Applications in Energy and Combustion Science最新文献

{"title":"DeePMO: An iterative deep learning framework for high-dimensional kinetic parameter optimization","authors":"Pengxiao Lin ,&nbsp;Yuntian Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Weizong Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng Chen ,&nbsp;Zhi-Qin John Xu ,&nbsp;Tianhan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces Deep learning-based kinetic model optimization (DeePMO), a novel approach for optimizing parameters in chemical kinetic models. The primary challenge lies in mapping high-dimensional kinetic parameters to comprehensive performance metrics derived from diverse numerical simulations, including ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, heat release rate, and temperature-residence time distributions in perfectly stirred reactors. We propose an iterative sampling-learning-inference strategy to efficiently explore high-dimensional parameter spaces. The approach features a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) architecture that combines a fully connected network for non-sequential data with a multi-grade network for sequential data, enabling effective utilization of performance metrics with varying distribution characteristics. DeePMO’s effectiveness and versatility was validated across multiple fuel models, including methane, ethane, butane, n-heptane, n-pentanol, ammonia, ammonia/hydrogen, and their mixtures, with parameter counts ranging from tens to hundreds. The validation demonstrated successful optimization in all test cases and confirmed the method’s flexibility in incorporating both direct experimental measurements and simulated data from benchmark chemistry models. An ablation study highlighted the critical role of DNN in guiding data sampling and optimization processes, while additional comparative experiments examined hyperparameter effects. This work provides a valuable tool for kinetic parameter optimization and offers insights for applying machine learning algorithms in combustion research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward low-carbon renewable gasoline biofuel: Biomass integration and intelligent control of fuel quality","authors":"Tamer M.M. Abdellatief ,&nbsp;Tareq Salameh ,&nbsp;Xiongbo Duan ,&nbsp;Ahmad Mustafa ,&nbsp;Abdul-Kadir Hamid ,&nbsp;Mousa Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofuels derived from biomass are considered a potential renewable energy source that can replace fossil fuels. The key target of the current work is to introduce an innovative propulsion technology for the generation of renewable gasoline biofuel with high quality, low carbon, based on lignocellulosic biomass, including anisole and isobutanol. Furthermore, another study's goal is to use fuzzy modeling to simulate a control system that generates high-octane gasoline biofuel from low-octane petroleum fractions and renewable additives. The experimental results showed that the optimum sample was blend 13 according to the requirement specification of the European norm. The volumetric composition of the optimum blend was 20 % of naphtha from natural gas condensate, 35 % of anisole, 39 % of isobutanol, and 6 % of isomerate. Research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) for blend 13 were 95 and 84.6. Overall, by providing better engine performance, economy, and emissions management, the production of gasoline biofuel with RON 95 may help both car owners and the environment. For the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model, a collection of fifteen experimental data sets was employed. There were six data points for testing and nine data points for training in the experimental dataset. The findings revealed that the R-values for the training data of antiknock properties were equal to 1, whereas the R-values for the tested data of antiknock properties were approximately 0.99. Finally, the quality and quantity of gasoline petroleum fractions, including naphtha from natural gas condensate and isomerate, were improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of oxygen-containing functional groups during torrefaction and its effect on pyrolysis behaviors and hydrogen production from different lignocellulosic biomasses","authors":"Yanling Li ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Lijing Dong ,&nbsp;Panpan Lang ,&nbsp;Tingzhou Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three representative lignocellulosic biomasses, including cedar (CR), wheat straw (WSt), and walnut shell (WSh), were firstly torrefied in a tube furnace at 250 °C to investigate the evolution of oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) during torrefaction and then pyrolysized at 900 °C to explore the effect of torrefaction on pyrolysis behaviors and hydrogen production. The OFGs of raw and torrefied biomass were monitored by ¹³C NMR and FTIR. Pyrolysis gas and tar were analyzed by GC and GC–MS, respectively. Moreover, pyrolysis kinetics of three kinds of biomass were studied by the thermogravimetric analyzer. Results demonstrated that torrefaction of biomass effectively reduced OFGs in hemicellulose and cellulose, while facilitating the conversion of aliphatic carbon to aromatic rings. Torrefaction