Animal - Open Space最新文献

{"title":"Estimating standardized ileal digestible valine requirements for broiler chickens based on two different meta-analytical selection procedures","authors":"M. Zouaoui ,&nbsp;W. Lambert ,&nbsp;M.P. Létourneau-Montminy","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A low CP diet is an efficient strategy to decrease the environmental footprint of chicken farms, but this requires a precise knowledge of the requirements for essential amino acids (<strong>AAs</strong>). Many dose–response studies of valine have sought to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (<strong>SID</strong>) Valine (<strong>Val</strong>) requirement. Requirements vary because of many factors, such as differences in broiler ages, genetic strains, basal diet nutritional composition, and statistical model used. The purpose of this study was to estimate the Val requirement of broilers through a meta-analysis performed in two ways: first, based on amino acid requirements (<strong>AminoAcidDB</strong>); and second, based on the significant response (<strong>ResponseDB</strong>) of broilers to SID Val supply. The first database includes 8 papers describing 11 experiments and 63 treatments. The second database includes 17 papers describing 26 experiments and 144 treatments. The quadratic (<strong>QD</strong>) and curvilinear-plateau (<strong>CLP</strong>) models were tested to estimate the SID Val:Lysine (<strong>Lys</strong>) requirement using the average daily gain (<strong>ADG</strong>), average daily feed intake (<strong>ADFI</strong>), and gain-to-feed ratio (<strong>G:F</strong>) as response criteria. The ADFI did not converge with the CLP model in either database. When using the AminoAcidDB with the QD model, the estimated SID Val:Lys requirements (95% of the maximum) were ADG of 84.6%, ADFI of 76.7%, and G:F of 88.6%. With the CLP model, ADG was 82.4% and G:F was 87.1%. In the ResponseDB using the QD model, the SID Val:Lys requirements were 82.0% for ADG, 80.9% for ADFI, and 79.0% for G:F; the CLP model predicted 84.5% for ADG and 83.6% for G:F. This study also confirmed the presence of interactions between branched-chain AA and their impact on broiler performance, with Leu appearing to be the main regulator. In light of this meta-analysis, Val recommendations appear to be underestimated and should consider the influence of other AAs on the response. The results of this meta-analysis will facilitate the implementation of the low CP strategy without affecting broiler performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000225/pdfft?md5=282867dffac64c37105b2869e0e70f30&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000225-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139936099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic zinc sources in broiler production at high altitude under on-top supplementation or total or partial replacement: 2. Effects on tibia and blood characteristics","authors":"R. Riboty ,&nbsp;J.L. Gaibor ,&nbsp;C.L. Ponce-de-Leon ,&nbsp;D.A. Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of organic Zn sources has been claimed to reduce the environmental impact of poultry production and improve broiler performance and the quality of products. This study investigated the effects of three organic Zn supplementation strategies (i.e., <strong>TRE</strong>, total replacement; <strong>PRE</strong>, partial replacement; <strong>OTS</strong>, on-top supplementation) on tibia and blood biochemistry characteristics of broilers at high altitudes. Male Cobb 500 chicks were distributed in 54 floor pens (22 birds each) and assigned to nine experimental treatments. Birds were fed mash diets under three feeding phases until 42 days and following the standard Ecuadorian high-altitude production standard practices. The treatments were a basal diet supplemented with three inclusion rates of ZnSO₄ and the same diets including or not Zn from one of two organic Zn sources (i.e., <strong>ZPR</strong>, Zn proteinate; <strong>ZAC</strong>, Zn amino acid complex). Basal diets were analyzed for Zn concentration. Tibia ash and Zn concentrations and serum biochemistry variables were determined at 21 and 42 days. The strategies to supplement organic Zn were compared with the reference treatment containing 100 ppm Zn as ZnSO₄ (the standard practice; <strong>STD</strong>) using mixed models, being the block (i.e., the replication) as a random factor. The interaction of the strategy with the organic Zn source was assessed with the ANOVA and multiple comparisons. The organic Zn sources were compared considering the feed intake a random factor, and their interaction with the dietary Zn level was assessed using multiple regression. No overall effect of the Zn supplementation strategy was observed other than the reduced Zn concentration at 21 days in TRE birds. At 21 days, PRE and TRE increased the serum protein and phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At that age, TRE also increased insulin concentration, but only in the ZAC-fed birds. However, TRE produced the opposite effect on serum protein at 42 days. At the same age, ZAC-fed birds showed lower serum phosphorus concentration than ZPR-fed ones regardless of the dietary Zn supplementation level or the Zn intake. Also, ZAC under TRE produced no effect on tibia Zn concentration compared to STD, but ZPR increased it. The ZPR increased the tibia Zn concentration when fed under PRE or TRE, but not under OTS. In conclusion, the results showed no adverse effect of PRE or TRE strategies on tibia characteristics. The data indicate likely different effects of PRE and TRE on protein metabolism and a possible negative interaction of the organic Zn with a high Zn content as ZnSO₄.