Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献

{"title":"NO2-immission assessment for an urban hot-spot by modelling the emission–immission interaction","authors":"Tim Steinhaus,&nbsp;Mikula Thiem,&nbsp;Christian Beidl","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00080-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00080-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban air quality and climate protection are two major challenges for future mobility systems. Despite the steady reduction of pollutant emissions from vehicles over past decades, local immission load within cities partially still reaches heights, which are considered potentially hazardous to human health. Although traffic-related emissions account for a major part of the overall urban pollution, modelling the exact interaction remains challenging. At the same time, even lower vehicle emissions can be achieved by using synthetic fuels and the latest exhaust gas cleaning technologies. In the paper at hand, a neural network modelling approach for traffic-induced immission load is presented. On this basis, a categorization of vehicle concepts regarding their immission contribution within an impact scale is proposed. Furthermore, changes in the immission load as a result of different fleet compositions and emission factors are analysed within different scenarios. A final comparison is made as to which modification measures in the vehicle fleet offer the greatest potential for overall cleaner air.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"113 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00080-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50433986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of stochastic design optimization to a passenger car diesel engine to reduce emission spread in a vehicle fleet","authors":"Kadir Mourat,&nbsp;Carola Eckstein,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00077-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00077-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper demonstrates the advantages of stochastic design optimization on a passenger car diesel engine: the emission distribution in the vehicle fleet can be significantly reduced by optimizing the base engine calibration taking into account component tolerances. This paper is an extension to the work presented in [25]. The conventional calibration approach of using empirical safety coefficients is replaced by explicitly taking into account the uncertainty stemming from manufacturing tolerances. The method enables us to treat low-emission spread in a fleet as an optimization target. This process enables a more robust design and helps to avoid recalibration steps that potentially generate high costs. The method consists of four steps: an initial uncertainty analysis, which accounts for engine component tolerances and determines the underlying parameter uncertainty of the engine model—with parameter uncertainty being deviations in the model parameters resulting from component tolerances. Followed by a measurement campaign according to the design of experiments principles, the training of a stochastic engine model and the solving a stochastic optimization problem. The latter two are discussed in more detail. First, the stochastic models are validated on transient testbed measurements with different setups, which are subject to uncertainty. The model error for both engine-out particulate matter and nitrogen oxides (<span>({text{NO}}_{{ x}})</span>) is extremely low. Then, stochastic optimization is performed on a calibration task aiming to minimize engine-out PM for the entire fleet while ensuring that the <span>({text{NO}}_{{ x}})</span> emission remains below a given upper threshold, again for the entire fleet. Boundary constraints and smoothness constraints are employed to ensure feasibility and smooth engine maps. The optimization results are compared to the original calibration of the test engine—both for a representative <i>nominal</i> engine and the expected fleet behavior. The results show a significant improvement in engine-out PM while complying with the imposed constraints, including the <span>({text{NO}}_{{ x}})</span> emission limit for the entire fleet.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"99 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00077-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50476917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicle handling improvements through Steer-by-Wire","authors":"Jan Sterthoff,&nbsp;Roman Henze,&nbsp;Ferit Küçükay","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00079-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00079-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper focuses on handling improvements enabled through Steer-by-Wire systems, which have increasingly become subject of R&amp;D, as they not only offer the potential for improving vehicle handling but also have many advantages in combination with automated driving. Handling improvements through a steering ratio depending on vehicle speed, as well as steering-wheel angle, are known from Active Front Steering systems. A new overall concept is proposed, that also takes into account lateral and longitudinal acceleration as well as steering rate, which are all available signals in a production car. The overall concept is designed in an optimization process to modify a range of established characteristic parameters known from open-loop maneuvers and the objective evaluation of vehicle handling. In this context, validated models for a vehicle and a Steer-by-Wire system are used to obtain reliable results in simulation. Possibilities for tuning the non-linear steering behavior as well as improvements in the dynamic behavior, especially in yaw damping and response time, are demonstrated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"91 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00079-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50454935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of four diesel engines with regard to blow-by aerosol properties as a basis for reduction strategies based on engine design and operation","authors":"Kai-Michael Scheiber,&nbsp;Niclas Nowak,&nbsp;Magnus Lukas Lorenz,&nbsp;Jürgen Pfeil,&nbsp;Thomas Koch,&nbsp;Gerhard Kasper","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00075-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00075-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding how engine design and operation affect blow-by aerosol characteristics is key to reducing the emission of particulate matter (PM) via the crankcase ventilation system. To this end, representative aerosol data from four different diesel engines are compared on the basis of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and engine speed. The data were obtained from comparable sampling positions, using the same sampling system and optical particle counter. The discussion is based on the narrow particle