Architecture, Structures and Construction最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams through sacrificial reinforcement","authors":"Haley Hostetter,&nbsp;M. Z. Naser,&nbsp;Rami A. Hawileh,&nbsp;Ghada Karaki,&nbsp;Huanting Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00061-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00061-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the superior properties of concrete, structural members made of concrete often satisfy fire requirements specified in codes and standards without special installations or the use of external insulation. A closer examination into fire codal provisions shows that they are primarily founded for new constructions or that which does not suffer from aging or in-service trauma; such as cracking, reinforcement corrosion, creep, etc., all of which can adversely affect the structural response of concrete structures, especially under fire conditions. In order to enhance the fire resistance of concrete structures, this paper presents insights into simple and cost-effective solutions by utilizing sacrificial layer(s) of reinforcement. These solutions capitalize on the natural synergy between reinforcement and concrete and have the potential to mitigate fire-induced cracking and the development of fire-induced large deformation, thereby extending the fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams. The validity and applicability of the proposed concepts are highlighted through a highly complex three-dimensional thermo-mechanical nonlinear-based finite element model. This model was utilized in a series of parametric studies to examine critical parameters influencing the fire response of concrete beams reinforced with steel and fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement. These parameters include sacrificial reinforcement scheme, size, and material type. It was concluded that the use of sacrificial reinforcement could be beneficial for mitigation purposes or as a repair solution for postfire events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 2","pages":"311 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50014790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Quintic Displacement Function in Static Analysis of Deep Beams on Elastic Foundation","authors":"Ashis Kumar Dutta,&nbsp;Jagat Jyoti Mandal,&nbsp;Debasish Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00055-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00055-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Abstract\u0000</h2><div><p>Beams supported by elastic foundations are one of the complex soil-structure interaction problems that have been studied using the \"beam on elastic foundation\" concept. To support the loads, the structural foundation and the soil continuum must work together. The development of more accurate foundation model and simpler procedure are critical for the safety and cost-effective construction of such type of structure. Three nodded beams based on Timoshenko beam theory and workable approaches for analysis of beams on Winkler foundation are attempted in this study. For the present formulation, a Matlab code has been developed. The results are then compared to similar studies done by other researchers, which demonstrate a high level of agreement. Parametric studies are followed to determine the response to various loading conditions, boundary conditions, and foundation parameters. The present formulations, regardless of boundary conditions, slenderness ratio and modulus of sub-grade reaction, have a higher convergence rate. It functions smoothly and efficiently for thin to moderately thick beams. The influence of the soil coefficient on the response of beams on elastic foundations is typically greater than the influence of beam physical and material properties.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 2","pages":"257 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50013223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fire investigation methodology for buildings","authors":"Rodrigo Almeida Freitas,&nbsp;João Paulo C. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00057-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00057-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>\u0000Abstract\u0000</h2><div><p>A fire investigation aims, in the broad concept, to raise and point out aspects and circumstances related to a fire. In fact, as a task that involves scientific knowledge and techniques, it must be planned and carried out with tested and valid protocols. There are some fire investigation protocols that contribute a lot to the evaluation of the fire scene, but they are usually limited to the fire scene and do not address the fire investigation as a whole, comprehensive and holistic way. The lack or insufficiency of protocols can lead to inadequate fire investigations, which may be missing relevant data, present incipient results, with biased conclusions, and may jeopardize parties involved in a fire. So, it is vital the application of attested protocols and methodologies that ensure a global, integral, and holistic fire investigation, which expose – as much as possible – the facts, circumstances, factors, actions, omissions, and contributions related to the fire incident. In addition, a guided conduct of a fire investigation team, illustrated in a fire investigation protocol, must seek to provide information, foster, and improve fire safety science, at local to global scale. The present paper proposes a fire investigation protocol, involving connected methodologies, focusing on not only in fire investigation itself, but addressing a global context of promoting fire safety.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 2","pages":"269 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50009627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is built and what is taught: The difference between teaching and professional practice in building structures","authors":"Carlos Olmedo,&nbsp;Alejandro Calle,&nbsp;Joaquín Antuña","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00056-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00056-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The authors show the great difference that exists between structural solutions that are taught and that students have to resolve to obtain the qualification of Architect and the constructive and structural solutions that are common in professional practice in Spain. A database of structural solutions used in master’s degree projects for professional qualification and their results was therefore prepared and compared with existing statistical construction data. It can be deduced from this data that there is a discrepancy between students’ proposals and usual practice, in structural types as well as in terms of size, materials and building category.