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000025/pdfft?md5=6bd2c4e18207e6c21a60f5fe083c6c0a&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000025-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic zinc sources in broiler production at high altitude under on-top supplementation or total or partial replacement: 1. Effects on performance and zinc excretion","authors":"R. Riboty ,&nbsp;J.L. Gaibor ,&nbsp;C.L. Ponce-de-Leon ,&nbsp;D.A. Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Feeding broilers with organic chemical sources of Zn has recently been recommended to improve performance, immune system, carcass yield, and reduce environmental contamination. However, its use under proposed supplementation strategies (i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, on-top) needs further investigation. This study assessed the effect of total replacement, partial replacement, and on-top supplementation strategies to feed organic Zn sources and the effect of two organic chemical forms on performance and Zn excretion in broilers at high altitudes. Twenty-two male Cobb 500-day-old chicks were placed in each of 54 floor pens and raised for up to 42 days under a three-phase feeding program and following the Ecuadorian highland production system. Pens were assigned to one of nine experimental treatments consisting of a basal diet supplemented with 0, 33, and 100 ppm of Zn from ZnSO₄ and added or not 40 ppm Zn from Zn proteinate or Zn amino acid complex. A Completely Randomized Block Design was considered, being the block the replication. The Zn concentration of the basal diet was determined. Feed intake, BW, BW gain, feed conversion ratio, and European Production Efficiency Factor were assessed at 21 and 42 days of age, and the Zn excretion was estimated accordingly. Each supplementation strategy was compared with the standard practice (100 ppm Zn as ZnSO₄) using contrasts and mixed models, and the interaction with the chemical form was assessed considering the <em>P-</em>values of the ANOVA and the multiple comparisons between the corresponding treatments. The effects of the organic Zn forms and their interactions with the dietary Zn level were assessed considering the responses were linear functions of the organic Zn source, the feed intake, the Zn intake, the Zn supplementation level, and the block, as corresponding. None of the strategies to supplement a Zn organic source, or the organic sources themselves, showed overall detectable effects on performance. However, interactions were observed between the supplementation strategy and the organic Zn source and between the organic source and the dietary Zn levels or the Zn intake. Under the on-top supplementation strategy, the Zn organic sources showed different feed conversion ratios at 21 days. In addition, totally or partially replacing the ZnSO₄ with a Zn organic form reduced the Zn excretion. In conclusion, although no overall effect of the supplementation strategies was detected, the assessed organic Zn forms showed different effects on the feed conversion ratio at 21 days.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000013/pdfft?md5=7bb20f2342a5268b2d6f9601a495c5cd&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000013-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139700237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensor-captured modifications in cow behaviour under subacute ruminal acidosis","authors":"M. Silberberg ,&nbsp;M.M. Mialon ,&nbsp;B. Meunier,&nbsp;I. Veissier","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-energy diets increase the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (<strong>SARA</strong>) in ruminants. Ruminants with SARA show behavioural modifications. However, behavioural changes due to high-energy diet are often confounded with the behavioural changes due to SARA per se. Here, we aimed to disentangle diet-induced effects from SARA-induced effects on cow behaviour. We fed Holstein cows with either a low-starch diet (10.5% starch) or a high-starch diet (31.5% starch) while monitoring their SARA status. Control cows (n = 14) received the low-starch diet for 60 days. Challenge cows (n = 14) received the same low-starch diet except for 10 days when they were gradually switched from the low- to the high-starch diet and the next 14 days when they were fed the high-starch diet only. The eCow rumen bolus and the CowView activity-collar sensors were used to track the rumen pH and cows’ activities. DM intake (<strong>DMI</strong>) and milk yield of each cow were assessed on a daily basis. SARA status was defined based on a relative decrease in ruminal pH and pH variability. The high-starch diet induced SARA more often than the low-starch diet (SARA on 81% of days when receiving high-starch diet vs 8% of days when receiving low-starch diet). Cows on the high-starch diet also showed decreased milk yield and spent less time eating but ate more quickly (Challenge vs Control cows during the challenge period: milk yield 20.0 vs 18.2 L/d; % time spent eating, 22.5 vs 27.6; eating rate, 77.1 vs 69.6 g DMI/min; P (diet × period) &lt;0.001 in all cases). Cows experiencing SARA during transition or challenge periods also tended to show lower milk yield, less time spent eating, and an increase in eating rate regardless of diet (Challenge vs Control cows: milk yield, −0.5 and −0.3 L/d, P (SARA) = 0.03; % time spent eating, −1.4 and −0.84, P(SARA) = 0.02; eating