Animal - Open Space最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Tier 1 and 2 methodologies for estimating intake and enteric methane emission factors from smallholder cattle systems in Africa: a case study from Ethiopia","authors":"E.B. Gurmu ,&nbsp;P.W. Ndung'u ,&nbsp;A. Wilkes ,&nbsp;D. Getahun ,&nbsp;M.W. Graham ,&nbsp;S.M. Leitner ,&nbsp;S. Marquardt ,&nbsp;D.G. Mulat ,&nbsp;L. Merbold ,&nbsp;T. Worku ,&nbsp;J.G. Kagai ,&nbsp;C. Arndt","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considering the potential environmental impact of livestock production and the significance of accurate estimation methods, it is crucial to assess the differences between various methodologies. The study compared the gross energy intake (<strong>GEI</strong>) and enteric methane (<strong>CH₄</strong>) emission factors (<strong>EF</strong> = kg CH₄/head/year) of cattle based on three methodologies: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<strong>IPCC</strong>) Tier 1, IPCC Tier 2 and a modified Tier 2 methodology based on Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (‘<strong>CSIRO</strong>’) Tier 2. Data were collected from smallholder mixed crop-livestock systems in the upper highland sub-humid to semi-humid (<strong>AEZ-1</strong>) and lower highland sub-humid to semi-humid (<strong>AEZ-2</strong>) zones of North Shewa, Ethiopia, corresponding to the beginning and end of spring, summer, and winter. The results revealed that the IPCC Tier 2 methodology estimated a 39% higher GEI (104 vs 74 MJ/ head^/day) and a 51% higher implied EF (50 vs 33 kg CH₄ /head/year) compared to the ‘CSIRO’ Tier 2 methodology. When compared to the IPCC Tier 1 default values, both the IPCC and ‘CSIRO’ Tier 2 EF estimates were 20–37% and 37–59% lower, respectively. Furthermore, all cattle categories exhibited variations in implied daily CH₄ production across seasons. As all the GEI were estimated, it is not possible to determine which methodology is more accurate. Therefore, future research should compare predicted intakes and emissions with actual experimental data to ascertain the accuracy of the models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000049/pdfft?md5=ad5240c51727df2928ac772ac14621aa&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000049-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140823409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production performance and milk composition of late lactation dairy goats fed diets based on silages of four different forage species","authors":"A. Doyon ,&nbsp;G.F. Tremblay ,&nbsp;R. Gervais ,&nbsp;P.Y. Chouinard","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of the current trial was to evaluate the effect of feeding four different forage species on milk yield and composition, including protein and fatty acid profiles, in dairy goats. Two grasses (Timothy; mown at early heading, and Italian ryegrass; mown at 25 cm height) and two legumes (Alfalfa and White clover; both mown at 10% bloom) were harvested and conserved as silage. Twelve dairy goats of three different breeds (4 Alpine, 4 Toggenburg, and 4 Saanen) in late lactation were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Goats were offered ad libitum access to the tested forages supplemented with 180 g/d of concentrates based on rolled barley and heat-treated soybean meal. DM intake was lower with timothy, intermediate with ryegrass and white clover, and greater with alfalfa. Milk yield was lower with timothy as compared with the other three silages. Milk fat yield was similar among treatments. Milk CP yield was lower with timothy as compared with the other three silages. Milk N efficiency (N secreted/N intake) was greater with timothy, intermediate with ryegrass, and lower with the two legume silages. The proportion of true protein as a percentage of CP was lower in milk from goats fed legume as compared with grass silages. Proportions of casein and whey protein expressed as percentages of true protein were greater with timothy, intermediate with ryegrass and white clover, and lower with alfalfa. Among grass silages, intake and milk secretion of <em>cis</em>-9, <em>cis</em>-12 <em>cis</em>-15 18:3 was greater with ryegrass than with timothy. As a result, the transfer efficiency from dietary intake to secretion in milk was not different between these two treatments. Fewer differences were observed regarding legume forages, as <em>cis</em>-9, <em>cis</em>-12, <em>cis</em>-15 18:3 intake and milk secretion were similar with alfalfa and white clover. However, the transfer of <em>cis</em>-9, <em>cis</em>-12, <em>cis</em>-15 18:3 from diet to milk was highest when feeding alfalfa. In conclusion, forage species fed to dairy goats influence milk composition in terms of fatty acids and protein fractions, which can potentially impact the nutritive value and technological properties of milk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000104/pdfft?md5=dcf6555ec66f99477fddb8a7d36ba67c&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000104-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140321645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A diet containing mango peel silage impacts upon feed intake, energy supply and growth performances