size range of 0.4–1.3 µm, chosen for its significance with regard to blow-by aerosol sources, as well as for the challenges it poses for separation systems. Key findings include particle size distributions (PSD) of virtually identical shape, indicating that these engines share the same aerosol sources and underlying generation mechanisms. However, absolute concentrations differed by a factor of about six, presumably due to differences in engine design, which in turn affect key parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rates. At BMEPs ≤ 10 bar all engines exhibited similarly low aerosol concentrations. With increasing BMEP the concentration rose exponentially. The engine with the smallest rise and the lowest total concentration featured an aluminum alloy piston, the smallest displacement, the lowest peak BMEP as well as the lowest maximum oil temperature. At maximum torque the aerosol concentration scaled fairly linearly with engine displacement. Increasing the engine speed had a minor impact on aerosol concentrations but affected blow-by flows, hence leading to a rise of aerosol mass flows. Within the limits of this comparative measurement studies, three generation mechanisms are provided for blow-by aerosols.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"79 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00075-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50521505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic failure and crash simulation of carbon fiber sheet moulding compound (CF-SMC)","authors":"Federico Coren,&nbsp;Philipp S. Stelzer,&nbsp;Daniel Reinbacher,&nbsp;Christian Ellersdorfer,&nbsp;Peter Fischer,&nbsp;Zoltan Major","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00078-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00078-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon fiber sheet moulding compounds (CF-SMC) are a promising class of materials with the potential to replace aluminium and steel in many structural automotive applications. In this paper, we investigate the use of CF-SMC materials for the realization of a lightweight battery case for electric cars. A limiting factor for a wider structural adoption of CF-SMC has been a difficulty in modelling its mechanical behaviour with a computational effective methodology. In this paper, a novel simulation methodology has been developed, with the aim of enabling the use of FE methods based on shell elements. This is practical for the car industry since they can retain a good fidelity and can also represent damage phenomena. A hybrid material modelling approach has been implemented using phenomenological and simulation-based principles. Data from computer tomography scans were used for micro mechanical simulations to determine stiffness and failure behaviour of the material. Data from static three-point bending tests were then used to determine crack energy values needed for the application of hashing damage criteria. The whole simulation methodology was then evaluated against data coming from both static and dynamic (crash) tests. The simulation results were in good accordance with the experimental data.</p>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"63 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00078-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50513768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of (hbox {CO}_2) reduction potentials and component load collectives of 48 V-hybrids under real-driving conditions","authors":"Daniel Förster,&nbsp;Lukas Decker,&nbsp;Martin Doppelbauer,&nbsp;Frank Gauterin","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00076-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00076-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of innovative powertrain technologies is crucial for car manufacturers to comply with decreasing <span>(hbox {CO}_2)</span> emission limits. They face the challenge to develop products which fulfill customer requirements in terms of functionality, comfort and cost but also provide a significant <span>(hbox {CO}_2)</span> efficiency improvement. <span>({48}hbox { V})</span>-hybrids can achieve these conflicting goals due to their low vehicle-integration effort and system costs while substantially increasing powertrain efficiency. The variance of real-driving scenarios has to be considered in system development to achieve the maximum customer benefit with the chosen system design, such as installed electrical power or topology. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of different <span>({48}hbox { V})</span>-system designs under real-driving conditions. The influence of varying real-driving scenarios on component load collectives is analyzed for P1 and P2 topologies. Furthermore, the <span>(hbox {CO}_2)</span> reduction potential and the influence of different hybrid functions such as electric driving is identified. The contribution of this paper is the identification of <span>({48}hbox { V})</span>-system potentials under real-driving conditions and the corresponding component requirements, in order to support the development of customer-oriented <span>({48}hbox { V})</span>-systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"45 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00076-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50497093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water injection for gasoline direct injection engines: fundamental investigations in an evaporation chamber","authors":"M. Helmich,&nbsp;D. Lejsek,&nbsp;A. Hettinger,&nbsp;E. Schünemann,&nbsp;C. Frank,&nbsp;S. Hüttig,&nbsp;H. Rottengruber","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00074-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00074-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Today’s combustion engine development is strongly driven by reduction of <span>(hbox {CO}_2)</span> and exhaust gas emissions. Modern turbocharged downsizing concepts with gasoline direct injection are well established in all major markets and contribute to current and future mobility as a cost attractive and efficient solution. Further improvement of gasoline engine efficiency and performance is mainly limited by knocking. Water injection (WI) has the potential to reduce knocking significantly. To improve the effectiveness of water injection, fundamental knowledge of the thermodynamic process has to be built up. Therefore, a zero dimensional evaporation model was developed and simulations were carried out. This model was derived and validated on the basis of measurements which were carried out on a specifically designed and assembled WI evaporation chamber. Conditions in terms of temperature and pressure were varied to determine the evaporation behaviour of water droplets influenced by temperatures of e.g. air or water. The model describes the process of droplet heating and finally the evaporation of the droplets depending on their size at relevant engine boundary conditions. The simulation results