rate, +4.9 and +3.2 g DMI/min, P(SARA) = 0.06; P (diet × SARA) &gt; 0.50). Based on these findings, an increase in eating rate, especially when combined with a decrease in milk yield, should alert farmers to the risk of ruminal acidosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694024000037/pdfft?md5=ac5aa82effc5d149ee6fd52cb1dc5ee9&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694024000037-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139653098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociopsychological factors underlying dairy farmers' intention to adopt succession planning","authors":"Bianca de Oliveira Müller ,&nbsp;Ferenc Istvan Bánkuti ,&nbsp;Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ,&nbsp;João Augusto Rossi Borges ,&nbsp;Tiago Teixeira da Silva Siqueira ,&nbsp;Julio Cesar Damasceno","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Family succession is one of the most challenging problems of governance in agricultural systems in Brazil and worldwide. Dairy systems require particular attention in this regard, given their economic and social importance. Family succession necessitates a transfer plan for passing leadership over the dairy farm, usually from parents to their children. In this study, we sought to identify the influence of sociopsychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior on dairy farmers' intention to adopt succession planning. Questionnaires were administered to 160 dairy farmers in Paraná State, Brazil. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. The results showed that social pressure – subjective norms was the construct that most influenced farmers' intention to adopt succession planning, followed by attitude toward the adoption of succession planning. Farmers' perceptions of their ability to carry out succession planning – perceived behavioral control did not influence their intention to adopt this strategy. There was a significant positive correlation of farm size and number of lactating cows with intention to adopt succession planning, indicating that large-scale farmers have a higher probability of practicing succession planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000213/pdfft?md5=01759d82a7e68577d2d4273e2b305cf3&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000213-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139100039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing pigs’ diets with increased phytase activity and reduced available phosphorus resulted in similar performance and environmental impacts","authors":"G.A. Araujo ,&nbsp;J.S. Martins ,&nbsp;V.T. Santos ,&nbsp;A.N.T.R. Monteiro ,&nbsp;P.C. Pozza","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate, through a life cycle assessment, the environmental impacts of the postweaning growth of pigs fed with diets with reduced levels of available phosphorus and increased phytases. In Trial I (nitrogen and phosphorus balance), 25 crossbreed barrow pigs (BP 400 × BM 500 Biriba’s®), with an average weight of 23.05 ± 3.24 kg and average starting age of 60.75 ± 4.73 days, were assigned to five dietary treatments using a randomized block design, with five replications and each animal as an experimental unit. Five experimental diets were evaluated: each increasing phytase activity units (<strong>FTU</strong>) (control [0], 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 FTU) and decreasing levels of available phosphorus (0.435, 0.375, 0.315, 0.255 and 0.195%), respectively. Due to phytase supplementation, all diets meet the requirements for available phosphorus. The pigs received two daily meals. Total collection of feces was performed, adding 2 g of ferric oxide as a fecal marker. Feces were collected daily, stored in plastic bags and frozen. All excreted urine was collected in plastic buckets containing 20 mL of HCl (1:1), and a 20% aliquot was frozen for further analysis. In Trial II (performance), 40 crossbreed barrow pigs (BP 400 × BM 500 Biriba’s®) with an initial average weight of 15.11 ± 0.67 kg, average starting age of 50.63 ± 0.81 and finishing age of 72.43 ± 2.07 days were assigned using a randomized block design to five dietary treatments, with eight replications and each animal as an experimental unit. The pigs were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the trial, as were the feed supplies and refusals. These data were used to calculate the feed conversion ratio, average daily gain and average daily feed intake. The life cycle analysis was based on the CML 2001 (baseline) method V3.02, as implemented in the Simapro software, version 8.05 (PRé Consultant, 2014). These data may further serve as a reference for the study of the impact of phytase supplementation during other breeding phases, or even in other animals whose environmental impacts are being studied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000171/pdfft?md5=c2c6c1ee03b68260e89b6eaabfd2b30b&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000171-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138466046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of milk mid-infrared spectra to predict serum non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in Chinese Holstein cows","authors":"Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Li Jiang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiuxin Zhao ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Miao Zhang ,&nbsp;Guosheng Su ,&nbsp;Yundong Gao ,&nbsp;Jianbin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Negative energy balance (<strong>NEB</strong>) in