Chemical Science最新文献

{"title":"Syndirella: synthesis-directed fragment elaboration enables extensive and cost-effective binding site exploration beyond catalog compounds.","authors":"Kate K Fieseler, Max Winokan, Joseph A Morrone, Charlotte M Deane, Frank von Delft, Warren Thompson","doi":"10.1039/d6sc02032a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc02032a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fragment screens provide an information-rich starting point for designing derivative compounds in structure-based drug discovery. However, derivatives in the fragment-to-hit stage are typically designed from only one or a few fragments, risking premature convergence on an unproductive series and dramatically limiting exploration of the binding site's interaction opportunities. This is avoidable by exploring a broad, chemically diverse set of scaffolds and elaborations spanning interactions revealed across many fragments, as well as those not yet observed. Conventional catalog procurement makes this breadth of testing prohibitively expensive for early discovery. In-house high-throughput (HT) synthesis can raise interaction productivity, the number of unique predicted protein-ligand interactions achievable within a given budget, by lowering the cost per compound, including labor and consumables, yet no design tool exists for this purpose. We introduce <i>Syndirella</i> (Synthesis Directed Elaborations), which presents a candidate elaboration space around input fragment-derived scaffolds, constrained to HT-compatible reactions and catalog reactants, for cost-effective sampling of many scaffolds' elaborations in a single experimental cycle. Applied to three viral protein targets, Syndirella designs demonstrated pharmacophore diversity, recapitulating known fragment interactions, identifying novel functionally relevant ones, and accessing chemical space absent from commercial catalogs. A companion paper details validation on a calcium-binding protein, yielding crystallographic structures and measurable binding, with in-house synthesis achieving a 71% cost reduction over catalog purchasing, labor and consumables included. Reactant rather than product procurement gives potentially 2.5 times as many accessible compounds and higher interaction productivity for the same budget. Syndirella is most impactful for structure-enabled campaigns with fragment-bound crystal structures, robust HT chemistry, and assays compatible with crude reaction mixtures, and is available at https://github.com/oxpig/syndirella.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13656017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability enhancement of blue organic light-emitting diodes through exciton-density-dependent degradation analysis and triplet management.","authors":"Mingliang Xie, Donghao Wen, Lei Xu, Junjie Guo, Biao Chen, Xianjie Li, Yue Yu, Yuguang Ma","doi":"10.1039/d6sc05024g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6sc05024g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Achieving long operational stability in blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remains a challenge. Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is widely used to evaluate molecular robustness, yet it mainly reflects static chemical stability and does not account for exciton- and polaron-related degradation in operating devices. A semi-quantitative exciton-density-dependent degradation framework is developed by combining intrinsic BDE with activation-energy analysis to rationalize emitter stability under electrical excitation. The analysis indicates that the stability window of anthracene-based blue triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) systems is affected by both intrinsic bond strength and the steady-state populations of triplet excitons and polarons. Triplet-related bond cleavage serves as a critical degradation channel, which tightens the BDE requirement. Reducing local polarons/triplet accumulation lowers the exciton-induced activation-energy contribution, mitigates bimolecular quenching, and broadens the design space for stable blue emitters. Following this principle, dual-emissive-layer blue TTA OLEDs were constructed to redistribute recombination and triplet-utilization zones, achieving a high blue index (BI ≈ 255 cd A^-1/CIEy at <i>J</i> = 10 mA cm^-2) and improved operational stability (LT95 = 46.18 h at 5300 cd m^-2, extrapolated LT95 = 854.94 h @ 1000 cd m^-2). These results highlight the importance of triplet-density management in stable blue OLEDs and provide qualitative guidance for exciton-management strategies in related OLED systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible receptor architectures for anion recognition <i>via</i> ionic hydrogen bonding.","authors":"Anjusha Prakash, Austin R Sartori, Aco Radujević, Mikhail Zamkov, Pavel Anzenbacher","doi":"10.1039/d6sc04901j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6sc04901j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphate anions play key roles in biology, chemistry, the environment, and are important industrial raw materials. However, their recognition, binding, and sensing in water are complicated