ACS ES&T Air最新文献

{"title":"Analyzing the Role of Chemical Mechanism Choice in Wintertime PM_2.5 Modeling for Temperature Inversion-Prone Areas.","authors":"Cam M Phelan, Abiola S Lawal, Jacob Boomsma, Kamaljeet Kaur, Kerry E Kelly, Heather A Holmes, Cesunica E Ivey","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00139","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical transport models are used for federal compliance demonstrations when areas are out of attainment, but there is no guidance for choosing a chemical mechanism. With the 2024 change of the annual PM_2.5 standard and the prevalence of multiday wintertime inversion episodes in the western U.S., understanding the wintertime performance of chemical transport models is important. This study explores the impact of chemical mechanism choice on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model performance for PM_2.5 and implications for attainment demonstration in inversion-prone areas in the western United States. Total and speciated PM_2.5 observations were used to evaluate wintertime CMAQ simulations using four chemical mechanisms. The study evaluated intermechanism differences in total and secondary PM_2.5 and the impact of meteorology at sites with observed multiday temperature inversions. Model performance for total PM_2.5 was similar across chemical mechanisms, but intermechanism differences for total and secondary PM_2.5 were exacerbated during inversion periods, suggesting that modeled chemistry contributes to the model bias. Results suggest that nitrate, ammonium, and organic carbon are secondary species for which model results do not agree or perform to standard evaluation metrics in scientific literature. These findings show a need for mechanistic investigations of the causes of these differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"162-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143461559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Role of Chemical Mechanism Choice in Wintertime PM2.5 Modeling for Temperature Inversion-Prone Areas","authors":"Cam M. Phelan*,&nbsp;Abiola S. Lawal,&nbsp;Jacob Boomsma,&nbsp;Kamaljeet Kaur,&nbsp;Kerry E. Kelly,&nbsp;Heather A. Holmes and Cesunica E. Ivey,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0013910.1021/acsestair.4c00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00139https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00139","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chemical transport models are used for federal compliance demonstrations when areas are out of attainment, but there is no guidance for choosing a chemical mechanism. With the 2024 change of the annual PM_2.5 standard and the prevalence of multiday wintertime inversion episodes in the western U.S., understanding the wintertime performance of chemical transport models is important. This study explores the impact of chemical mechanism choice on the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model performance for PM_2.5 and implications for attainment demonstration in inversion-prone areas in the western United States. Total and speciated PM_2.5 observations were used to evaluate wintertime CMAQ simulations using four chemical mechanisms. The study evaluated intermechanism differences in total and secondary PM_2.5 and the impact of meteorology at sites with observed multiday temperature inversions. Model performance for total PM_2.5 was similar across chemical mechanisms, but intermechanism differences for total and secondary PM_2.5 were exacerbated during inversion periods, suggesting that modeled chemistry contributes to the model bias. Results suggest that nitrate, ammonium, and organic carbon are secondary species for which model results do not agree or perform to standard evaluation metrics in scientific literature. These findings show a need for mechanistic investigations of the causes of these differences.</p><p >This study compared chemical mechanisms in the CMAQ model. Modeled secondary aerosol significantly diverged during inversions. This is concerning, as CMAQ is used for demonstrations of emission controls and the U.S. EPA does not issue guidance on chemical mechanism choice.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"162–174 162–174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting the Conversation on Wildland Fire Smoke Exposures: More Smoke within and across Years Requires a New Approach to Inform Public Health Action","authors":"Jason D. Sacks*,&nbsp;Christopher T. Migliaccio,&nbsp;Colleen E. Reid and Luke Montrose,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0023610.1021/acsestair.4c00236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00236https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00236","url":null,"abstract":"<p >With the increase in acres burned from wildfire over the last few decades, wildfire smoke is an increasing global public health threat. To date, wildfire smoke research, risk communication, and public health action has focused on short-term (or daily) smoke exposures. However, the patterns of wildfire smoke exposure are transitioning to include longer duration and repeated exposures occurring within and across years. Epidemiologic and experimental studies represent important