high-yielding cows during the peripartum period raises the risk of postpartum diseases. High-level concentration of non-esterified fatty acid (<strong>NEFA</strong>) is a good indicator of excessive NEB. The current low-cost and high-throughput mid-infrared (<strong>MIR</strong>) spectroscopy method is gradually applied to predict NEFA concentrations for NEB identification. The objective of this study was to compare different pre-processing methods and analysis models for optimal predictions of serum NEFA using milk MIR spectra. Four spectral pre-processing methods: standard normal variate, first-order derivative (<strong>FD</strong>), second-order derivative, and Savitzky-Golsy convolution smoothing, and four prediction models: partial least squares regression, ridge regression, lasso regression (<strong>LassoR</strong>), and random forest regression were investigated. In total, 366 collected serum and milk samples within the 1–7 weeks postpartum were randomly divided into the training (70%) and test (30%) sets for cross-validations. The results showed that the combined strategy of FD-LassoR model when parity and days in lactation information were considered resulted in the highest <em>R</em>² = 0.643, RMSE = 0.153 mmol/L, and highest residual predictive deviation = 1.665 of predictions on the test set. In addition, <em>R</em>² and RMSE values of FD-LassoR combined with other information were still higher than the other four prediction scenarios. Therefore, our study enables the optimal prediction of serum NEFA concentrations using milk MIR spectra in the further research and practical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000195/pdfft?md5=c89987be6a3dc11ef7bf11b4135aad06&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000195-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138839182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catheterisation of the jugular vein of 12-day-old suckling piglets group-housed with littermates and the sow","authors":"D. De Leonardis ,&nbsp;C.C. Metges ,&nbsp;A. Vernunft","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Collection of blood samples by venipuncture requires isolation, restraint and immobilisation, which is stressful for piglets and may result in unreliable readings. A jugular vein catheter allows frequent blood sampling with minimal stress to the piglets. Techniques for jugular vein catheter implantation in older pigs have been described, but less information is available for suckling piglets. This report describes the procedure of catheter implantation into an external jugular vein for longer-term frequent blood sampling in 48 12-day (<strong>d</strong>)-old suckling German Landrace piglets with a mean BW of 3.4 ± 0.7 kg. Catheterisation was performed either under general anaesthesia by injection of azaperone and ketamine (<strong>a/k</strong>) or by inhalation of isoflurane (<strong>IsoF</strong>). To determine the optimal incision site in the <em>sulcus jugularis</em>, the centre between the caudal edge of the <em>mandibula</em>, cranial shoulder and <em>sternum</em> was identified. After a small incision of the skin, the jugular vein was bluntly dissected and a catheter was inserted. The tip of the catheter was placed near the beginning of the right atrium. After wound closure, the surgical area was secured by disinfection and bandages. The piglets were returned to their littermates in the farrowing pen immediately after full recovery from anaesthesia, which was 5–7 h in a/k and 0.75 h in IsoF anaesthetised piglets after the onset of the surgery, respectively. The catheter was flushed daily with 0.9% NaCl-0.1% sodium citrate solution. To demonstrate the longer-term benefits of the catheter, on d 4 after surgery, a series of frequent blood sampling were performed after an oral xylose bolus. In total, 10 samples of 0.5 mL were taken before and every 30 min after the oral xylose bolus for 5 h; the blood volume was replaced with 0.9% NaCl solution. On d 4 after surgery, 41 of 48 implanted catheters were considered fully functional (90% of desired samples collected), three as partially functional, and four as non-functional, whereas two catheters were non-functional already from d 1 after surgery. The catheterised animals remained clinically healthy but showed less daily BW gain from age d 12 (day of surgery) to d 15 than non-catheterised control animals (0.12 ± 0.01 vs 0.23 ± 0.01 kg; n = 46; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the catheter implanted into an external jugular vein in 12-d-old suckling piglets remaining with the sow was patent for 4 d after surgery and allowed frequent blood sampling with minimal stress for the piglets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000201/pdfft?md5=6ec440e97cb0e1e136938571090d11ec&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000201-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138839181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian inference for parameter identification in mechanistic models, exemplified using a cow lifetime performance model","authors":"J.F. Ramirez-Agudelo ,&nbsp;J.B. Daniel ,&nbsp;L. Puillet ,&nbsp;N.C. Friggens","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mechanistic models are valuable tools for studying the underlying mechanisms of complex biological phenomena. For example, cow lifespan models can be used to identify differences in resource acquisition and allocation strategies between individuals, which is relevant for decision-making in breeding programs. In such models, differences in simulated traits between individuals