Automotive and Engine Technology最新文献

{"title":"Aging investigations and consideration for automotive high power lithium-ion batteries in a 48 V mild hybrid operating strategy","authors":"D. Geringer,&nbsp;P. Hofmann,&nbsp;J. Girard,&nbsp;E. Trunner,&nbsp;W. Knefel","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00088-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00088-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper focuses on the battery aging of automotive high power lithium-ion batteries intended for 48 V mild hybrid systems. Due to a long vehicle lifetime, battery aging is of high importance, and its consideration within a hybrid system is crucial to ensure a sufficient lifetime for the battery. At the moment, only a few aging investigations and models specifically for automotive high power cells are available. Consequently, all present aging consideration methods are based on the few published aging models focusing on consumer cells. This paper describes the development of an aging model for automotive high power cells and the integration into a mild hybrid operating strategy to actively control the battery aging process during its operation. The underlying aging investigations of high-power battery cells are shown to analyze the main influences of temperature, state of charge, and C-rate. These tests are used to develop the aging model, capable of considering the main influences on the aging process. Based on this model and all gained insights, different methods for considering battery aging in a mild hybrid system are investigated. The goal is to control the aging process during operation and consequently decrease the negative influence. Two active intervention methods are developed and integrated into a 48 V mild hybrid operating strategy to validate their potential. It is possible to control the aging process and at the same time to use the insights for improving the basic hybrid powertrain design regarding reduced aging and battery costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"219 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41104-021-00088-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50443495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical optimisation of the diffuser in a typical turbocharger compressor using the adjoint method","authors":"Kristaq Hazizi, A. Ramezanpour, Aaron Costall","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-807892/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-807892/V1","url":null,"abstract":"In the automotive industry, the demand for fuel economy and emission reduction has resulted in engine downsizing, with turbochargers playing a key role in compensating for the performance loss. To be effective, a turbocharger’s compressor must be accurately designed to match the engine’s requirements. This study presents a novel non-parametric optimisation of the turbocharger compressor diffuser based on the compressor efficiency. The numerical models are based on the validation and mesh dependency study against experimental data from three points on each speed line of 150,000 (rpm) and 80,000 (rpm). The geometry and case data are related to the TD025-05T4 compressor from the 1.2-L Renault Megane passenger car. The turbocharger compressor diffuser geometry was optimised using the adjoint solver method within ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R1. The adjoint solver provides a gradient-based optimisation that can automatically create a series of iterations of a design, so that the mesh gradually deforms into an optimal shape to achieve a single target, the compressor efficiency in this study. The study considers a total of six operating cases on the compressor map to optimise the full and partial load compressor operations, leading to a real-world drive cycle. These cases are the three cases (closer to surge, stable midpoint, and closer to the choke point) on each of the speed lines. A typical result for mid-stable operation on a 150,000 (rpm) speed line shows a gradual increase in efficiency up to a maximum of 2.6% improvement. The optimal diffuser geometry impacts the overall car engine efficiency for real-world drive cycles, increasing power output and improving thermal efficiency.","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"179-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85377121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model-based approach for a control strategy of a charge air cooling concept in an ejector refrigeration cycle","authors":"Tobias Beran,&nbsp;Jan Gärtner,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00087-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00087-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An efficient thermal management in vehicles can reduce fuel consumption or improve the electrical range. Optimized control strategies adapting to various load cases can reduce the energy consumption of the cooling system and keep components in efficient operating temperature ranges. Current cooling control strategies use performance maps or rules, which are time- and cost-consuming to develop due to a high manual workload and the necessity of vehicle prototypes. In this paper, a highly automatized process is proposed to create control strategies with machine learning methods and simulation models. A new tool is introduced, which can couple Python code with Dymola to extend simulation models by calibration and optimization features. Simplified control models are created with the dataset of optimized control settings using machine learning implementations for a multivariant linear and polynomial regression as well as a decision tree and a random forest classification. The performance of the different control models is compared on a dynamic drive cycle in a co-simulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"203 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00087-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50461706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the optimal battery capacity of a PEM fuel cell vehicle taking into account recuperation and supercapacitors","authors":"Swantje C. Konradt,&nbsp;Hermann Rottengruber","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00086-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00086-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles require an electrical intermediate storage system to compensate for dynamic load requirements. That storage system uses a battery and has the task to increase tolerance to dynamic operation. In addition, energy can be recuperated and stored in supercapacitors to increase the fuel cell vehicle’s efficiency. To determine the optimal battery capacity according to the recuperation potential and possible use of a supercapacitor, a reference vehicle with PEM fuel cell was transferred to