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"685 - 698"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44150-022-00056-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50102408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timber structures made of naturally curved oak wood: prototypes and processes","authors":"Niels Martin Larsen,&nbsp;Anders Kruse Aagaard,&nbsp;Markus Hudert,&nbsp;Lasse Weyergang Rahbek","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00046-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00046-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Highly optimised processing workflows characterise today’s wood industry. The gained efficiency is mainly directed towards making standardised linear materials that fulfil the market’s expectation of a continuous flow of identical products with certain constant specifications. The research presented here seeks to question these limitations and provide another approach to the use of wood in construction. The study involves complex geometry handling, architectural design, and material and structural considerations. Trees absorb CO₂ during growth, and as a construction material, wood can function as CO₂ storage, thereby reducing the levels in the atmosphere during the lifetime of the building—and even longer if the building components can be reused. We have seen a significant rise in wood construction over the past few years. This is partly due to growing climate awareness and the increased availability of engineered wood products (EWP). EWPs are reliant on uniform tree production. With growing interest in using wood for construction, an increase in plantation forests is predicted, leading to a lack of biodiversity in the affected areas. The consideration for the general climate expressed through the increased use of wood as a building material may thus appear to be in contrast to the efforts to improve biodiversity. This research seeks to provide an alternative route where non-uniform wood, usually used as firewood, can be used as a construction material. The project demonstrates possibilities that emerge from engaging with the wood as a specific occurrence of a biological entity rather than a standardised material. While historical precedents inspire the research, the project has been developed using digital tools, such as laser scanning, algorithmic design and robotic fabrication. We have developed a unique design-to-production workflow that uses curved natural wood in its original form to enable curved architectural designs. The workflow thereby links the inherent properties of the wood to a distinct mode of expression. The wood is retrieved from a sawmill that collects discarded tree trunks from local forests. The sawlogs are registered with a 3D scanner, and a customised parametric method is used to handle the geometric information and establish a database of the irregular saw logs. A custom-made algorithmic design tool identifies where the sawlogs fit best in a predefined construction design based on the database. Machining data is directly extracted for the subsequent robotic processing. The irregular shape of the material suggests a discrete analysis of the structural properties of each component. A series of destructive physical tests are carried out to indicate the capacity of the structural system and the joint solution. To demonstrate the viability of the workflow, study challenges in controlling tolerances and humidity, and develop an assembly strategy, we have produced a construction prototype of 15 membe","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"493 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50042547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living, uninterrupted: the positive potential of low impact construction","authors":"Terri Meyer Boake","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00053-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00053-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a certain level of chaos and disruption associated with the construction process. When construction becomes associated with infill urban development, it has additional negative realities as it impacts the ability of those living and working around the construction site to live a normal life, often for a significant length of time. How can the choices we make in terms of structural systems and construction methods serve to lessen that impact? This paper focuses on aspects of the construction process that pertain to choices in structural systems (mass timber, steel and reinforced/precast concrete) to create a practical (qualitative) guide towards lessening their social and environmental impact in an urban setting. Lessening the impact of construction also feeds naturally into existing objectives in sustainable design assessment tools which look for waste reduction, minimization of light pollution and the containment of processes on site.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"743 - 752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50028902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Striatus bridge","authors":"Shajay Bhooshan,&nbsp;Vishu Bhooshan,&nbsp;Alessandro Dell’Endice,&nbsp;Jianfei Chu,&nbsp;Philip Singer,&nbsp;Johannes Megens,&nbsp;Tom Van Mele,&nbsp;Philippe Block","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00051-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00051-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper describes the physical realisation of a 3D-concrete-printed, mortar-free, unreinforced masonry arched footbridge, designed for disassembly and reuse. The paper also details the novel integrated design, engineering and fabrication framework and the manufacturing and assembly processes used for the project. The research, motivated by the rapid growth in large-scale 3D concrete printing (3DCP), addresses the current lack of both design tools and integrated design-to-production solutions. It is guided by the insight regarding the applicability of design and analysis methods used in unreinforced masonry to large-scale, layered 3D printing with compression dominant materials such as concrete. Thus, the underlying computational framework and integrated design environment further extends and adapts advances in the computational design and analysis of unreinforced masonry structures to 3DCP masonry blocks. Adopting an unreinforced masonry paradigm for the design of 3DCP structures can make it possible to (i) reduce the amount of concrete used by allowing precise placement of concrete only where needed along the compressive flow of forces, (ii) reduce the amount of steel needed by reducing tensile and flexural strength requirements through a compression-appropriate design of both the global, shape and the block discretisation, and (iii) reuse components, repair the structures and recycle materials more easily. This paper builds on the relevance of the computational masonry paradigm to both delivering the ecological promises of 3DCP and to the development of a 3DCP-specific, design-to-production toolkit.