are consequences of the parameter set that represents the genetic potential of each animal and its interaction with the environment. This indicates that the identification of these differences is essentially a search for individual parameters. In mechanistic models, this search is generally a non-convex problem that has different local minima because the parameters interact within these models. Due to this and to the simulation time length (e.g. years), there is uncertainty associated with the inference of the parameter values for each individual. This uncertainty can be quantified using Bayesian inference since this approach treats the model parameters as random variables with an underlying probability distribution that describes them. The objective of this work was to employ the Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis (<strong>DRAM</strong>) algorithm to identify the parameters of a cows’ lifespan model using two datasets of Holstein cows. The datasets contain periodic measurements of Milk Yield (<strong>MY</strong>), BW, and Body Condition Score (<strong>BCS</strong>). Additionally, one of the two datasets has information of BW from birth to first calving. The average Mean Absolute Percentage Error (<strong>MAPE</strong>) minimisation between the simulated and experimental data (MY, BW and BCS) was used as the objective function for parameter search. The Bayesian inference performance was compared with four optimisation metaheuristic approaches: Differential Evolution, Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimisation, and Simulated Annealing. Although the results show that all methods are efficient in finding parameter values that reduce the distance between the simulated and experimental data (MAPE &lt; 10%), the DRAM method is more efficient in terms of computational cost, and the parameter distributions obtained with this method offer more information about the statistical properties of each parameter (e.g. median).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772694023000183/pdfft?md5=7e2f753a78219842f03338299a69dc8e&pid=1-s2.0-S2772694023000183-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138839209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of multispecies and monoculture forages on nutrient digestibility and fermentation responses using an in vitro rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC)","authors":"A.S. Khan ,&nbsp;J.A. Finn ,&nbsp;A.B.D. Menezes ,&nbsp;S.F. Kirwan ,&nbsp;S.M. Waters ,&nbsp;D.J. Krol","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anopes.2023.100052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Enteric methane (<strong>CH₄</strong>) emissions are a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. A number of different CH₄ mitigation strategies have been proposed, and the inclusion of alternative forages into grazing systems could be a practical and feasible option. Multispecies swards comprise a mixture of forage species and can increase grassland productivity, reduce nitrogen fertiliser requirements, and reduce fertiliser-associated nitrous oxide emissions. This study investigated the potential benefit of multispecies swards in reducing ruminal CH₄ production. Using the <em>in vitro</em> rumen simulation technique, we compared the effects of different forages (perennial ryegrass, timothy, red clover, white clover, chicory, ribwort plantain and their equi-proportional mixture) on CH₄ and gas production, ruminal fermentation parameters and nutrient digestibility. We also compared these responses to perennial ryegrass produced with a higher nitrogen application rate (300 N). The experiment was conducted over 21 d, with the initial 14 d allowed for dietary adaptation. Over the subsequent 7 d, there were significant effects of forage type on CH₄ production, ruminal fermentation and digestibility. Ribwort plantain, chicory and white clover showed lower CH₄ production; with chicory producing 73% and 57% less CH₄ (mmol d⁻¹) compared to 300 N perennial ryegrass and 150 N perennial ryegrass incubation, respectively. Chicory had 72% lower CH₄ produced per gram of organic matter digested (mmol g⁻¹) than that of 300 N perennial ryegrass. Chicory and 300 N perennial ryegrass had greater (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) organic matter and nutrient digestibility (DM, CP, NDF, and ADF) than other forages. Greater ammonia nitrogen concentration was observed in chicory and both clover species, compared to the other forage species (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). In general, the response of the six-species mixture was not significantly different to the average response of the six component monocultures. Thus, from these data, the performance of multispecies swards for these responses (in general) was predictable from the performance of the component monocultures. These results showed that different grassland forages, especially chicory and white clover, have the potential to reduce ruminal CH₄ emissions and could be a promising anti-methanogenic alternative to chemical CH₄ inhibitors and feed additives. More generally, the relatively wide variation in CH₄ abatement potential across a small sample of plant species suggests the merit of wider screening to identify grassland species with high CH₄ abatement potential <em>in vitro</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277269402300016X/pdfft?md5=8b92782b24f971a67836014884f858c8&pid=1-s2.0-S277269402300016X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138327805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}