by their structural diversity, multiple protonation states, and strong hydration. Well-pre-organized macrocyclic receptors are used to increase selectivity and affinity by reducing the entropy associated with the adaptation of the receptor to the phosphate guests. However, the synthesis and purification of macrocyclic sensors is difficult, marred by low yields. Linear (non-macrocyclic) receptors and sensors are easy to synthesize and purify, but may display lower overall affinity and selectivity. We explored the utility of simple linear sensors that contain ionic hydrogen-bonding donors, namely ammonium, isothiouronium, and guanidinium, for phosphorus oxyanions. Anion binding was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Quantitative binding was determined by fluorescence titrations. Titrations revealed the general order of affinity to be H₂PO₄ ^- > HAsO₄ ^2- > H₂P₂O₇ ^2- > ADP^2- ≥ ATP^3- ≫ AMP^-, and <i>K</i> _assoc ∼ 10⁴-10⁵ M^-1. These sensors could also bind and sense the potentially carcinogenic herbicide glyphosate (<i>K</i> _assoc ∼ 10³ M^-1). Due to their flexible linear structure, these sensors were cross-reactive and, with their distinct ionic hydrogen bonding, they also displayed partial selectivity that could be leveraged in sensor arrays amenable to high-throughput sensing. High-throughput fluorescence data were analyzed using machine learning, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machine (SVM)-based linear regressions to obtain 100% correct classification and quantification. Regression analyses allowed the determination of unknown analyte concentrations. LODs were ∼1.0 µM for phosphate and pyrophosphate, while LODs for ATP and ADP were determined to be 1.6-4.5 µM. Overall, these simple linear sensors, despite not being able to leverage the macrocyclic effect, provide a viable alternative at a fraction of the cost and synthetic effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial weak interaction bridges in PVDF-HFP electrolytes <i>via</i> nano-ZrP enable fast charging of solid-state lithium batteries.","authors":"Yanting Ma, Songsheng Zheng, Jianyang Wu, Kai Zou, Shujian Bai, Zhaolin Wang, Xiang Li","doi":"10.1039/d6sc05344k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc05344k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(vinylidene fluoride-<i>co</i>-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)-based polymer electrolytes have garnered significant interest for solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) owing to their high ionic conductivity, robust mechanical strength, and superior thermal stability. However, undesired phase separation within the polymer matrix during film formation impedes rapid ion migration. To address this, a cost-effective zirconium phosphate (ZrP) filler featuring a two-dimensional layered architecture is incorporated into the PVDF-HFP matrix. The 2D ZrP nanosheets not only modulate polymer particle size and bridge adjacent spherulitic domains to construct continuous ion transport channels, but also leverage their abundant surface chemistry, namely strong DMF adsorption and -OH⋯TFSI^- interactions, to reconfigure the Li⁺ solvation sheath and attenuate the Li⁺-TFSI^- coulombic attraction. This synergistic combination of topological and chemical functionality accelerates ion migration, as evidenced by a high ionic conductivity of 1.4 × 10^-3 S cm^-1. Furthermore, a compact LiF-rich interphase is formed on both the anode and the cathode, effectively suppressing interfacial side reactions during high-rate cycling. Consequently, benefiting from these synergistic effects, Li‖Li symmetric cells demonstrate stable cycling at 0.3 mA cm^-2, and Li‖LiFePO₄ full cells deliver a high capacity of ∼96.7 mAh g^-1 even after over 700 cycles at 5C. This work presents a promising filler-mediated strategy to accelerate ion migration for high-performance SSLMBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13636258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemistry-informed Bayesian control and policy distillation for autonomous pH adjustment in diverse chemical systems.","authors":"Siyuan Zhang, Lin Huang, Tianci Shi, Yibo Xie, Jing Yang, Yibin Jiang, Cheng Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6sc03882d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6sc03882d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adjusting pH of an arbitrary solution to a specified target remains difficult to automate when buffering behavior is unknown, nonlinear, and composition-dependent. We formulate pH adjustment as a sequential inference-and-control problem and develop a chemistry-informed Particle Filtering (PF) Bayesian controller that updates an explicit dose-pH response model. Across five independently generated benchmark sets of 3000 simulation tasks, the PF controller achieved 95.4 ± 0.6% success, requiring 4.84 ± 0.09 additions among successful tasks. PF state-action trajectories were subsequently distilled into a lightweight neural policy, which achieved 89.2 ± 0.5% success. In a separate matched 100-task timing cohort, the median observation-to-action latency was 40.1 ms per recorded PF decision cycle and approximately 0.15 ms per neural-policy call. Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), a reinforcement-learning method, was then evaluated as an optional refinement of the distilled policy and achieved 93.9 ± 0.6% success with 5.2 ± 0.1 additions among successful tasks. The PF and PPO controllers were then implemented on an automated liquid-handling and pH-sensing platform and applied to mixed-acid solutions, laboratory wastewater, pH-controlled milk acid precipitation, and Cu(ii)-sulfosalicylic acid complexation. Together, these results establish a workflow connecting inspectable online response-model inference with policy distillation and optional data-driven refinement for autonomous pH control.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13643531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149135168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-dehydrogenative coupling macrocyclization for the construction of donor-acceptor nanohoops.","authors":"Baitan Chakraborty, Yury Torubaev, Yuan-Qiu-Qiang Yi, Naoki Nakatani, Christine K Luscombe","doi":"10.1039/d6sc05000j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6sc05000j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Donor (D) and acceptor (A) (D-A) architectures in cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs), or nanohoops, offer property tunability beyond what can be controlled by ring size. However, the synthesis of D-A nanohoops using traditional cross-coupling requires monomer prefunctionalization, which reduces step and atom economy. We report a catalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) macrocyclization strategy to access the [8]nanohoop cyclo(2,5-thienylene)(perfluoro-1,4-phenylene) ([8]CTPFP) with D-A architecture. A strain-relieving L-shaped precursor bearing thiophene termini is used in a Pd-catalyzed C-H/C-H cross-coupling reaction with 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene to form the precursor macrocycle pre[8]CTPFP in an atom- and step-economic route, circumventing the use of organometallic reagents. Subsequently, a BBr₃-mediated reductive aromatization at room temperature is shown to furnish the target nanohoop [8]CTPFP. The overall synthetic route presents a reduced synthetic complexity compared to those reported for comparable [8]nanohoops with D-A architecture. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that the intrinsic nanotubular assembly of [8]CTPFP in the solid state is perturbed by π-rich solvent inclusion. A significantly red-shifted emission is observed, despite lacking internal charge-transfer (ICT) character. This work provides a proof-of-concept for catalytic C-H activation as a tool for the streamlined syntheses of D-A nanohoop architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting CO₂ hydrogenation to C₂₊ hydrocarbons <i>via</i> phase modulation using a Ni-doped CuCo catalyst.","authors":"Chenglong Yu, Jun He, Longbo Zhang, Ying Wang, Xianyu Meng, Yanru Zhang, Yanyan Wang, Jia Guo, Zhuo Zhang, Xinning Song, Bin Zhang, Qingli Qian, Buxing Han","doi":"10.1039/d6sc05518d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc05518d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to C₂₊ hydrocarbons is one of the most promising routes to achieving carbon neutrality. However, the development of effective catalysts to promote this transformation is still a challenging task. This work modulates the phase composition of CuCo bimetallic oxide catalysts through Ni doping, thereby influencing the strong electronic interactions at the material's surface and interface. The Ni doping promotes the production of straight-chain C₂₊ hydrocarbons <i>via</i> CO₂ hydrogenation, without formation of oxygenates. Notably, the Ni_0.1Cu₁/CoO _<i>x</i> catalyst with Ni doping at a Ni : Cu ratio of 0.1 exhibits an impressive 63.0% selectivity for C₂₊ hydrocarbons during liquid-solid phase CO₂ hydrogenation at a low temperature of 200 °C. With the phase transformation during the Ni doping, the strong interactions between Cu oxide and Co oxide species are enhanced, and the electronic structures of Cu and Co are finely tuned. The strongly coupled heterointerfaces (<i>i.e.</i>, Cu⁰/Cu⁺-CoO _<i>x</i> interfaces) and numerous active sites (such as Co²⁺-O_v-Co²⁺, Cu⁰/Cu⁺, Ni-O-Co and/or Co₂C) generated by this process may facilitate the formation of key *CO and *CH _<i>x</i> species, which are further converted into C₂₊ hydrocarbons. This study provides insights for optimizing Co-based catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cu-S bonding regulates polarization loss in ordered Cu-PEDOT networks under an electromagnetic field.","authors":"Qinglin Zhou, Daohu Sheng, Hao Wang, Songmao Han, Lanxin Wang, Siyao Cheng, Wei Dong, Aming Xie","doi":"10.1039/d6sc05819a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc05819a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conductive polymers have emerged as promising lightweight electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers because of their low density, high electrical conductivity, and facile synthesis. However, their intrinsically disordered chain packing and excessive charge transport remain key