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"521 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44150-022-00051-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50050490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reimagining low-carbon futures: architectural and ecological tradeoffs of mass timber for durable buildings","authors":"Michelle M. Laboy","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00048-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00048-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The urgency to rapidly reduce carbon emissions of the built environment make embodied carbon (EC), and thus material decisions, central to architecture’s most ambitious ecological goal. Structural systems are often the most durable and consequential to upfront EC in new construction. Although durability is critical to reducing EC in buildings in the long term, it may be at odds with the short-term goal to reduce resource consumption. This research closely and systematically examines the trade-offs between lower-carbon structural systems needed in the short-term and the durable systems needed to achieve long-term sustainability, functional adaptability and cultural significance. Specifically, this study evaluates the feasibility of using carbon-sequestering biomass to replace the more carbon-intensive structural materials that are more commonly used in buildings designed with extraordinary requirements of durability. The perceived conflict between durability and sustainability calls for more nuanced methods of analysis that consider the role of a building’s service life in EC reduction, and can augment the capacity of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to simultaneously consider the architectural impacts of material decisions. The methodology consists of fully redesigning the structure of an existing building with complex demands of sustainability and durability, and performing LCA for scenarios of equivalent architectural qualities, to retrospectively compare and analyze alternative low carbon futures in a context that only real projects can provide. The findings provide a more nuanced understanding of a near future when <i>taller</i> mass timber structures may leverage requirements for increased fire protection, robustness and durability to simultaneously achieve larger and longer-term carbon reductions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"723 - 741"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50057238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The deployable tectonic: mechanization and mobility in architecture","authors":"Christina McCoy,&nbsp;Thomas A. Duffy","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00045-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00045-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Abstract\u0000</h2><div><p>Movable elements in architecture are not new, but are gaining in popularity, as evidenced in recent works of architecture such as The Shed at Hudson Yards. This type of architecture, termed “kinetic” shifts the relationship of the public to the space they inhabit. People are no longer moving bodies through the space; the space transforms around them. Further, the design process for success in these types of projects is highly layered and complex. If structural advances drive this trend, we are at a unique juncture in the history of architecture, similar to the flying buttress or standardized fabrication wherein technology is leading architectural aesthetics. From the user’s perspective, a piece of architecture becomes active; it awakens from the static. These elements bring the architectural design to the forefront of a visitor’s attention. Often the technology of mechanized architecture can be simplified into simple diagrams. Indeed there has been in recent years a small flurry around these moves, studied in small models and diagrammatic vignettes. However, in implementation, these structures are quite sophisticated. Their engineering requires a keen understanding of how forces trace through a structure in multiple scenarios of deployment. Looking at the case study of The Shed at Hudson Yards, of which the authors have first-hand project experience, it can be seen that kinetic projects possess what is posited to be called “hyper-collaboration,” as every decision has impacts upon as well as is informed by the allied disciplines within a design and construction team. Thus, a linear model wherein an architectural solution is envisioned then subsequently handed off to be implemented dissolves, and a new, more networked approach emerges.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"613 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50047531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structures and change – Tracing adaptability based on structural porosity in converted buildings","authors":"Mario Rinke,&nbsp;Robbe Pacquée","doi":"10.1007/s44150-022-00054-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44150-022-00054-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among the approaches of circular construction, the reuse of buildings can be considered the most desirable as it leaves a large portion of embodied carbon untouched. At the same time, it also minimises the energy effort of modifying, transporting or reprocessing the components. However, its underlying mechanisms and boundaries are largely understudied as convertibility and adaptability are currently at most rudimentary integrated neither into legal frameworks nor the architectural or technical design process in practice. In this paper, a new methodology is presented based on the models of Brand (1995) and Leupen (2006) to describe the adaptability of buildings as a function of their structure. The model also includes the circulation system and the specific areas of use. In the discussion of structurally determined usability, several concepts are introduced, such as structural porosity, pockets of use, diversity of pockets of use and diversity of circulation. The method is applied to three case studies that offer different adaptabilities due to their structural configurations. As the permeability or structural porosity of slabs significantly contributes to the usability throughout the structure’s lifetime, ribbed slabs seem to increase adaptability. Together with the spatial structural porosity of the grid, it proves to be a helpful criterion for good appropriability and convertibility. The method proved beneficial in understanding the dependence of the change of use on a given structural configuration. It helps to name the essential aspects, objectify them and make substantially different buildings comparable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100117,"journal":{"name":"Architecture, Structures and Construction","volume":"2 4","pages":"699 - 710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44150-022-00054-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50047533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}