the simulation environment <i>Matlab/Simulink</i>. The model is based on a cell model describing the electrochemical and physical interactions within the cell. It has been implemented in a complete vehicle model for the representation of a fuel cell vehicle. Various legal driving cycles, such as the WLTP (“Worldwide harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure”), were used for the calculations. A further step sets the optimal battery capacity depending on the dynamic of the fuel cell system. With this simulation model, dynamic requirements—for the fuel cell and the associated system components—can be determined in the future, scalable for each vehicle depending on the battery capacity and recuperation potential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"181 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00086-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50447510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined computational-experimental study of liquified natural gas vaporizers based on thermo-solid coupling","authors":"Xianghua Li,&nbsp;Youchang Li,&nbsp;Xueguang Bi,&nbsp;Yucheng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00084-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00084-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A vaporizer is a key component in a liquified natural gas (LNG) engine, whose heat dissipation capacity determines the reliability of LNG engines. In the present study, the heat dissipation performance of LNG vaporizers is investigated using numerical simulation by a thermal-solid coupling method. Simulation results were first compared with experimental data to validate the thermal-solid coupling method and a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results was achieved. The experimentally validated numerical method was then used to predict the heat dissipation performance of the LNG vaporizers. The simulation results show that the temperature of the vaporized natural gas at the outlet of the vaporizer is quite uniform, which is about 40 °C and high enough for the vaporizer to provide a stable gas supply to the LNG engine. A unique design of the vaporizer’s coolant inlet can take advantage of coolant flows to enhance heat transfer in the engine cooling process, thereby promoting the heat exchange within the engine and increasing the heat exchange capacity of the LNG vaporizer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"191 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00084-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50513196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of deviations in SI-engine behaviour due to manufacturing tolerances in cylinder heads","authors":"Stephan Zeilinga,&nbsp;Hermann Rottengruber,&nbsp;Aristidis Dafis,&nbsp;Alexander Wagner,&nbsp;Torsten Stolt,&nbsp;Franz Josef Feikus","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00082-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00082-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cast engine components are experiencing ever tighter tolerance requirements and at the same time a more complex cast design. The geometries, some of which are inaccessible, are tested for quality assurance on the basis of relevant component characteristics, among other things. The position check measures the actual position of a feature in a spatial dimension. Information about the alignment and geometry of the combustion chamber cannot be derived from the measurement methods applied. The use of three-dimensional measuring methods, e.g., imaging by computer tomography, can additionally record the spatial component position and the component geometry. Further measurement data can be derived from this, which serves to increase process reliability and component quality, and to increase component quality within an entire component batch. On the one hand, the cylinder head limits the working space by the roof of the combustion chamber, on the other hand, the cylinder head has a significant influence on the charge movement, especially at the beginning of the intake flow, due to the geometry of the intake ducts. On account the high demands of modern gasoline engines with tumble combustion process paired with Miller operation at partial load, variable timing, etc., mixture formation is important for efficient operation. Mixture formation in air- and wall-guided combustion processes depends on the components air duct and injection. From the point of view of cylinder head production, the mixture formation component air guiding is an elementary development approach for implementing efficient and sustainable component production while ensuring component properties. From this, the question can be derived as to what influence, for example, different dimensional tolerances in the combustion chamber size have on engine operation. To address this question, 3D simulations and physical test bench measurements were performed. With a variation of the above-mentioned intake duct and combustion chamber geometries and due to manufacturing tolerances, simulation results and measurement data were evaluated, analysed and presented in this paper. The influence of manufacturing-relevant tolerance deviations in the early process step of cylinder head production on combustion engine operation can be recognised in different ways.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"147 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00082-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50505131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The remaining CO2 budget: a comparison of the CO2 emissions of diesel and BEV drivetrain technology","authors":"Christian Böhmeke,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00081-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00081-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper describes the CO₂ emissions of the additional electricity generation needed in Germany for battery electric vehicles. Different scenarios drawn up by the transmission system operators in past and for future years for expansion of the energy sources of electricity generation in Germany are considered. From these expansion scenarios, hourly resolved real-time simulations of the different years are created. Based on the calculations, it can be shown that even in 2035, the carbon footprint of a battery electric vehicle at a consumption of 22.5 kWh/100 km including losses and provision will be around 100 g CO₂/km. Furthermore, it is shown why the often-mentioned German energy mix is not suitable for calculating the emissions of a battery electric vehicle fleet. Since the carbon footprint of a BEV improves significantly over the years due to the progressive expansion of renewable-energy sources, a comparison is drawn at the end of this work between a BEV (29.8 tons of CO₂), a