of male dairy calves","authors":"K.T. Aung ,&nbsp;K.S. Win ,&nbsp;K.S. Mu ,&nbsp;M. Aung ,&nbsp;Y.Y. Kyawt","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The major challenges for disposal of waste from fruit processing factories are high transportation costs, limited landfill availability and environmental pollution. Therefore, developing efficient waste management techniques to reduce transportation costs and environment pollution is important. In 2021, global mango production was estimated to be at 57 million tons and mango peel (<strong>MP</strong>) represents 7–24% of the whole fruit weight. MP has been considered for use as ruminant feed in the form of fresh, dried, or silage. Fresh MP was abundant during the mango season and high in fermentable carbohydrate, which can easily breakdown and pollute the environment if a proper waste management method is not implemented. Thus, in this study, fresh MP was ensiled after sun-drying for one day and then fed to male dairy calves as a roughage source to evaluate its effect on feed intake, digestibility, energy balance, BW gain, feed efficiency and blood metabolites. Eight growing crossbred weaned male dairy calves (Holstein Friesians × Zebu) were allocated into two groups [Control (n = 4) and mango peel silage (<strong>MPS</strong>, n = 4)]. This experiment lasted for 12 weeks and calves were housed in 3.0 × 1.5 meters individual pen with concrete floor. Before feeding times, the weights of feed ingredients were weighed and mixed for 15 min. Calves were then given their respective diets <em>ad libitum</em> twice a day, at 0800 and 1600 h. Daily feed offered and refusals were recorded to determine the daily feed intake. A digestion trial was performed over the last five days of the experiment. BW and measurements were recorded every two weeks to determine the weight gain and body physical changes. Blood was collected at the end of experiment to analyze serum biochemical parameters. Ensiling improved the energy and protein content and decreased fiber content of MP, thereby improving the forage quality. Feeding a diet containing MPS at 30% of DM weight, compared to an isonitrogenous Control diet increased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) feed intake, energy supply and energy balance, changes in body measurements, weight gain, feed efficiency, and glucose concentration, as well as lowered (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) the blood urea nitrogen concentration of male dairy calves. Ensiling fresh MP after sun-drying for one day led to stable, high-DM silage. Therefore, ensiling fresh MP could improve the feed supply for ruminant production and be an effective waste management strategy for fruit processing businesses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000098/pdfft?md5=a06d47165fe47494dc789d56f9137a24&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000098-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140309371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a multiactivity non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme on broiler growth performance and nitrogen utilization: a meta-analysis of own trial data","authors":"A. Godbout ,&nbsp;J. Edwards ,&nbsp;L. Kuterna ,&nbsp;M.-P. Létourneau-Montminy","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Adding fiber-rich materials to poultry feed can reduce feed cost, but it increases the content of both soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (<strong>NSPs</strong>) which decreases nutrient availability. A multiactivity enzyme, AveMix® XG 10 containing glucanase and xylanase, has been developed to ensure the breakdown of the total NSP of fiber-rich feed. A meta-analysis was performed to quantify the effects of this enzyme on the growth performance and nitrogen (<strong>N</strong>) utilization of broilers, and identify potential modulating factors. The database was made up of 18 trials for a total of 110 dietary treatments conducted between 2003 and 2021. Broilers were fed either based on wheat or corn, and these received a different coding for statistical analysis. The experimental groups were control diets without enzyme or diets with supplementation of the enzyme (ranging from 25 ppm to 100 ppm). Two sub-databases were created to study the impact of growth phase, one for starter (first phase beginning before 7 days of age; 45 dietary treatments) and another for grower/finisher (ending before or at 42 days of age; 65 dietary treatments). Performance criteria were average daily gain (<strong>ADG</strong>), average daily feed intake (<strong>ADFI</strong>) and feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>). During the starter phase, enzyme supplementation at 100 ppm linearly increased ADG (0.81 g/d; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and had no impact on ADFI and FCR. During the grower/finisher phase, 100 ppm supplementation increased the ADG of broilers fed with wheat by 6.89 g/d and by 0.58 g/d for the broilers fed with a corn-based diet (Enzyme, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001; Enzyme × Diet type, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). FCR was beneficially reduced by 0.165 for the broilers fed with wheat, and by 