obstacles to polarization loss regulation and impedance matching optimization. Consequently, simultaneously regulating polarization loss and impedance matching remains a central challenge in conductive-polymer-based EMW absorbers. Here, we develop an interchain coordination strategy to construct a layered Cu-PEDOT coordination polymer network (PEDOT = poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)), in which Cu-S bonding serves as a molecular handle to regulate polarization loss under an electromagnetic field. Thanks to the tunable Cu-S bonding density, such a platform allows the systematic modulation of the local electronic structure, charge transport behavior, and density of polarization centers. Density functional theory calculations reveal coordination-induced charge redistribution and local electronic asymmetry around the Cu²⁺ sites. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis further confirms bonding-density-dependent evolution of polaronic states. Together with the ordered layered architecture and abundant interlayer interfaces, these coordination-regulated electronic features strengthen polarization relaxation while maintaining favorable impedance matching. The optimized Cu-PEDOT-2 achieves a minimum reflection loss of -69.53 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.00 GHz. Overall, this study establishes interchain coordination as a powerful molecular design strategy for balancing charge transport and polarization loss in conductive polymers, providing a rational route toward lightweight high-performance EMW absorbers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13636764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taming the carbamoyl radical for selective hydrocarbamidation of alkynes <i>via</i> metallaphotoredox catalysis.","authors":"Nandita Ahalyan, Pintu Ghosh, Vikash Kumar, Sudip Maiti, Abhaykumar Rajpara, Saikat Pandit, Debabrata Maiti","doi":"10.1039/d6sc01758d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc01758d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The direct addition of an amide group across unsaturated C-C bonds remains a persistent challenge in chemical transformations. Although nickel-catalyzed hydrocarbamoylation and hydroamidation reactions of alkynes have been developed under thermal conditions, these protocols typically require formamide and isocyanate as amide surrogates, which restricts their utility due to the limited range of compatible amide coupling partners. Herein, we probed a synthetically mild and efficient hydrocarbamidation of alkynes using carbamoyl chlorides enabled by Ir-photoredox/Ni catalysis. This protocol uniquely integrates the reactivity of silane in photocatalytic radical generation from carbamoyl chlorides and the efficient merging of the carbamoyl radical with the nickel catalytic cycle. The method exhibits substrate scope encompassing various alkynes and a diverse array of carbamoyl chlorides, and delivers the corresponding acrylamides with synthetically useful yields. Owing to its operational simplicity, scalability, and mild reaction conditions, this strategy provides a valuable platform for late-stage functionalization of drug-like molecules and synthesis of complex acrylamide scaffolds, which are widely found in pharmacophores and materials-science-related compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordination-cage-templated multivalent glycan arrays: effects of mixed-glycan composition and chain length on lectin binding","authors":"Callum L Pritchard,Melissa Ligorio,Filip Kusnir,Matthew I. Gibson,Michael D. Ward","doi":"10.1039/d6sc01981a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6sc01981a","url":null,"abstract":"The multivalent display of glycans in glycoclusters is typically achieved on geometry- and valency-disperse scaffolds such as polymers or nanoparticles, bearing a single glycan type; but the less explored heterogeneous display of multiple glycan types in a cluster may allow access to more avid or multifunctional glycomaterials. Here we deploy two distinct synthetic strategies to obtain self-assembled M8L12 coordination cages bearing 24 glycan residues of two distinct types, pendant from a strictly monodisperse, structurally predictable coordination cage scaffold formed in a single self-assembly step. Turbidimetry measurements revealed that the heterogeneous glycan displays result in significant differences in how the cages bind to representative lectins compared to homo-glycan arrays based on the same cages, underlining the value of structurally predictable, programmable, coordination cages as scaffolds which give access to increasingly complex glycomaterials, with precise control over heterogeneous glycan displays which is not possible with other materials-led approaches. In addition we have examined the effect of increasing chain length (connecting cage core to pendant glycan array) and have found significant changes in lectin binding affinities with spacer length which will inform the design of next-generation glyco-cages.","PeriodicalId":9909,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science","volume":"269 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}