lines of evidence that have informed risk communication and public health actions for short-term smoke exposures; however, they have yet to provide the science needed to refine public health approaches to include other dynamic exposure durations such as repeated, episodic, or cumulative. This commentary provides an overview of methodological approaches used and recent findings from epidemiologic and experimental studies that examined longer duration, repeated smoke exposures. Based on the current science, we recommend that future epidemiologic and experimental studies of wildfire smoke examine multiple exposure metrics to capture the duration, frequency, and intensity of exposures. Such studies would improve the science produced to best support the needs of the public as we strive to further protect public health in a world projected to have more smoke.</p><p >Assessing the health implications of longer duration wildland fire smoke exposures requires that epidemiologic and experimental studies embark on developing and testing new approaches to account for these dynamic exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"122–129 122–129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trade-offs between Wildfires and Prescribed Fires: A Case Study for 2016 Gatlinburg Wildfires.","authors":"Zongrun Li, Ambarish Vaidyanathan, Kamal J Maji, Yongtao Hu, Susan M O'Neill, Armistead G Russell, M Talat Odman","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00233","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prescribed burning is an effective land management tool that provides a range of benefits, including ecosystem restoration and wildfire risk reduction. However, prescribed fires, just like wildfires, introduce smoke that degrades air quality. Furthermore, while prescribed fires help manage wildfire risk, they do not eliminate the possibility of wildfires. It is therefore important to also evaluate fire and smoke impacts from wildfires that may occur after a prescribed burn. In this study, we developed a framework for understanding the air quality and health related trade-offs between wildfires and prescribed fires by simulating a set of counterfactual scenarios including wildfires, prescribed fires, and postprescribed burn wildfires. We applied this framework to the case of the Gatlinburg wildfire and found that emissions from prescribed burns and subsequent wildfire were slightly lower than those from the wildfire itself. This reduction resulted in lower daily average concentrations and exposures of PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂. Even considering the possibility of a postprescribed burn wildfire, prescribed fires reduced population-weighted daily average PM_2.5, daily maximum 8-h average O₃, and 1-h maximum NO₂ concentrations. In Sevier County, Tennessee where the wildfire occurred, these reductions reached 5.28 μg/m³, 0.18 ppb, and 1.68 ppb, respectively. The prescribed fires also reduced the person-days smoke exposures from the wildfire. Our results suggest that although prescribed fires cannot eliminate the air quality impacts of wildfires, they can greatly reduce smoke exposure in downwind areas distant from the burn sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"236-248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143461329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trade-offs between Wildfires and Prescribed Fires: A Case Study for 2016 Gatlinburg Wildfires","authors":"Zongrun Li,&nbsp;Ambarish Vaidyanathan,&nbsp;Kamal J. Maji,&nbsp;Yongtao Hu,&nbsp;Susan M. O’Neill,&nbsp;Armistead G. Russell and M. Talat Odman*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0023310.1021/acsestair.4c00233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00233https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00233","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Prescribed burning is an effective land management tool that provides a range of benefits, including ecosystem restoration and wildfire risk reduction. However, prescribed fires, just like wildfires, introduce smoke that degrades air quality. Furthermore, while prescribed fires help manage wildfire risk, they do not eliminate the possibility of wildfires. It is therefore important to also evaluate fire and smoke impacts from wildfires that may occur after a prescribed burn. In this study, we developed a framework for understanding the air quality and health related trade-offs between wildfires and prescribed fires by simulating a set of counterfactual scenarios including wildfires, prescribed fires, and postprescribed burn wildfires. We applied this framework to the case of the Gatlinburg wildfire and found that emissions from prescribed burns and subsequent wildfire were slightly lower than those from the wildfire itself. This reduction resulted in lower daily average concentrations and exposures of PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂. Even considering the possibility of a postprescribed burn wildfire, prescribed fires reduced population-weighted daily average PM_2.5, daily maximum 8-h average O₃, and 1-h maximum NO₂ concentrations. In Sevier County, Tennessee where the wildfire occurred, these reductions reached 5.28 μg/m³, 0.18 ppb, and 1.68 ppb, respectively. The prescribed fires also reduced the person-days smoke exposures from the wildfire. Our results suggest that although prescribed fires cannot eliminate the air quality impacts of wildfires, they can greatly reduce smoke exposure in downwind areas distant from the burn sites.