Central European Journal of Biology最新文献

{"title":"A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and M. l. obtusa Crude Venoms","authors":"Naşit Iğci, F. D. O. Demiralp","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0039","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules and have been investigated using various bioanalytical methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a sensitive method that can be used to analyze biological samples. The aim of this study is to apply the FTIR spectroscopy method for the characterization of snake venom. Materials and Methods: The study characterized the lyophilized crude venoms of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and M. l. obtusa by FTIR spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method in the mid-infrared region and compared the spectra between the two subspecies. The band area and intensity values were calculated for comparison and wavenumbers were detected by automated peak picking. Additionally, the study analyzed the secondary structure of venom proteins by using the second derivative spectra. Results: The study detected fourteen major and minor peaks in absorbance spectra which were assigned to various biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Four major sub-bands were observed in the second derivative spectra of Amide I-II region indicating different protein secondary structures. It was observed that there are some quantitative differences and peak shifts between the spectra of venoms of two subspecies, indicating the alteration of biomolecules. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of the FTIR-ATR spectroscopy method focusing solely on the characterization of crude snake venoms in literature, accompanied with detailed peak assignment and protein secondary structure analysis. As a preliminary reference study, the results showed the usefulness of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy for the physicochemical characterization of lyophilized snake venom.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75375009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Olaparib and Bortezomib Combination Treatment on Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines","authors":"Caglar Berkel, Burak Kucuk, M. Usta, E. Yilmaz, E. Cacan","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0035","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and has a poor survival rate due to late diagnosis and chemoresistance development. In the standard treatment of OC, platinum-based chemotherapeutics are used. However, following several rounds of chemotherapy, these drugs’ efficacy eventually becomes limited due to the development of chemoresistance in most patients who previously responded to this treatment. Therefore, overcoming chemoresistance in the treatment of OC is of high importance. In this study, we investigated the effect of combinatorial inhibition of poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase (PARP) and proteasome by olaparib and bortezomib on chemosensitive and chemoresistant OC cell lines. Materials and Methods: We used sulphorhodamine B assay to screen cell viability following drug treatments alone or in combination, and used the cytotoxicity data to model the effect of drugs on cell death in R programming environment. In addition to olaparib and bortezomib, we performed cytotoxicity screenings where we applied cisplatin to OC cells. We also carried out flow cytometry analysis to quantify apoptotic cells following treatments. Results: We showed that combination treatment was more effective on chemosensitive OC cell lines when cisplatin was not used. In the presence of cisplatin, olaparib and bortezomib combination treatment resulted in higher cytotoxicity in chemoresistant OC lines compared to chemosensitive OC cell lines. Combinatorial inhibition of PARP and proteasome led to a higher number of apoptotic cells in OV2008 chemosensitive cell line compared to drugs alone. Conclusion: Our data shows that olaparib and bortezomib combination treatment might show promise in vivo in the treatment of OC. Also, the efficacy of this combination treatment might be dependent on OC cells’ chemosensitivity profiles.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83242524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic Analysis of the Protective Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on Leaves of Barley Stressed by Salinity","authors":"M. Yıldız, M. Celik, H. Terzi","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The salinization of agricultural soils poses a serious challenge across the world. Although recent studies have shown that exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application can alleviate the harmful effects of salinity, the roles of SNP in the regulation of proteomic changes remain poorly understood. Materials and Methods: To unravel the protective roles of exogenous SNP in alleviating salt-induced damage in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), proteomic analysis was carried out on the leaves of seedlings exposed to 100 mM NaCl stress following 200 µM SNP pre-treatment. Results: Our results indicated that SNP pre-treatment restored the seedling growth reduced by salinity stress. Comparing 2-DE gels from the treatments showed that 24 proteins were differentially accumulated under SNP and/or NaCl stress treatments. Among them, 15 proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that several pathways were regulated by SNP and/or NaCl treatments, including photosynthesis, protein metabolism, stress defense, and energy metabolism. Exogenous SNP increased the expression levels of 20 kDa chaperonin, proteasome subunit beta type-2, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, thiazole biosynthetic enzyme 1-1, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 3, and elongation factor Tu proteins in the leaves of barley seedlings under NaCl stress. Conclusion: Our results indicate that SNP pre-treatment may induce salinity tolerance through regulation of photosynthesis, activation of stress defence, degradation of damaged proteins, and the promoting of the synthesis of polyamines, proline, and GABA.