at 250 °C remarkable improved both the low heating value of pyrolysis gas and the quality of tar. Specifically, CO₂ and CO yields were obviously decreased, and the selectivity of H-containing gases (H₂ and CH₄) increased after torrefaction. Notably, the phenolic content in pyrolysis tar increased significantly after torrefaction, particularly for CR (49.17 %). Kinetic analysis revealed that the activation energy of torrefied CR was substantially lower than that of raw biomass within a conversion rate range of 0.2–0.7. This reduction minimized energy input requirements during the main pyrolysis stage and enhanced reaction system homogeneity. Furthermore, Z(α) master plots indicated that torrefaction altered the pyrolysis reaction mechanisms, with the extent of variation being biomass-dependent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100421"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergy of high-efficiency passive protective nanocomposite materials and active liquid cooling for suppressing thermal diffusion in lithium-ion power batteries","authors":"Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengda Cao ,&nbsp;Haixia Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Ren ,&nbsp;Rundong Hu ,&nbsp;Zhou Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of high-energy-density NCM 811 lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is hampered by significant safety risks associated with thermal runaway and its propagation. This study addresses this critical issue by developing and validating a hybrid thermal management strategy that synergistically combines passive insulation with active liquid cooling. A fiber-reinforced fumed silica composite was fabricated via hot-pressing and subsequently encapsulated into vacuum insulation panels. This material exhibited an ultralow thermal conductivity of 4.42 mW/(m·K) and demonstrated exceptional flame retardancy and thermal stability in flame burn and hot plate tests. Numerical simulations revealed that a mere 3 mm thickness of this composite could completely block TRP within an NCM 811 battery module. Furthermore, the conventional single-serpentine liquid cooling plate was optimized into dual-inlet and quadruple-inlet configurations. Simulation results demonstrated that the hybrid system, integrating the 3 mm composite with the optimized quadruple-inlet cooling plate, successfully suppressed thermal runaway propagation and limited the peak temperature of adjacent cells to 162 °C. This work provides a practical and highly effective solution for enhancing the safety of high-energy battery systems, thereby contributing to the development of more reliable electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic insights into PAHs growth via C3 Chemistry: the recombination of phenanthryl radicals and propyne","authors":"Zhiyao Zhang,&nbsp;Lili Ye,&nbsp;Mengmeng Li,&nbsp;Yubo Bi,&nbsp;Haiyong Cong","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenanthrene, a key polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with three fused aromatic rings, is produced during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and serves as a critical precursor to soot formation. A predictive investigation was conducted on recombination kinetics between phenanthryl radicals and propyne. Potential energy surfaces were constructed using PWPB95-D3/def2-QZVPP//M06–2X/6–311+G(d,p) calculations and rate constants were obtained by performing transition state theory-based master equation simulations. The main PAHs products of each phenanthryl/propyne system were identified and the competition between various channels was investigated across a wide range of temperatures and pressures. For 4-phenanthryl radical with “armchair” edge site, its recombination with propyne proceeds predominantly by a sequence of isomerization reactions of initial adduct followed by methyl-elimination, finally leading to pyrene. For 1-phenanthryl radical with “zigzag” edge site, at low temperature the isomerization sequence of initial adduct is primarily followed by H-elimination to generate the alkyl-substituted PAHs, i.e., 5- and 4-methylacephenanthrylene, while at high temperature β-scissions of initial adducts become dominant. For 2-phenanthryl radical with “free” edge site, initial adducts mainly occur via β-scission reactions to produce 2-(prop-1-ynyl)phenanthrene and 2-ethynylphenanthrene. Compared to the well-known HACA mechanism, rate constants of the phenanthryl/propyne recombination are larger than those with acetylene, suggesting the potential importance of propyne in phenanthrene growth. Kinetic modeling simulations were conducted for premixed laminar flames of three gasoline surrogate components (isooctane, <em>n</em>-heptane, and toluene) at an equivalence ratio of 1, to assess the role of propyne in phenanthrene growth. Rate-of-production (ROP) analysis reveals that reaction with propyne contributes more to the growth of phenanthrene than reaction with acetylene in isooctane flame and it exhibits a distinct fuel-structure dependence in flames. This study establishes a foundational kinetic framework for phenanthrene growth via propyne addition and offers valuable insights for further kinetic studies on PAHs formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel reid vapor pressure level and ethanol content on stochastic preignition, effects at steady and unsteady engine operation","authors":"Derek A. Splitter ,&nbsp;Gurneesh Jatana ,&nbsp;Dan DelVescovo ,&nbsp;Gina Fioroni ,&nbsp;Elana Chapman ,&nbsp;John Salyers ,&nbsp;Johnathan Pung ,&nbsp;Scott Parrish","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work investigates relations between fuel Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and biofuel (ethanol) content on stochastic preignition (SPI) at both sustained steady-state engine operation and following load transients. This work stems from in-field observations that automotive original equipment manufacturers have observed consistent seasonal increases in United States customer drivability complaints and warranty claims during September and October where SPI is suspected to be responsible. The seasonal timing of these events coincides with the United States seasonal fuel property changeover initiating on September 15 each year, where fuel RVP increases. To explore potential linkage between fuel RVP and SPI the present study employs engine SPI experiments coupled with laboratory spray measurements of fuels with RVPs of 8, 12, and 16 psi in both E10 (10% ethanol) and E25 (25% ethanol) fuels.</div><div>Engine results are partitioned into fuel RVP and ethanol content effects on SPI in steady-state, sustained high-load engine operation and unsteady-state low- to high-load transitions, where off-engine spray vessel patternation and tip penetration results help to elucidate the observed fuel effects on SPI. A boosted direct-injected, spark-ignition engine was fueled with three market relevant E10 and E25 fuels with RVPs of 8, 12, and 16 to characterize the interplay between winter fuels and abnormal combustion behavior. The steady-state work shows that for high-load, steady-state engine operation, SPI is directly linked to fuel retention, which was found to be dependent on fuel distillation. The unsteady-state engine operation work shows that following low-to high-load transitions, SPI can occur from a memory of fuel property effects at low-load operation. Specifically, the fuel RVP effect on fuel spray collapse at low loads was found to correlate with SPI with a more than 95% confidence interval following low- to high-engine-load transitions. Results suggest that fuel-wall impingement at low-load operation could carry over into high-load transitions and generate SPI events following low- to high-load transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimentally producing firebrands showers from disparate fuels to represent the combustion of structural and vegetative fuels simultaneously","authors":"Sayaka Suzuki ,&nbsp;Samuel L. Manzello","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A laboratory-scale firebrand generator, developed by the authors, has been used to generate a new set of firebrand distributions to replicate firebrand shower processes from cedar building materials and mixed, disparate Douglas-fir/cedar wood species. Douglas-fir (DF) wood pieces were intended to represent firebrands from vegetative fuel combustion, such as shrubs or trees, and were cut into the dimensions, average (± standard deviation) of 7.9 (± 1) mm (thickness), 7.9 (± 1) mm (width), and 12.7 (± 1) mm (length) with the mass of 0.50 (± 0.05) g. Western Red Cedar (WRC) wood pieces, intended to represent firebrands from burning buildings, were made from Red Cedar wood shingle siding, and cut into the dimensions, average (± standard deviation), of 40 (± 2) mm (length), 40 (± 2) mm (width), and 6.9 (± 1.8) mm (thickness) with the mass of 3.59 (± 0.91) g. Glowing firebrand distributions were produced by feeding these wood types in the firebrand generator using three methods: DF only at 80 g/min, WRC only at 80 g/min, and a mix of DF at 40 g/min and WRC at 40 g/min. For each feeding scenario, results are reported on the spatially resolved number distribution, as well as detailed size, mass, and exit velocity of the generated firebrands. For the first time, it is possible to simultaneously produce glowing firebrands representative of vegetative combustion and building combustion in the same shower.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the thermoacoustic instability of boron/ethanol nanofluid fuel spray swirling flames","authors":"Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Zunyi Luo ,&nbsp;Chen Fu ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Yongjun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Wang ,&nbsp;Juan Yu ,&nbsp;Sheng Meng ,&nbsp;Man Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluid fuel has attracted the interest of researchers for decades due to its prominent combustion and propulsive properties. However, combustion instability is inevitable in propulsive systems, and little is known about how nanofluid fuel drive or dampen thermoacoustic oscillations of the system. A confined boron/ethanol (B/EtOH) nanofluid fuel spray swirling flame stabilized by an axisymmetric bluff body has been experimentally investigated in this work. The flame response to the varying B nanoparticles (NPs) doping concentrations was recorded and compared. 