conventional diesel vehicle (34.4 tons of CO₂), and a diesel vehicle with R33 fuel (25.8 tons of CO₂) over the entire useful life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"127 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00081-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50489591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-turbo-DeNOx exhaust aftertreatment: simulation and testing","authors":"Daniel Knaf,&nbsp;Johannes Hipp,&nbsp;Christian Beidl","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00083-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00083-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Real urban driving conditions challenge exhaust gas aftertreatment systems for diesel passenger cars. One promising approach is the transfer of the selective catalytic reduction to a pre-turbocharger position, resulting in a thermal adjustment of the boundary conditions for the system. The design and functional behaviour of two new pre-turbo concepts are discussed. Challenges arise when the dosing of a urea–water solution and thermal mass are integrated upstream of the turbocharger. The design and results of these new concepts are presented using an integrated methodology. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics are used as a tool to fundamentally analyse the flow fields and the preparation process of urea–water-based solution to the reducing agent ammonia. The preparation process includes spray injection, spray interaction phenomena, and mixing of the reducing agent. The prototypically built-up hardware is integrated into an Engine-in-the-Loop test setup. In stationary engine operation, the basic measurement of temperatures and nitrogen oxides allows for the validation of the simulations. Using a simulated vehicle approach, the experimental test setup is capable of being operated in real driving scenarios. An additional 48 V boosting system is integrated and operated in the air pass to analyse and overcome thermal delay. Realistic dynamic load test results and boosted WLTC measurements of a virtual passenger car are presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"159 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00083-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50462916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NO2-immission assessment for an urban hot-spot by modelling the emission–immission interaction","authors":"Tim Steinhaus,&nbsp;Mikula Thiem,&nbsp;Christian Beidl","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00080-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00080-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban air quality and climate protection are two major challenges for future mobility systems. Despite the steady reduction of pollutant emissions from vehicles over past decades, local immission load within cities partially still reaches heights, which are considered potentially hazardous to human health. Although traffic-related emissions account for a major part of the overall urban pollution, modelling the exact interaction remains challenging. At the same time, even lower vehicle emissions can be achieved by using synthetic fuels and the latest exhaust gas cleaning technologies. In the paper at hand, a neural network modelling approach for traffic-induced immission load is presented. On this basis, a categorization of vehicle concepts regarding their immission contribution within an impact scale is proposed. Furthermore, changes in the immission load as a result of different fleet compositions and emission factors are analysed within different scenarios. A final comparison is made as to which modification measures in the vehicle fleet offer the greatest potential for overall cleaner air.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 3-4","pages":"113 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00080-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50433986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of stochastic design optimization to a passenger car diesel engine to reduce emission spread in a vehicle fleet","authors":"Kadir Mourat,&nbsp;Carola Eckstein,&nbsp;Thomas Koch","doi":"10.1007/s41104-021-00077-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41104-021-00077-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper demonstrates the advantages of stochastic design optimization on a passenger car diesel engine: the emission distribution in the vehicle fleet can be significantly reduced by optimizing the base engine calibration taking into account component tolerances. This paper is an extension to the work presented in [25]. The conventional calibration approach of using empirical safety coefficients is replaced by explicitly taking into account the uncertainty stemming from manufacturing tolerances. The method enables us to treat low-emission spread in a fleet as an optimization target. This process enables a more robust design and helps to avoid recalibration steps that potentially generate high costs. The method consists of four steps: an initial uncertainty analysis, which accounts for engine component tolerances and determines the underlying parameter uncertainty of the engine model—with parameter uncertainty being deviations in the model parameters resulting from component tolerances. Followed by a measurement campaign according to the design of experiments principles, the training of a stochastic engine model and the solving a stochastic optimization problem. The latter two are discussed in more detail. First, the stochastic models are validated on transient testbed measurements with different setups, which are subject to uncertainty. The model error for both engine-out particulate matter and nitrogen oxides (<span>({text{NO}}_{{ x}})</span>) is extremely low. Then, stochastic optimization is performed on a calibration task aiming to minimize engine-out PM for the entire fleet while ensuring that the <span>({text{NO}}_{{ x}})</span> emission remains below a given upper threshold, again for the entire fleet. Boundary constraints and smoothness constraints are employed to ensure feasibility and smooth engine maps. The optimization results are compared to the original calibration of the test engine—both for a representative <i>nominal</i> engine and the expected fleet behavior. The results show a significant improvement in engine-out PM while complying with the imposed constraints, including the <span>({text{NO}}_{{ x}})</span> emission limit for the entire fleet.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100150,"journal":{"name":"Automotive and Engine Technology","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"99 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s41104-021-00077-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50476917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}