Animal - Open Space最新文献

{"title":"Method: A standardised laboratory method for measuring ammonia volatilisation from pig slurry using a dynamic flux multichamber system","authors":"A. Antonacci ,&nbsp;G. Lazzari ,&nbsp;G. Bee","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (<strong>NH₃</strong>) emissions generated by animal manure represent a challenge for the current livestock system, especially in the context of pig production. Standardised methods for measuring NH₃ concentration in pig slurry are needed to assess whether specific management strategies (e.g. low-protein diets and feed additives) can reduce NH₃ emissions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a standardised procedure and test the repeatability in measuring NH₃ concentration in pig slurry using a laboratory-controlled method based on a dynamic flux multichamber system. Five slurry mixes of 348 g each were prepared using spot faecal and urine samples from a single pig. Every mix was composed of 87 g of faeces, 87 g of urine, and 174 g of distilled water. For each mix, three replicates of 100 g were realised, for a total of 15 slurry replicates of five slurry mixes. The 15 slurry replicates were contained in jars, placed in a water bath (21 °C), and injected with an even flow of synthetic air (approx. 0.3 L/min). The replicates were connected to a cavity ring-down spectrometer (<strong>CRDS</strong>), which, combined with a multichannel sampler, measured the NH₃ concentration of the outgoing air flow from the slurry replicates for 168.75 consecutive hours. Each slurry replicate was measured cyclically for 15 min, with a 10-min interval between two slurry replicates over 168.75 h of measurements. The values recorded during the final 60 s of each 15-min period were interpolated on an hourly basis, obtaining one NH₃ concentration value per hour. To test the repeatability of the method, CVs of area under the curve for NH₃ concentration (<strong>AUC NH</strong>_{<strong>3</strong>}, ppm × h), NH₃ concentration peak value (<strong>PV NH</strong>_{<strong>3</strong>}, ppm) and time to reach the peak (<strong>TTP</strong>, h) were calculated within pairs of replicates from the same mix and within pairs of mixes. For the slurry mixes, all the CVs calculated showed a variation lower than 10%. Among the replicates, only the CV related to the TTP registered a value higher than 10% for four pairs of replicates out of 15. These findings suggest that the proposed dynamic flux multichamber system provides a standardised and repeatable approach for measuring NH₃ concentration in pig slurry under controlled laboratory conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of benchmarking on management practices and equid welfare on Prince Edward Island, Canada","authors":"M. Mills ,&nbsp;K. Proudfoot ,&nbsp;I. Elsohaby ,&nbsp;J. Burns ,&nbsp;M. Ross ,&nbsp;S. McKenna ,&nbsp;C. Ritter ,&nbsp;K. MacMillan","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are challenges with assessing the welfare of equines due to their diverse uses and management practices. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the prevalence of animal-based welfare outcomes and compliance with Canada’s National Farm Animal Care Council Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Equines on equine farms in Prince Edward Island, Canada, and (2) determine the effect of benchmarking on compliance and awareness of the Code of Practice, as well as any changes in practices and animal-based welfare outcomes on these farms. Sixty farms were enrolled and were visited for an initial equine welfare assessment; all farms were then provided a benchmarking report that compared data collected from their equids to the other farms and the Code of Practice. Of these, 50 farms were re-visited the following year for a second assessment. The prevalence of animal-based outcomes in both years is presented descriptively, and differences between years were analyzed using paired t-tests and Chi-squared tests. On the second visit, 54% (n = 27) of farms showed more awareness of the Code of Practice and 48% (n = 24) of farms showed an improvement in at least one category of Code of Practice requirements. Of the animal-based measures, there was a significant reduction in the prevalence of unhealthy body condition score (−17.72, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), integument lesions (−6.22, <em>P</em> = 0.020), and hoof abnormalities (−4.541, <em>P</em> = 0.026) from the first to the second visit. Although it is not clear if these changes occurred solely due to the benchmarking report, the results suggest that horse and donkey owners may be motivated to improve equid care and management using this approach. This study adds to the existing knowledge of equid welfare by providing a practical framework for the development of animal welfare assessments and the potential role of benchmarking in improving the welfare of horses and donkeys on Prince Edward Island and abroad.