</p><p >The work proposes a modeling framework which considers emissions from prescribed fires, wildfires, and postprescribed burn wildfires for understanding the air quality trade-offs between wildfires and prescribed fires.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"236–248 236–248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Significance of Regional Transport in Ozone Pollution through Machine Learning: A Case Study of Hainan Island","authors":"Jun Liu,&nbsp;Meiru Chen,&nbsp;Biwu Chu*,&nbsp;Tianzeng Chen,&nbsp;Qingxin Ma,&nbsp;Yonghong Wang,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Bin Zhao,&nbsp;Rongfu Xie,&nbsp;Qing Huang,&nbsp;Shuxiao Wang* and Hong He*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0029710.1021/acsestair.4c00297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00297https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00297","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Regional transport of air pollutants is a serious challenge to outdoor O₃ pollution control. Characterizing the transport of air pollutants by traditional air quality models heavily relies on accurate precursor emission inventories, chemical reaction mechanisms, and meteorological factors. In this study, the pollutant concentrations of upwind cities were incorporated as features into a random forest regression model (Traj-RF) to investigate the contribution of regional transport to local O₃ pollution. Hainan island was selected as the target area in this study, due to its air quality being affected significantly by regional transport. The Traj-RF model shows good predictive performance for O₃ with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.68 on the independent test set based on only observed air pollutants concentrations and meteorological data. The results of the Traj-RF model show that direct O₃ transport from upwind areas contributes approximately 27.5% to the O₃ concentration in Hainan, effectively highlighting the substantial role of regional transport in Hainan’s O₃ pollution. This refined machine learning method may have the potential to assess the impact of pollutant transport on regional air quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 3","pages":"416–425 416–425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GPU Implementation of a Gas-Phase Chemistry Solver in the CMAQ Chemical Transport Model","authors":"Duncan Quevedo,&nbsp;Khanh Do,&nbsp;George Delic,&nbsp;José Rodríguez-Borbón,&nbsp;Bryan M. Wong and Cesunica E. Ivey*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0018110.1021/acsestair.4c00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00181https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00181","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulates atmospheric phenomena, including advection, diffusion, gas-phase chemistry, aerosol physics and chemistry, and cloud processes. Gas-phase chemistry is often a major computational bottleneck due to its representation as large systems of coupled nonlinear stiff differential equations. We leverage the parallel computational performance of graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware to accelerate the numerical integration of these systems in CMAQ’s CHEM module. Our implementation, dubbed CMAQ-CUDA, in reference to its use in the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) general purpose GPU (GPGPU) computing solution, migrates CMAQ’s Rosenbrock solver from Fortran to CUDA Fortran. CMAQ-CUDA accelerates the Rosenbrock solver such that simulations using the chemical mechanisms RACM2, CB6R5, and SAPRC07 require only 51%, 50%, or 35% as much time, respectively, as CMAQv5.4 to complete a chemistry time step. Our results demonstrate that CMAQ is amenable to GPU acceleration and highlight a novel Rosenbrock solver implementation for reducing the computational burden imposed by the CHEM module.</p><p >We accelerate CMAQ’s gas-phase chemistry module using GPUs, saving compute resources during intensive simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"226–235 226–235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GPU Implementation of a Gas-Phase Chemistry Solver in the CMAQ Chemical Transport Model.","authors":"Duncan Quevedo, Khanh Do, George Delic, José Rodríguez-Borbón, Bryan M Wong, Cesunica E Ivey","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00181","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulates atmospheric phenomena, including advection, diffusion, gas-phase chemistry, aerosol physics and chemistry, and cloud processes. Gas-phase chemistry is often a major computational bottleneck due to its representation as large systems of coupled nonlinear stiff differential equations. We leverage the parallel computational performance of graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware to accelerate the numerical integration of these systems in CMAQ's CHEM module. Our implementation, dubbed CMAQ-CUDA, in reference to its use in the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) general purpose GPU (GPGPU) computing solution, migrates CMAQ's Rosenbrock solver from Fortran to CUDA Fortran. CMAQ-CUDA accelerates the Rosenbrock solver such that simulations using the chemical mechanisms RACM2, CB6R5, and SAPRC07 require only 51%, 50%, or 35% as much time, respectively, as CMAQv5.4 to complete a chemistry time step. Our results demonstrate that CMAQ is amenable to GPU acceleration and highlight a novel Rosenbrock solver implementation for reducing the computational burden imposed by the CHEM module.