system for this reaction. In these previous studies, a number of postulates have been proposed as to how water affects the reaction; therefore, the focus of this work is to elucidate the role of water in limonene epoxidation. While not impacting the selectivity to limonene oxide, the amount of water in the reaction system is shown to significantly impact the limonene reactivity. Furthermore, through both addition of excess water and removal of water with a Dean-Stark apparatus, the control of the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio is demonstrated to be the primary factor controlling reactivity. In contrast, changes in limonene concentrations for a specific H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio are shown to have little impact on the reaction rate. This study shows that the competitive adsorption of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and water on the catalyst surface is key in explaining the water impact on the reaction performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"123-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11873845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143560536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hsi-Hsin Lin, Jedidiah Chukwusom, Hyunju Lee and Brent H. Shanks*,
{"title":"Elucidating the Role of Water on Limonene Oxidation with H2O2 over γ-Al2O3","authors":"Hsi-Hsin Lin, Jedidiah Chukwusom, Hyunju Lee and Brent H. Shanks*, ","doi":"10.1021/cbe.4c0015110.1021/cbe.4c00151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.4c00151https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.4c00151","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Limonene oxide, which is produced from limonene epoxidation, is a valuable molecule that can be applied in flavor, fragrance, and renewable polymer applications. A catalytic reaction system using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> with γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) as the solvent has been explored as an effective system for this reaction. In these previous studies, a number of postulates have been proposed as to how water affects the reaction; therefore, the focus of this work is to elucidate the role of water in limonene epoxidation. While not impacting the selectivity to limonene oxide, the amount of water in the reaction system is shown to significantly impact the limonene reactivity. Furthermore, through both addition of excess water and removal of water with a Dean–Stark apparatus, the control of the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio is demonstrated to be the primary factor controlling reactivity. In contrast, changes in limonene concentrations for a specific H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio are shown to have little impact on the reaction rate. This study shows that the competitive adsorption of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and water on the catalyst surface is key in explaining the water impact on the reaction performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"123–131 123–131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/cbe.4c00151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenfu Luo, Shijie Li, Yao Shen*, Shihan Zhang, Wei Li and Sujing Li*,
{"title":"","authors":"Wenfu Luo, Shijie Li, Yao Shen*, Shihan Zhang, Wei Li and Sujing Li*, ","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"1 10","pages":"XXX-XXX XXX-XXX"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cbe.4c00021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144456662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Chen, Qiancan Wang, Long Chen, Shanshan Cai, Jing Lei and Song Li*,
{"title":"","authors":"Hao Chen, Qiancan Wang, Long Chen, Shanshan Cai, Jing Lei and Song Li*, ","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100230,"journal":{"name":"Chem & Bio Engineering","volume":"1 10","pages":"XXX-XXX XXX-XXX"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cbe.4c00008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144456663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}