Chinese Herbal Medicines最新文献

{"title":"Research progress of polysaccharide detection methods in traditional Chinese medicine","authors":"Lanying Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinrui Wang ,&nbsp;Jingze Zhang ,&nbsp;Dailin Liu ,&nbsp;Gang Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, with the advancement of analytical technology and the development of molecular biology, the research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) polysaccharides is becoming a new frontier and hot spot in life science research due to their effectiveness and non-toxicity. The quantitative determination of polysaccharides plays an extremely important role in the quality control of polysaccharide drugs. However, the structural complexities of natural polysaccharides present a major obstacle to their accurate quantification. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive guide for the accurate quantification of polysaccharides in TCM. In this paper, the quantitative methods of polysaccharides are divided into traditional quantitative methods and new methods, and summarized from the medicinal materials included in the <em>Chinese Pharmacopoeia</em> (2025 edition) and the relevant literature in the past ten years. The traditional methods for polysaccharide quantification include titration, colorimetry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and resonance light scattering (RLS). With the technological progress, new nondestructive testing methods such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) have gradually emerged. In addition, glycospectrometry, as another new method, can accurately quantify the structural characteristics and content of polysaccharides by combining positional enzyme digestion technology and HPLC. Moreover, this review elaborates on the principles and discusses the advantages and limitations of each method mentioned. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the accurate determination of polysaccharide content in TCM, enhance its practicability and precision, and promote its wider application in the quality control of TCM and Chinese patent medicine preparations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 377-390"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New draft: Elucidating complex efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in combating respiratory viral diseases","authors":"Nanshan Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Page 225"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-influenza formula medicines based on warm disease theory of traditional Chinese medicine","authors":"Mengjie Xiao ,&nbsp;Tao Huang ,&nbsp;Shengle Qin ,&nbsp;Tianbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Runfeng Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Luping Lin ,&nbsp;Zifeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Warm disease, characterized primarily by fever, is caused by exogenous pathogenic factors, such as Influenza. Ancient medical books have documented treatment strategies, and many formulas and herbs have been identified as effective against influenza. Treatment on acute flu-induced pneumonia should consider suppressing viral replication and mitigating the tissue damage mediated by the immune system. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have superiority since their multi-ingredients and multi-targets. There are many formulas containing anti-influenza components and anti-inflammation components. TCM showed less resistance during application. Many formulas are common for clinic use like Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, Fufang Xiangru Liquid, and Shengjiang Powder. Their efficacy in viral elimination and inflammation regulation has been evaluated, leading to the identification of effective phytochemicals that elucidate their anti-flu mechanisms. This review introduces some Chinese patent medicines based on warm disease theory and reviews their current research process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of Toujie Quwen Granules in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A prospective cohort study of 156 cases","authors":"Qihua Xu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Sanqi Huang ,&nbsp;Linghua Li ,&nbsp;Feng Li ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Kunzhou Ling ,&nbsp;Jialong Guan ,&nbsp;Xinghua Tan ,&nbsp;Luping Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.016","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Given traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)’s efficacy in influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), it was adopted clinically in the early stage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection outbreak in China. However, the therapeutic effects of Toujie Quwen (TJQW) Granules in treatment of (SARS-CoV-2) infection have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of TJQW in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and provide evidence for clinical practice of TCM.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A cohort study was conducted on SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted between 20 January and 15 March 2020. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on their clinical medication plan: TJQW combined with Western medicine (TJQW + WM) group and Western medicine (WM) group. The WM group received conventional WM treatment (antibiotics, glucocorticoids, oxygen therapy, arbidol, chloroquine, lopinavir/ ritonavir, ambroxol hydrochloride), while the TJQW + WM group received TJQW in addition to WM (15 g/bag, two bags at a time, three times a day). The incidence of severe disease and chest computed tomography (CT) findings before and after treatment were compared between groups. Dynamic analysis was performed on white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte count (LYM), lymphocyte percentage (LYM%), Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) and symptom scores within 15 d of enrolment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Six cases in the TJQW + WM group progressed to severe disease, with an incidence of 7.89% (6/76), while 16 cases in the WM group progressed to severe disease, with an incidence of 20% (16/80, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.025), and the difference was significant. The CT scores of the TJQW + WM group decreased continuously from day 6 of disease onset and were significantly lower than those of the WM group on days 12 and 15, with significant differences. On day 12 of the disease, the improvements in WBC and LYM in the TJQW + WM group were superior to those in the WM group, with significant differences. The KL-6 levels of the two groups were compared by fitting the data to a generalised linear model. After controlling for the effects of time from onset to detection, the KL-6 level of the TJQW + WM group was significantly lower than that of the WM group (&lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; = 3.703, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.01). Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed on the total score of major symptoms and showed insignificant differences (&lt;em&gt;F =&lt;/em&gt; 0.031, &lt;em&gt;P =&lt;/em&gt; 0.871). However, there was an interaction effect between treatment plan and treatment duration, with significant differences in the degree of change at each time point for the global scores (&lt;em&gt;F&lt;/em&gt; = 6.502, &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.01). The TJQW + WM group showed a better improvement in symptoms and a reduction in the expression of inflammatory factors than the WM group.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;TJQW could effectively decrease ","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 303-311"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhein/Fe3+ nanoassembly for triple-negative breast cancer treatment via a ferroptosis and immunogenic death","authors":"Shuntao Liang ,&nbsp;Licheng Gan ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Tao ,&nbsp;Fei Xia ,&nbsp;Qingchao Tu ,&nbsp;Linying Zhong ,&nbsp;Yuanfeng Fu ,&nbsp;Yinan Liu ,&nbsp;Yuqing Meng ,&nbsp;Qiaoli Shi ,&nbsp;Junzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Jigang Wang ,&nbsp;Chong Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 481-483"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genus Cucumis: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application, and toxicology","authors":"Hesham M. El-Sayed ,&nbsp;Engy A. Mahrous ,&nbsp;Dalia M. Rasheed ,&nbsp;Essam Abdel-Sattar","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genus <em>Cucumis</em> L. (Cucurbitaceae), flourishes across temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions. Species within the genus have a long-standing history in traditional ethnomedicinal practices throughout Asia and Africa, addressing a wide spectrum of ailments, including gastrointestinal, metabolic, urogenital, hepatic, dermatological, cardiovascular, respiratory, inflammatory, and infectious disorders. Despite this extensive traditional use, the full therapeutic potential of <em>Cucumis</em> remains underexplored.</div><div>This review comprehensively explores the traditional ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, clinical evidence, and toxicological profiles of <em>Cucumis</em> species. A systematic survey of internationally recognized scientific databases and authoritative repositories, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, and revealed over 428 bioactive compounds spanning through diverse phytochemical classes. These classes include steroids, triterpenoids (predominantly cucurbitacins), flavonoids (particularly <em>C</em>,<em>O</em>-glycosylflavones), coumarins, other phenolics, and additional secondary metabolites. Collectively, these compounds demonstrate multifaceted bioactivities, encompassing anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, organ-protective, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, as validated through <em>in vitro</em>, <em>in vivo</em>, and limited clinical studies. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these pharmacological effects remain inadequately elucidated.</div><div>By integrating traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge with contemporary research approaches, this review highlights the necessity of advancing scientific insight into the genus <em>Cucumis</em> and its bioactive constituents. Future research should focus on comprehensive phytochemical profiling, mechanistic elucidation, clinical evaluations, and rigorous toxicological assessments to ensure the safe and effective application of various <em>Cucumis</em> species in modern herbal medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 343-376"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yu-Ping-Feng-San mitigates development of emphysema and its exacerbation induced by influenza virus in mice","authors":"Lingzhu Deng ,&nbsp;Yaorong Chen ,&nbsp;Ruifeng Chen ,&nbsp;Shengle Qin ,&nbsp;Xiao Wu ,&nbsp;Shiyun Liang ,&nbsp;Tongmei Shi ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Runfeng Li ,&nbsp;Zifeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Yu-Ping-Feng-San (YPFS) has been found to significantly reduce exacerbation rate and the risk of a second exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the effect of YPFS on emphysema development and its exacerbation caused by influenza virus is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of YPFS on the impaired lung function and increased inflammation that occurs during the development and exacerbation of emphysema.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study developed an emphysema mice model using porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and treated it with YPFS [1 950, 975, and 487.5 mg/(kg·d)] once daily. On day 7 post-PPE challenge, peripheral leucocytes and inflammatory cells in lungs were analyzed, respectively. Pulmonary inflammatory mediators were determined. On day 28, invasive lung function and inflammatory mediators were measured. In addition, histopathological changes at both time points were assessed. We also developed an exacerbation of emphysema mouse model by intratracheally infected mice with influenza H1N1 virus on day 28. After infection, YPFS administration was discontinued, and the protective effect was determined by lung function, viral titer and cytokine levels in the lungs, and lung histopathological changes on day 5 post-infection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results demonstrated that 32 days of YPFS administration significantly improved lung function and reduced severity of emphysema in PPE-treated mice. It significantly reduced monocytes and neutrophils, while increased lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Additionally, YPFS inhibited the accumulation of alveolar macrophages and the expression of cytokines in mice treated with PPE. MMP-9, fibronectin, and VEGF, which are inflammatory mediators associated with airway remodeling, were also inhibited by YPFS. The results also demonstrated that YPFS prophylaxis prior to viral infection benefited mice treated with PPE and H1N1 as evidenced by decreased lung cytokine levels, lowered lung index, and improved lung histopathology.