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88900888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of Apoptotic Proteins after Curcumin Treatment by Antibody Array in H69AR Lung Cancer Cells","authors":"S. Ilhan","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins after treatment with curcumin (Cur) on multiple drug-resistant H69AR non-small cell lung cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Viability of H69AR cells after Cur exposure (5-100 µg/mL) was evaluated via MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 h. Apoptosis was assessed via ELISA assay. Apoptosis related proteins of breast cancer cell lines were analyzed by a Human Apoptosis Antibody Array. Protein-protein interactions were analyzed and visualized by using the STRING database. Results: Cur inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in H69AR cells. The IC50 value of Cur in H69AR cells was 8.75 µg/ mL. The array results showed that the protein levels of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bad, Bax, Caspase-3, TRAIL R1, TRAIL R2, FADD, Fas, SMAC/DIABLO, HMOX2 were significantly increased by 2.4-, 3.1-, 2.6-, 3.1-, 3.4-, 2.4-, 2.1-, 4.1- and 5.5-fold in H69AR cells (p<0.05). Moreover, the protein levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, cIAP-1, CLU and HIF1A were significantly decreased by 4.1-, 3.2-, 2.2- and 2.0-fold, respectively in H69AR cells by Cur exposure (p<0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that Cur induced apoptosis of human H69AR cells via mediating several proteins involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85031209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Taxonomic Analysis on Some Lepidium L. taxa (Brassicaceae) from Turkey","authors":"M. Bona","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2020.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study reveals the relationship between Lepidium campestre, L. spinosum, L. sativum ssp. sativum, L. sativum ssp. spinescens, L. ruderale, L. virginicum, L. perfoliatum, L. vesicarium, L. caespitosum, L. pumilum, L. cartilagineum, L. latifolium, L. lyratum, L. graminifolium, to determine the effectiveness of the characters used in taxonomic classification, and to help solve taxonomical problems of this large genus at the specific and intraspecific levels by comparing the numerical results with classical taxonomic classification. Materials and Methods: This numerical taxonomic study is based on morphological data that come from a wide range of herbarium material and material collected in the wild. For the analyses, 14 taxa were studied. A range of characteristics of sepal, petal, stamen, silicle, pedicel, septum, stigma, and sinus that are considered to be taxonomically important in the genus were investigated. Morphological data, 90 character states, which belong to 55 characters scored as the binary state for each taxon were used in unweighted pair–group method using arithmetic averages and principle components analyses. Results: L. caespitosum, L. pumilum and L. cartilagineum are recognised at species rank, not subspecies or varieties. L. sativum ssp. sativum and L. sativum ssp. spinescens should be evaluated as two subspecies not synonyms of Lepidium sativum. The most effective characters for the delimitation of the studied taxa are seed length, the habitus of plant, sepal length, septum length, seed wings, the presence of swelling leaf residues on the base of the plant, pedicel length. Conclusion: Numerical analysis studies based on morphological data on Lepidium taxa growing in Turkey are a useful tool for solving the taxonomic problems of taxa belonging to the genus Lepidium.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82813308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Inhibits MEK1/2 Signaling in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells","authors":"A. Yıldız","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2019.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2019.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Targeted cancer therapy using targeted cell proliferation inhibitors has become increasingly more critical. Studies conducted over the last decade have shown that non-steroidal drugs containing salicylic acid (SA) such as aspirin reduce mortality in many cancers. From this perspective, there are data suggesting SA as a potential inhibitor of the mitogenic MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated-protein-kinase, MAPK), extracellular-signal regulated-protein-kinase (ERK)) signaling, which could be highly effective in the prevention of proliferation in cancer. To date, no study has been conducted on the effect of SA on MEK1/2 signaling in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, the aim of this study is to reveal whether SA has an effect on MEK1/2 signaling in neuroblastoma cancer which is a frequent pediatric cancer with poor prognosis. Materials and Methods: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a SA analog acibenzolar-S-methyl had an effect on the MEK1/2 signaling pathway and on cell viability in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) cell viability analysis and MEK1/2 and active caspase-3 detection by western blotting technique. Results: MTS cell viability test indicated that 10 mM acibenzolar-S-methyl reduces cell viability by 50%. Western blotting results of 10 mM acibenzolar-S-methyl–treated cells showed that MEK1/2 signaling was significantly inhibited in SH-SY5H cells. Besides, an increase in active-caspase-3 levels provided insight into acibenzolar-S-methyl’s apoptotic effect which needs further morphological apoptotic data. Conclusion: Our research is the first to show that SA analog acibenzolar-S-methyl negatively affects MEK1/2 signaling causing the death of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Our results can give insight not only into understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis but also into developing effective treatment methods.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74191981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report on the Occurrence of Invasive Macrophyte Elodea canadensis Michx. in Sapanca Lake","authors":"S. Ersoy, Yelda Aktan Turan","doi":"10.26650/EURJBIOL.2019.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/EURJBIOL.2019.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Elodea canadensis Michx. is a common invasive aquatic macrophyte that has successfully spread along European, Asian and Australian inland waters. The aim of this study is to evaluate the presence and distribution of an alien and invasive species, E. canadensis, in Sapanca Lake (Turkey) for the first time. Materials and Methods: Sampling for macrophytes and main environmental parameters was carried out seasonally between the years 2016 and 2017 along the coasts of Sapanca Lake. Macrophytes samples were taken from bounded areas. Morphological observations were made on both unfixed-living and dried materials, and morphological details were observed under a light microscope. Results: Elodea canadensis Michx. was reported for the first time in Sapanca Lake during the spring period of 2016 with water temperatures of 20.9 ±0.9°C. A total of six submerged macrophytes species were recorded together with E. canadensis. Conclusion: The first record of this species in Sapanca Lake is important for contributing to the changing biodiversity dynamics of the lake and also contributes to the assessment of the possible ecological and economic risks of the region in terms of lake management.