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method: An accurate method for detecting drinking bouts in dairy cows based on reticulorumen temperature","authors":"L. Aubé ,&nbsp;K. Pelletier ,&nbsp;B. Meunier ,&nbsp;A. de Boyer des Roches ,&nbsp;R. Lardy ,&nbsp;D. Ledoux","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the performances of three methods for detecting drinking bouts in dairy cows using reticulorumen temperature (<strong>RT</strong>): the ‘<strong>FixT</strong>’ method based on a fixed RT threshold, the ‘<strong>Cow-dT’</strong> method based on a cow-day-specific RT threshold, and the ‘<strong>FallST</strong>’ method based on RT fall slope. We observed the drinking behaviours of 28 dairy cows equipped with reticulorumenal sensors over 96 h to create a reference dataset. A total of 730 drinking bouts were observed. We matched detected drinking bouts against observed drinking bouts to obtain the number of true-positives, false-negatives, and false-positives, and then calculated the detection performances of the three methods in terms of sensitivity (<strong>Se</strong>), positive predictive value (<strong>PPV</strong>), and F-score. The performances of the three RT-based methods (Se ≥ 90%, PPV &gt; 96% and F-score ≥ 93%) were better than those from previous work using collar-attached accelerometers, but slightly lower than methods using drinking troughs connected to electronic identification systems or methods combining accelerometers with geomagnetic sensors or with ultra-wideband location. The FallST method showed slightly better performance (highest F-score) than the FixT and Cow-dT methods. The FallST method accurately detected drinking bouts lasting more than 30 s and at least 30 min apart, with a detection time accuracy of 10 min. The models using RT curve parameters failed to predict characteristics of the drinking bouts. In conclusion, the method developed here can accurately detect drinking bouts in dairy cows using RT, but without further characterisation of the drinking bouts (e.g. duration).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Processing weights of chickens determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: 1. Weight changes due to fasting, bleeding, and chilling” [Animal Open Space 1 (2022) 100024]","authors":"D.A. Martinez,&nbsp;N. Suesuttajit,&nbsp;J.T. Weil,&nbsp;P. Maharjan ,&nbsp;A. Beitia ,&nbsp;K. Hilton ,&nbsp;C. Umberson,&nbsp;A. Scott,&nbsp;C.N. Coon","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Method: Standard operating procedure for the administration of swallowable devices to study pig’s gut content in a non-invasive way” [Animal Open Space 3 (2024) 100076]","authors":"I. García Viñado ,&nbsp;G. Bee ,&nbsp;P. Trevisi ,&nbsp;C. Ollagnier","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method: Comparing averaging methods for gas flux data generated by automated head chamber systems","authors":"M.R. Beck ,&nbsp;L.R. Thompson ,&nbsp;C.A. Moffet ,&nbsp;R.R. Reuter ,&nbsp;S.A. Gunter","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Researchers are increasingly using automated head chamber systems (GreenFeed; C-Lock inc., Rapid City, SD) for estimating gaseous emissions, such as carbon dioxide and methane, and consumption, such as oxygen. Our objective was to explore different data preprocessing methods. For this investigation, we collated data from 5 previously published manuscripts – 3 from grazing studies and 2 from studies utilizing finishing beef steers. We compared simple arithmetic or time-bin (8, 3-h intervals) averaging and least-squares means (<strong>LSMEANS</strong>) methodologies to arrive at a single estimate for each animal from gas estimates for each visit. For the LSMEANS approach, a mixed effects model was fit for each gas as the dependent variable, animal ID as fixed effects, visit duration and average airflow as covariates, and date and hour of day by animal ID as random effects. If duration and average airflow were not significant, they were removed from the model. After fitting the model, LSMEANS were generated for each animal with a standard error of the mean for each animal estimate. We then analyzed the data for each experiment according to the model presented in its respective manuscript, to obtain residual standard deviation and to calculate the coefficient of variation. Time-bin averaging increased unexplained error relative to arithmetic averaging and the LSMEANS approach. The increased unexplained error resulted in time-bin averaging having a greater coefficient of variation by 11.2% for pasture and 6.1% for finishing trials compared with arithmetic averaging and by 13.5% for pasture and 6.1% for finishing trials compared with the LSMEANS approach. We conclude that the proposed LSMEANS approach controls for any potential diurnal variation in gas flux, without increasing unexplained error as seen by time-bin averaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data paper: A goat behaviour dataset combining labelled behaviours