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>YPFS prevents the development of emphysema and its exacerbation induced by influenza virus in mice. Our finding provides scientific evidence for the prophylaxis application of YPFS in mitigating acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 294-302"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139828400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A methodological approach for complex mixture aqueous solution analysis by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy","authors":"Lingyu Han ,&nbsp;Qun Zhou ,&nbsp;Hang Yin ,&nbsp;Suqin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To develop an <em>in situ</em>, nondestructive approach for simultaneously acquiring overall structural and intermolecular interaction information of multiple components in complex aqueous mixtures without sample separation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this paper, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was utilized to detect and analyze the juice and decoction (clinical application forms) of different processed products of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)<em>—Rehmanniae Radix</em> (Dihuang in Chinese). By the analysis of IR and the second derivative IR (SD-IR) spectra, the spectral structure information of water, organic acid, stachyose, glucose, galactose, fructose, manninotriose, amino acid and protein in the mixture system was extracted through non separation fingerprint characteristic.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A large number of <em>in situ</em> dynamic tracked IR spectra, obtained by ATR-FTIR and TimeBase software, were used to excavate the changes of absorption peak intensity (structural analysis) and diffusion velocity (time resolution) in the process of liquid adsorption-diffusion. The results indicated the coexistence of free hydroxyl groups, intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, analyzed by two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DCOS-IR), confirming their complex and dynamic hydrogen-bonding network structures. Furthermore, spectral analysis revealed interactions among the various active components in the mixtures, providing a microstructural basis for interpreting their holistic effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provided a theoretical basis for the efficacy and pharmacologic mechanism of different processed forms of TCM from the perspective of physical chemistry. Also, it discussed how to carry out nondestructive and <em>in situ</em> dynamic tracking of complex mixture aqueous solution system, and how to study the timeliness, synergy and interaction of samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 439-451"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future prospects of antiviral research in traditional Chinese medicine","authors":"Kexin Wang ,&nbsp;Zifeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2026.02.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating viral diseases through holistic approaches and multi-component formulations. In response to emerging global viral threats like coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), TCM has demonstrated significant potential in both antiviral and immune-modulatory roles. This review summarizes the current state of TCM antiviral research, highlighting advances in identifying active components and elucidating their mechanisms, which include direct viral inhibition and immune regulation. Technological innovations, including artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery and advanced extraction methods, are accelerating the development of TCM antiviral products. However, challenges remain in standardization, mechanistic validation, and international regulatory acceptance. Looking ahead, research should prioritize systems pharmacology, the development of multi-dimensional evaluation models, standardized clinical trials, and global health integration. By addressing these challenges, TCM can play a vital role in worldwide antiviral strategies and public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 226-230"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring possible mechanisms of antiviral effect of Shufeng Jiedu Capsule on viral pneumonia: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Shan Cao ,&nbsp;Lei Bao ,&nbsp;Zihan Geng ,&nbsp;Yingli Xu ,&nbsp;Bo Pang ,&nbsp;Jingsheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Jun Pan ,&nbsp;Yaxin Wang ,&nbsp;Mengping Chen ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanyan Bao ,&nbsp;Jing Sun ,&nbsp;Ronghua Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaolan Cui ,&nbsp;Shanshan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.chmed.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chmed.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections. Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJD) has a broad-spectrum antiviral effect, however, it is not clear whether SFJD acts by targeting the immune-inflammatory pathway. The aim of this study was to elucidate the therapeutic effect and the mechanism of antiviral action of SFJD in mice with influenza virus pneumonia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, a mouse model of influenza virus pneumonia was used to evaluate the efficacy of SFJD in the treatment of influenza virus pneumonia. Next, the potential pathways of action by which SFJD exerts its antiviral effects were analysed in conjunction with network pharmacology and and untargeted metabolomics. Finally, <em>in vivo</em> experimental validation was conducted through protein immunoblotting, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SFJD significantly reduced lung index, lowered viral load, attenuated lung tissue lesions, modulated inflammatory metabolism in lung tissue, reduced macrophage inflammatory infiltration and protected lung epithelial cells in mice. The results of the network pharmacological analysis and metabolomics analysis suggested that SFJD might act through the Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88(MyD88)/ TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF6)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-<em>κ</em>B) signalling pathway. SFJD was able to down-regulate the expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and NF-<em>κ</em>B proteins in lung tissues.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SFJD could effectively attenuate lung injury induced by influenza virus infection and provide a scientific basis for the protection of respiratory mucosal epithelial cells. SFJD could effectively alleviate lung injury by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway, inhibiting the levels of TNF-<em>α</em>, IL-6, which may be the key mechanism for its antiviral effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9916,"journal":{"name":"Chinese Herbal Medicines","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 282-293"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}