2D images and critical data were acquired using a 10 kHz repetition-rate OH* and BO₂* chemiluminescence (CL) system, a photomultiplier tube, and a pressure transducer. Meanwhile, several analysis methods, including flame visualization, Fourier/Hilbert transforms, spectrograms, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), extended POD (EPOD), and Rayleigh's criterion analysis, are utilized to help us understand the underlying mechanism. From the averaged images, the high-intensity region of the BO₂*-CL appears further downstream than that of OH*-CL, resulting in a broader heat-release distribution of B/EtOH nanofluid fuel spray flames than neat EtOH ones. As the B NPs doping concentration increases, the oscillation frequency of the B/EtOH spray swirling flames remains almost unchanged, but the oscillation amplitude gradually decreases. Numerous B particles and agglomerates exhibit intense combustion when the micro-explosion phenomenon occurs. Additionally, the time-resolved pressure and heat release oscillations are out of phase and are supposed to be associated with acoustic energy dissipation. The POD and EPOD analyses reveal that the primary flame oscillations are driven by the longitudinal flame-shedding motion and the entrained reaction pockets. Meanwhile, the OH* and BO₂* radicals exhibit different local dynamics responses to the oscillation. Based on the Rayleigh index distribution coupling the fluctuation of pressure and heat release from EtOH and B, our study provides evidence that the combustion of B NPs downstream suppresses the thermoacoustic instability of the EtOH flames.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer characteristics of a backward-facing step combustor","authors":"Jonathan C. Denman ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Jennifer Colborn ,&nbsp;Jacqueline O’Connor","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large eddy simulations (LES) are conducted in this study to understand the convective and radiative heat transfer characteristics within a backward-facing step combustor. The Penn State backward-facing step combustor is modeled and the experimental signals are directly compared with computational results to validate physical models and numerical procedures. The baseline simulation features a wall-resolved LES of the full-combustor geometry for a lean methane/air mixture at an equivalence ratio of 0.55. A 16-species skeletal mechanism is employed with a dynamic thickened flame model to capture turbulence-chemistry interactions. A dynamic Smagorinsky model is employed to capture the subgrid-scale stress. A Monte-Carlo ray tracing based radiation solver is employed with a highly accurate line-by-line spectral database to post-process LES solutions to obtain the radiative heat fluxes. Comparison between the baseline results after accounting for experimental facility constraints show excellent agreement in radiative heat fluxes at four sensor locations. The total heat fluxes consisting of both radiation and convection is under-predicted by approximately 30%. Further parametric studies that use different spanwise dimensions, chemical kinetic models, molecular transport models, and thickening factors show that the better prediction of the temperature and flame speed of GRI-mech 3.0 can increase the prediction of convective heat transfer, while maintaining a similar comparison in the prediction of radiative heat transfer. The molecular transport model is also critical for the well-resolved LES to correctly capture the flame brush angles. The turbulence-chemistry interaction effects seem to be well-captured by the grid and have a negligible impact on the results. Compared to the reduced-span geometry that is frequently employed in backward-facing step configuration simulations, the full-span geometry is shown to be significant for capturing flame stabilization and heat transfer characteristics. Finally, limitation of this model validation study is discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling and simulation approaches for turbulent spray atomisation and combustion","authors":"Matthew J. Cleary ,&nbsp;Bosen Wang ,&nbsp;Zixin Chi ,&nbsp;Peihan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The atomisation and combustion of liquid fuel sprays involve a complex interplay of processes, including interface dynamics, primary and secondary atomisation, droplet dispersion, evaporation, mixing, chemical reactions and heat release. These processes are influenced by multiscale turbulent interactions and interphase coupling. Accurate modelling of such flows requires integrating models for each process in a consistent, computationally efficient manner. This paper reviews the field, detailing key aspects and evaluating the performance of established and emerging modelling approaches within single-fluid and two-fluid paradigms. Emphasis is placed on large eddy simulation, conserved scalar formulations, and probability density function models, which offer elegant and tractable solutions for predicting spray atomisation and combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100104,"journal":{"name":"Applications in Energy and Combustion Science","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}