and accelerometer data for training Machine Learning detection models","authors":"S. Mauny ,&nbsp;J. Kwon ,&nbsp;N.C. Friggens ,&nbsp;C. Duvaux-Ponter ,&nbsp;M. Taghipoor","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a dataset of accelerometer data and corresponding video-annotated behaviours from eight indoor dairy Alpine goats. Animals were equipped with 3D-accelerometers attached to their ears for 24 consecutive hours and recorded at a frequency of 5 Hz. Video recordings for this period were also obtained. Activities associated with positional, feeding and social behaviours were annotated over two daylight periods, for a total of 11 hours per goat, by a trained observer assuring high precision and consistency. This dataset can be used independently or complement an existing dataset for training supervised Machine Learning models for the detection of goat behaviour. It contributes to improving the robustness of such models by incorporating behavioural signals specific to indoor-housed goats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cartilage volume and body composition in fattening pigs in different housing systems using magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry","authors":"T. Dölle ,&nbsp;M. Bernau ,&nbsp;A.M. Scholz","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lameness and diseases of the cartilage and skeletal system in pigs are an important animal welfare issue in connection with the goal of high profitability. The aim of the study is therefore to investigate the influence of the housing system on the expression of cartilage tissue in relation to the body composition of fattening pigs. Magnetic resonance (<strong>MR</strong>) imaging was combined with dual−energy X-ray absorptiometry (<strong>DXA</strong>) to determine cartilage and body tissue characteristics. A total of 127 crossbred pigs (Piétrain × German Landrace) were examined in 3 different fattening rounds. After the first test at a live weight of 30 kg, half of the animals in each round were randomly assigned to a fully slatted housing system (multi-purpose barn = <strong>MPB</strong>) or an outdoor climate barn (<strong>OCB</strong>) with deep litter. In this step, the aim was to achieve a balanced sex ratio of female (n = 62) and male castrated pigs (n = 65). The animals remained in the respective housing system until the end of the fattening period. Each pig was examined three times during the fattening period: at 25–30 kg (scan 30), at 60–70 kg (scan 60) and at 90–100 kg (scan 90) BW. During the MR imaging examination with a Siemens Magnetom Open, two T1-weighted sequences were created of each pig at each examination time point: a sagittal sequence of the left elbow and shoulder joint and a coronary sequence of the left and right knee joint. Subsequently, a whole-body scan was performed on each pig using the GE Lunar <em>i</em>DXA scanner and the following values were automatically determined: bone mineral density [g/cm²], absolute bone mineral content [g] (<strong>BMC</strong>), bone mineral area projection [cm²], fat tissue percentage [%] (Fat_PC), fat tissue [g], and soft lean tissue [g]. In the knee joint, there were no significant differences in cartilage volume (<strong>CVo</strong>) in relation to the housing system. In the elbow joints, however, there were significant differences in CVo at the time of scan 30 that could not be explained. In contrast, the results of the DXA study show that pigs in the OCB have significantly higher BMC values than pigs from the MPB from scan 60 onwards. These differences indicate that the housing system has an effect on bone mineralisation, but possibly not on the CVo during pig fattening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method: How to avoid decision errors resulting from unjustified use of a general threshold or an invalid linear score to utilise somatic cell counts in dairy cows?","authors":"C. Enevoldsen","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine somatic cell counts (<strong>SCCs</strong>) research and management programmes appear to neglect implications for decision−making of the substantial measurement error of SCC. Here, I suggest three frameworks for presenting somatic cell count values from routine collections of cow milk that circumvent possible managerial flaws or biases associated with the current use of a general threshold, such as 200 000 cells/mL, or a linear somatic cell score (<strong>SCS</strong>). The suggestions are applicable to any kind of dairy herd, require access to two consecutive SCC values from all cows in a homogeneous group, and apply standard statistical techniques. Suggestion #1 demonstrates the nature of pairs of SCC records with a simple assumption-free percentile analysis. Suggestion #2 presents the same data around an elliptical framework with 68 and 95% ellipsoidal prediction limits assuming that a bivariate normal distribution provides a valid description of paired log10-transformed SCC values from cows