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"226-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of Surface-Active Organics in Aerosol Particles Produced from Combustion of Biomass Fuels under Simulated Prescribed-Fire and Wildfire Conditions","authors":"Ariana M. Deegan,&nbsp;Chase K. Glenn,&nbsp;Omar El Hajj,&nbsp;Anita Anosike,&nbsp;Kruthika Kumar,&nbsp;Muhammad Abdurrahman,&nbsp;Bin Bai,&nbsp;Pengfei Liu,&nbsp;Joseph O’Brien,&nbsp;Rawad Saleh and Amanda A. Frossard*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c0024310.1021/acsestair.4c00243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00243https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00243","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The interfacial properties of the organic fraction of biomass burning aerosols (BBA), such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surfactant composition, may vary based on the origin and moisture content of the fuel and the resulting combustion conditions. Surfactant composition, fraction of total particle mass, surface tension minimums, and CMC values of organics extracted from fresh and aged BBA produced using fuel beds from Georgia ecoregions (Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Blue Ridge) and with fuel moisture contents representative of prescribed fires or drought-induced wildfires were measured using high resolution mass spectrometry, UV–vis spectroscopy, and pendant drop tensiometry. Surface tension minimums of organics extracted from all BBA were low (&lt;45 mN m^–1), and surfactants were ∼2% of the total particle mass. The surfactant fraction was tied to combustion conditions, with the highest fractions present in BBA produced from the most efficient (highest temperature) combustion. Aging of BBA using a potential aerosol mass oxidative flow reactor resulted in an increase in the surfactant fractions of total BBA mass. The dependence of the surfactant fraction on combustion conditions may have implications for the microphysics of BBA from wildfires and prescribed fires.</p><p >Understanding the chemical and physical characteristics of surfactants in biomass burning aerosols is important for understanding their influence on the climate. The concentration, composition, and surface tension of surface-active organics in biomass burning aerosol varied based on the fuel-bed composition and moisture content.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"264–276 264–276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestair.4c00243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of Surface-Active Organics in Aerosol Particles Produced from Combustion of Biomass Fuels under Simulated Prescribed-Fire and Wildfire Conditions.","authors":"Ariana M Deegan, Chase K Glenn, Omar El Hajj, Anita Anosike, Kruthika Kumar, Muhammad Abdurrahman, Bin Bai, Pengfei Liu, Joseph O'Brien, Rawad Saleh, Amanda A Frossard","doi":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00243","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestair.4c00243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interfacial properties of the organic fraction of biomass burning aerosols (BBA), such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surfactant composition, may vary based on the origin and moisture content of the fuel and the resulting combustion conditions. Surfactant composition, fraction of total particle mass, surface tension minimums, and CMC values of organics extracted from fresh and aged BBA produced using fuel beds from Georgia ecoregions (Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Blue Ridge) and with fuel moisture contents representative of prescribed fires or drought-induced wildfires were measured using high resolution mass spectrometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, and pendant drop tensiometry. Surface tension minimums of organics extracted from all BBA were low (<45 mN m^-1), and surfactants were ∼2% of the total particle mass. The surfactant fraction was tied to combustion conditions, with the highest fractions present in BBA produced from the most efficient (highest temperature) combustion. Aging of BBA using a potential aerosol mass oxidative flow reactor resulted in an increase in the surfactant fractions of total BBA mass. The dependence of the surfactant fraction on combustion conditions may have implications for the microphysics of BBA from wildfires and prescribed fires.</p>","PeriodicalId":100014,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T Air","volume":"2 2","pages":"264-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143461207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}