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76721243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karrikinolide Promotes Seed Germination but Has no Effect on Leaf Segment Senescence in Triticum aestivum L.","authors":"Nihal Goren Saglam, Kevser Duygun, G. Kaya, F. Vardar","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2019.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2019.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Germination and senescence are the two most important developmental processes in the plant life cycle. While seed germination is an important physiological event for the continuity of species, leaf senescence is also an important developmental process that impacts crop yields. Karrikins are a group of plant growth regulators found in the smoke generated by burning plant material. It has been suggested that karrikinolide (KAR1) is generally the most active karrikin in terms of stimulating germination. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of karrikinolide on germination and leaf segment senescence in wheat was investigated. For this purpose, control, 1 nM, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM KAR1 solutions were used. Firstly, the wheat seeds were germinated in the dark in these solutions and germination percentages and root lengths were measured. Secondly, 4 of first leaf segments (3cm. each) from 10-day-old wheat seedlings were placed in petri dishes containing 1, 10, 100 μM KAR1 and distilled water as a control. Following incubation, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, cell death amounts and total protein amounts were determined. Results: The obtained data shows that 1 μM KAR1 promotes germination and root length to the greatest extent. This suggests that karrikins have a promoting effect on the germination of wheat seeds. Our results demonstrate that KAR1 has no effect on leaf segment senescence. Conclusion:  Our study suggests that KAR1 has the potential to be used in agriculture to improve germination and seedling growth of crop species.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82946662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Tissue Factor Activity in the Saliva of Patients with Periodontitis","authors":"Ş. Oktay, Ozge Ozoner, E. E. Alturfan, Ülkü Noyan","doi":"10.26650/eurjbiol.2019.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eurjbiol.2019.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease, leads to the destruction of the periodontium and results in tooth loss. Reactive oxygen species are involved in the destruction of periodontal tissues and systemic inflammation. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the oxidative status in different kinds of periodontal disease and whether the treatment amends these effects. Materials and Methods: Whole saliva was collected from 30 patients with chronic marginal gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis at baseline and after non-surgical periodontal therapy and 10 healthy control subjects. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione-s-transferase, superoxide dismutase catalase and tissue factor (TF) activities were determined in the whole saliva. Results: Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly higher in periodontitis groups before non-surgical periodontal therapy and also increased LPO levels and decreased TF activities were found in these groups. Significant decreases in antioxidant enzymes and LPO levels, and increases in TF activities were detected after treatment. GSH levels increased after treatment. Conclusion: Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and LPO levels indicate destruction of periodontal tissues due to excessive radical production. Treatment of periodontitis and restoring the balance of oxidant-antioxidants ameliorates tissue damage caused by oxygen species and inflammation.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76358115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Atorvastatin on the Migraine Pathophysiology in Nitroglycerin Induced Migraine in Ovariectomized Rats","authors":"Ahmet Can Hiçyılmaz, K. Akgun-Dar","doi":"10.26650/EURJBIOL.2018.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/EURJBIOL.2018.0015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: Migraine is one of the common primary headaches which affects the majority of the population. However, in spite of increasing information on migraine pathophysiology and various researches, the underlying mechanisms of migraine attacks still not completely understood. Statins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects and they might be a useful drug for curing neurodegenerative disorders. There are several studies suggesting nitric oxide (NO) causes migraine attacks in migraine pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate the effects of atorvastatin (AT) which is a member of the statin family, on migraine pathophysiology in ovariectomized female rats in which migraine was stimulated using nitroglycerine (NTG). Materials and Methods: In the study, ovariectomized adult Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into 4 groups; control, NTG, AT, NTG+AT. We examined immunohistochemically inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), β-catenin expression on brain sections and biochemically c-fos, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), β-catenin, calcium-binding protein B (S100B), NO, total antioxidant capacity (TAS) and total oxidant capacity (TOS) levels. Results: Our results showed that AT was immunohistochemically increasing eNOS and nNOS levels, and reducing iNOS. In brain homogenates AT was reducing S100B, CGRP, c-fos, total Nitrite-Nitrate, β-catenin but increasing TAS and TOS. There was no change in MMP-2. Also, our findings showed that AT could inhibit astroglial activity with its anti-inflammatory effect and showed a protective effect towards blood-brain barrier and reduced the risk of possible neurodegenerative diseases in rats with migraine. Conclusion: Our findings showed that AT could inhibit astroglial activity with its anti-inflammatory effect and showed a protective effect towards blood-brain barrier and reduced the risk of possible neurodegenerative diseases in rats with migraine. Our results will provide a significant contribution to studies in this field.","PeriodicalId":9711,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Biology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78019813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}