without mastitis or major udder infection. Visual inspection of the data cloud supports the identification of individual outliers, leverage points, or systematic trends in the study population. These deviations are plausible indications of new cases or the substantial reduction of udder inflammation at cow level, or systematic changes in SCC patterns within group. Suggestion #3 applies an errors-in-variables regression model to assess agreement between two consecutive log10-transformed SCCs at the cow level. This parametric model gives estimates of systematic deviation from perfect agreement (45° slope) at cow level, and automatically and objectively identifies likely outliers and leverage points by means of case-level residual diagnostics. Consequently, this third suggestion supplements visual inspection of the percentile and elliptical analyses with a tool for objectively ranking cow-level SCC deviations from a central (normal, random, or noisy) pattern of SCC changes and identifies distinct patterns (distributions) of SCCs. The three analytical frameworks all demonstrate that a dichotomising (single universal threshold) may not meaningfully identify distinct patterns of cow-level SCCs. Five categories seem sufficient and necessary to capture the main components of a complicated SCC pattern. An assumption of normal distribution may be valid for describing SCCs after log transformation in some herds, but the user must validate this assumption. Substantial upward and downward changes in SCCs (outliers) can be explained as new cases or reductions of udder inflammation, respectively, and such pathobiologically different mechanisms may not fit a single linear scale such as SCS. I discuss possible approaches to combine the three SCC frameworks with microbiological diagnoses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143182052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting feeding management in the first 21 days postpartum in Holstein dairy cows: direct and residual milk responses","authors":"C. Rivoir ,&nbsp;G.R. Mendina ,&nbsp;M.L. Adrien ,&nbsp;A. Meikle ,&nbsp;P. Chilibroste","doi":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anopes.2025.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition period and its management affect how dairy cows face physiological challenges. Total mixed rations (<strong>TMR</strong>) have been shown as a strategy to address pasture-based system limitations and improve milk production, without consistent information about their use in short periods and residual responses. The study aimed to evaluate contrasting feeding management in the first 21 days <em>postpartum</em> on direct and residual milk production responses until 60 days in milk (<strong>DIM</strong>). Sixty-seven mixed parity Holstein dairy cows were used in a completely randomised block design in two treatments across two trials: MD-MD, cows fed a mixed diet (<strong>MD</strong>) with grazing and supplementation with mixed ration, from calving until 60 DIM, TMR-MD: confined cows with TMR provided <em>ad libitum</em> during the first 21 DIM in a compost-bedded pack barn and changed to MD at 22 until 60 DIM. During the first 21 DIM (direct response), cows fed TMR produced 11.7% more milk than those on MD-MD. Multiparous (<strong>M</strong>) TMR-MD obtained 18.6% higher milk yield than M MD-MD cows, but no significant differences were detected between primiparous (<strong>P</strong>) cows. After the switch at 22 DIM (residual response), no significant differences were detected between treatments in milk yield. However, the interaction between treatment and parity indicates that M TMR-MD cows exhibited 3.6% more milk than those in MD-MD, as a carryover effect. In contrast, P cows did not differ between treatments. In the first 21 DIM, TMR-MD cows achieved a higher fat concentration and protein yield than MD-MD. Fat yield tended to increase in TMR-MD compared to MD-MD, without treatment effect for lactose yield. In the residual period, TMR-MD cows had higher protein concentrations and tended towards higher fat concentrations than MD-MD cows. The interaction between treatments and parity showed that P TMR-MD cows had higher protein and exhibited a trend towards higher fat concentration than P MD-MD cows. The differential feeding management during the first 21 DIM did not generate differences in body condition score (<strong>BCS</strong>), between treatments or parities. In the residual period, TMR-MD cows achieved a higher BCS than MD-MD cows without differences between parities. No differences were found between treatments in grazing and ruminating time, reflecting a successful adaptation of TMR-MD cows. In conclusion, feeding TMR during the first 21 DIM is an effective strategy for increasing milk yield and achieving short-term carryover effects in M, but not in P cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100083,"journal":{"name":"Animal - Open Space","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}