support interpretation of engine measurements and allow further optimization of water injection concepts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"31 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00074-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50484930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stochastic design optimization methodology to reduce emission spread in combustion engines","authors":"Kadir Mourat,&nbsp;Carola Eckstein,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-020-00073-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-020-00073-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a method for efficiently solving stochastic optimization problems in the field of engine calibration. The main objective is to make more conscious decisions during the base engine calibration process by considering the system uncertainty due to component tolerances and thus enabling more robust design, low emissions, and avoiding expensive recalibration steps that generate costs and possibly postpone the start of production. The main idea behind the approach is to optimize the design parameters of the engine control unit (ECU) that are subject to uncertainty by considering the resulting output uncertainty. The premise is that a model of the system under study exists, which can be evaluated cheaply, and the system tolerance is known. Furthermore, it is essential that the stochastic optimization problem can be formulated such that the objective function and the constraint functions can be expressed using proper metrics such as the value at risk (VaR). The main idea is to derive analytically closed formulations for the VaR, which are cheap to evaluate and thus reduce the computational effort of evaluating the objective and constraints. The VaR is therefore learned as a function of the input parameters of the initial model using a supervised learning algorithm. For this work, we employ Gaussian process regression models. To illustrate the benefits of the approach, it is applied to a representative engine calibration problem. The results show a significant improvement in emissions compared to the deterministic setting, where the optimization problem is constructed using safety coefficients. We also show that the computation time is comparable to the deterministic setting and is orders of magnitude less than solving the problem using the Monte-Carlo or quasi-Monte-Carlo method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"15 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-020-00073-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50522125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrified powertrains for wheel-driven non-road mobile machinery","authors":"Josef Markus Ratzinger,&nbsp;Simon Buchberger,&nbsp;Helmut Eichlseder","doi":"10.1007/s41104-020-00072-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-020-00072-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Already enacted carbon-dioxide (CO₂) limiting legislations for passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles, drive motivations to consider electrification also in the sector of non-road mobile machinery. Up to now, only the emissions of the vehicles themselves have been restricted. However, to capture the overall situation, a more global assessment approach is necessary. The study described in this article applies a tank-to-wheel and an extended well-to-wheel approach based on simulations to compare three different powertrains: a battery electric drive, a parallel electric hybrid drive, and a series electric hybrid drive. The results show that electrification is not per se the better solution in terms of keeping CO₂ emissions at a minimum, as battery electric powertrains are accountable for the lowest as well as the highest possible CO₂ emissions of all powertrains compared. A battery electric machine is not economically competitive if its battery has to last a whole working day. Parallel hybrid systems do not achieve much of an advantage in terms of CO₂ emissions. In this global assessment approach, the most promising propulsion system for wheel-driven-mobile-machinery appears to be the series hybrid system, which shows to offer up to 20% of CO₂ saving potential compared to the current machine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-020-00072-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50506129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel dynamic conditioning unit for the reproduction of real driving conditions on a test bed","authors":"Stefan Geneder,&nbsp;Günter Hohenberg","doi":"10.1007/s41104-020-00069-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-020-00069-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The importance of thermal management has increased with the advent of electrification and fuel cell. The dynamic response required from the thermal circuit has also increased and cannot be reproduced by today’s conditioning systems. This contribution describes a novel, considerably more powerful conditioning concept with three main characteristics:</p><ul>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The positioning of the control actuator on the side of the unit under test without causing changes in the hydraulic circuit. The exchange of heat in this configuration occurs through mixing.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>Model-based control including improved temperature measurement as the basis for the robust variation of fluid temperature.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>A small and compact design through the consequent optimization of component location. This has the effect of further improving the dynamic response and offers great flexibility in practical use.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ul><p> The new conditioning concept is validated via simulation as well as by an application on a powertrain test bed. The system proved to be extremely robust in its function due to the consideration of all influencing parameters and, in addition, it is easy to use: no time-consuming configuration work is required prior to installation, nor when changing the test bed or the unit under test. The foundation for this is the model-based control that is based on a direct relationship between the temperature of the medium and the setpoint value. For the first time, temperature traces previously measured under real operation conditions can be reproduced and even temperature gradients of up to 60 K/s can be followed. The dynamic conditioning unit described here will be extended by a transient, real-time capable simulation model to a thermal emulator. This will enable future thermal management functions to be developed and optimized in ThermoLabs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"5 3-4","pages":"199 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-020-00069-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50522297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}