0.0471 for the broilers fed with corn (Enzyme, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001; Interaction Enzyme × Diet type, <em>P</em> = 0.049). ADFI was unaffected by enzyme supplementation. Analysis of N balance during the increased N retained with enzyme in the starter (<em>P</em> = 0.039). During the grower/finisher phase, the enzyme increased N retained (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and N efficiency (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and decreased N excreted (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). An interaction between enzyme supplementation and diet type for N retained (<em>P</em> = 0.002) and N efficiency (<em>P</em> = 0.010) occurred due to a higher impact on wheat-based diets. This study shows that the use of AveMix® XG 10 improves the broiler growth performance and N efficiency. These improvements are found to be greater with wheat- vs corn-based diets in the grower/finisher phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000050/pdfft?md5=5185ed76fa74aed1d8edb807f2cd5ca7&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000050-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140296166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat tolerance in hair sheep: individual differences on physiological, endocrine, and behavioral responses","authors":"M.H.A. Pantoja ,&nbsp;G.B. Mourão ,&nbsp;M.C.S. Ferreira ,&nbsp;E.A.L. Titto ,&nbsp;R.F. Strefezzi ,&nbsp;S.B. Gallo ,&nbsp;C.G. Titto","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat stress is a major factor affecting animal productivity in tropical countries, with effects on physiological, hormonal, and behavioral responses. This study aimed to assess the differences in these responses between heat-tolerant and less heat-tolerant hair sheep during heat stress. Twenty-four Santa Ines sheep were selected from a group of 80 sheep, with 12 identified as heat-tolerant and 12 as less heat-tolerant based on thermotolerance assessment. The animals were exposed to heat stress in a climatic chamber at an average temperature of 36 °C (1000–1600 h) for 8 days and maintained at 28 °C (1600–1000 h). The rectal temperature, respiration rate, sweat rate, ocular surface temperature, body surface temperature, tympanic temperature, triiodothyronine level, and insulin level were measured. Skin samples were collected on the last day of the cycle for histological analysis. The results showed that the less heat-tolerant sheep had higher rectal and body surface temperatures (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Although no differences in skin morphology were observed between the groups, less heat-tolerant sheep continued to sweat for a longer period after the end of the thermal challenge to lose heat (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Less heat-tolerant animals also presented higher rectal temperatures during cooler hours and required more time to dissipate the excess heat. These findings suggest that there are individual differences in the thermoregulatory responses within the same breed under the same environmental conditions, and that breeding programs could be employed to produce more heat-tolerant, but still productive animals in tropical conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000074/pdfft?md5=21e2907c4bde89df438aaae9e2065665&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000074-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News from animal – open space","authors":"Giuseppe Bee","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000086/pdfft?md5=2b21f42c2cb1a7bef3326ea3c8c28406&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000086-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140190933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring critical animal-based traits as potential predictors of production diseases in dairy cattle: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"M. Alrhmoun","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This meta-analysis comprehensively evaluates the impact of production diseases on dairy cattle, examining a variety of physiological, metabolic, and behavioral traits. From an initial set of 3 349 records, a rigorous selection process resulted in 56 relevant articles, highlighting the strict criteria employed. The low inclusion rate of 1.67% underscores the dedication to studying quality and significance. Common reasons for exclusion, such as statistical methodology and the lack of a negative control group, emphasize the necessity for robust scientific investigation. The study reveals key indicators of production diseases, such as decreased milk production, weight loss, a low body condition score, digestive disorders, lameness, and respiratory distress. These findings align with existing knowledge, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of production diseases and their broad impact on dairy cattle health. Diseased animals consistently exhibit higher parameter values, supported by confidence intervals that indicate result precision. Subgroup analyses offer nuanced insights into the specific effects of diseases and interventions on different characteristics. Metritis and Mastitis significantly affect milk production, highlighting the economic implications for dairy farmers. Interventions such as improved milking techniques show promise. Similarly, interventions involving veterinary medications and controlled energy diets effectively mitigate weight loss, a low body condition score, and digestive disorders. The analysis underscores the vulnerability of dairy cattle to reproductive issues, metabolic imbalances, and increased susceptibility to infections. Interventions addressing these challenges include hormone therapy, balanced diets, and vaccination programs. Behavioral changes and feeding habits emerge as significant indicators of dairy cattle well-being. Ovarian cysts are identified as a major contributor to behavioral changes, necessitating targeted interventions. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides valuable contributions to the field of dairy cattle health, offering specific insights into the effects of diseases and the effectiveness of interventions. These findings inform evidence-based practices for dairy stakeholders, ultimately enhancing animal welfare and promoting sustainable dairy production. However, establishing precise reference values presents challenges, warranting further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000062/pdfft?md5=0ca1d266ae08964199a35a130681a906&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000062-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating standardized ileal digestible valine requirements for broiler chickens based on two different meta-analytical selection procedures","authors":"M. Zouaoui ,&nbsp;W. Lambert ,&nbsp;M.P. Létourneau-Montminy","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A low CP diet is an efficient strategy to decrease the environmental footprint of chicken farms, but this requires a precise knowledge of the requirements for essential amino acids (<strong>AAs</strong>). Many dose–response studies of valine have sought to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (<strong>SID</strong>) Valine (<strong>Val</strong>) requirement. Requirements vary because of many factors, such as differences in broiler ages, genetic strains, basal diet nutritional composition, and statistical model used. The purpose of this study was to estimate the Val requirement of broilers through a meta-analysis performed in two ways: first, based on amino acid requirements (<strong>AminoAcidDB</strong>); and second, based on the significant response (<strong>ResponseDB</strong>) of broilers to SID Val supply. The first database includes 8 papers describing 11 experiments and 63 treatments. The second database includes 17 papers describing 26 experiments and 144 treatments. The quadratic (<strong>QD</strong>) and curvilinear-plateau (<strong>CLP</strong>) models were tested to estimate the SID Val:Lysine (<strong>Lys</strong>) requirement using the average daily gain (<strong>ADG</strong>), average daily feed intake (<strong>ADFI</strong>), and gain-to-feed ratio (<strong>G:F</strong>) as response criteria. The ADFI did not converge with the CLP model in either database. When using the AminoAcidDB with the QD model, the estimated SID Val:Lys requirements (95% of the maximum) were ADG of 84.6%, ADFI of 76.7%, and G:F of 88.6%. With the CLP model, ADG was 82.4% and G:F was 87.1%. In the ResponseDB using the QD model, the SID Val:Lys requirements were 82.0% for ADG, 80.9% for ADFI, and 79.0% for G:F; the CLP model predicted 84.5% for ADG and 83.6% for G:F. This study also confirmed the presence of interactions between branched-chain AA and their impact on broiler performance, with Leu appearing to be the main regulator. In light of this meta-analysis, Val recommendations appear to be underestimated and should consider the influence of other AAs on the response. The results of this meta-analysis will facilitate the implementation of the low CP strategy without affecting broiler performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000225/pdfft?md5=282867dffac64c37105b2869e0e70f30&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000225-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139936099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic zinc sources in broiler production at high altitude under on-top supplementation or total or partial replacement: 2. Effects on tibia and blood characteristics","authors":"R. Riboty ,&nbsp;J.L. Gaibor ,&nbsp;C.L. Ponce-de-Leon ,&nbsp;D.A. Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of organic Zn sources has been claimed to reduce the environmental impact of poultry production and improve broiler performance and the quality of products. This study investigated the effects of three organic Zn supplementation strategies (i.e., <strong>TRE</strong>, total replacement; <strong>PRE</strong>, partial replacement; <strong>OTS</strong>, on-top supplementation) on tibia and blood biochemistry characteristics of broilers at high altitudes. Male Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in 54 floor pens (22 birds each) and assigned to nine experimental treatments. Birds were fed mash diets under three feeding phases until 42 days and following the standard Ecuadorian high-altitude production standard practices. The treatments were a basal diet supplemented with three inclusion rates of ZnSO₄ and the same diets including or not Zn from one of two organic Zn sources (i.e., <strong>ZPR</strong>, Zn proteinate; <strong>ZAC</strong>, Zn amino acid complex). Basal diets were analyzed for Zn concentration. Tibia ash and Zn concentrations and serum biochemistry variables were determined at 21 and 42 days. The strategies to supplement organic Zn were compared with the reference treatment containing 100 ppm Zn as ZnSO₄ (the standard practice; <strong>STD</strong>) using mixed models, being the block (i.e., the replication) as a random factor. The interaction of the strategy with the organic Zn source was assessed with the ANOVA and multiple comparisons. The organic Zn sources were compared considering the feed intake a random factor, and their interaction with the dietary Zn level was assessed using multiple regression. No overall effect of the Zn supplementation strategy was observed other than the reduced Zn concentration at 21 days in TRE birds. At 21 days, PRE and TRE increased the serum protein and phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At that age, TRE also increased insulin concentration, but only in the ZAC-fed birds. However, TRE produced the opposite effect on serum protein at 42 days. At the same age, ZAC-fed birds showed lower serum phosphorus concentration than ZPR-fed ones regardless of the dietary Zn supplementation level or the Zn intake. Also, ZAC under TRE produced no effect on tibia Zn concentration compared to STD, but ZPR increased it. The ZPR increased the tibia Zn concentration when fed under PRE or TRE, but not under OTS. In conclusion, the results showed no adverse effect of PRE or TRE strategies on tibia characteristics. The data indicate likely different effects of PRE and TRE on protein metabolism and a possible negative interaction of the organic Zn with a high Zn content as ZnSO₄.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000025/pdfft?md5=6bd2c4e18207e6c21a60f5fe083c6c0a&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000025-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic zinc sources in broiler production at high altitude under on-top supplementation or total or partial replacement: 1. Effects on performance and zinc excretion","authors":"R. Riboty ,&nbsp;J.L. Gaibor ,&nbsp;C.L. Ponce-de-Leon ,&nbsp;D.A. Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Feeding broilers with organic chemical sources of Zn has recently been recommended to improve performance, immune system, carcass yield, and reduce environmental contamination. However, its use under proposed supplementation strategies (i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, on-top) needs further investigation. This study assessed the effect of total replacement, partial replacement, and on-top supplementation strategies to feed organic Zn sources and the effect of two organic chemical forms on performance and Zn excretion in broilers at high altitudes. Twenty-two male Cobb 500-day-old chicks were placed in each of 54 floor pens and raised for up to 42 days under a three-phase feeding program and following the Ecuadorian highland production system. Pens were assigned to one of nine experimental treatments consisting of a basal diet supplemented with 0, 33, and 100 ppm of Zn from ZnSO₄ and added or not 40 ppm Zn from Zn proteinate or Zn amino acid complex. A Completely Randomized Block Design was considered, being the block the replication. The Zn concentration of the basal diet was determined. Feed intake, BW, BW gain, feed conversion ratio, and European Production Efficiency Factor were assessed at 21 and 42 days of age, and the Zn excretion was estimated accordingly. Each supplementation strategy was compared with the standard practice (100 ppm Zn as ZnSO₄) using contrasts and mixed models, and the interaction with the chemical form was assessed considering the <em>P-</em>values of the ANOVA and the multiple comparisons between the corresponding treatments. The effects of the organic Zn forms and their interactions with the dietary Zn level were assessed considering the responses were linear functions of the organic Zn source, the feed intake, the Zn intake, the Zn supplementation level, and the block, as corresponding. None of the strategies to supplement a Zn organic source, or the organic sources themselves, showed overall detectable effects on performance. However, interactions were observed between the supplementation strategy and the organic Zn source and between the organic source and the dietary Zn levels or the Zn intake. Under the on-top supplementation strategy, the Zn organic sources showed different feed conversion ratios at 21 days. In addition, totally or partially replacing the ZnSO₄ with a Zn organic form reduced the Zn excretion. In conclusion, although no overall effect of the supplementation strategies was detected, the assessed organic Zn forms showed different effects on the feed conversion ratio at 21 days.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000013/pdfft?md5=7bb20f2342a5268b2d6f9601a495c5cd&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000013-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139700237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}