Cancer journal最新文献

{"title":"Improving the Efficacy of Cancer mRNA Vaccines.","authors":"Ameya R Kirtane, Giovanni Traverso","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>mRNA vaccines consist of antigen-encoding mRNA, which produces the antigenic protein upon translation. Coupling antigen production with innate immune activation can generate a potent, antigen-specific T-cell response. Clinical reports have demonstrated the ability of mRNA vaccines to elicit an anticancer immune response against various tumor types. Here, we discuss strategies to enhance the potency of mRNA vaccines. We provide an overview of existing knowledge regarding the activation and trafficking mechanisms of mRNA vaccines and share optimization strategies to boost mRNA-mediated antigen production. In addition, we address methods to target mRNA vaccines to dendritic cells and lymph nodes, key initiators of the immune response. Finally, we review strategies for enhancing immune activation using adjuvants compatible with mRNA vaccines. mRNA vaccines offer unique advantages that can be utilized for oncology applications. However, significant work is needed to understand their underlying mechanisms and develop technologies to improve their effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer Immunogenomics Approaches and Applications to Cancer Vaccines.","authors":"Elizabeth A R Garfinkle, Elaine R Mardis","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The application of next-generation sequencing-based genomics and corresponding analytical pipelines have significantly improved our ability to identify tumor-unique antigenic peptides (\"neoantigens\") for the design of personalized vaccine therapies and to monitor immune responses to these vaccines. The more recent implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning into several of the more complex analytical components of the neoantigen selection process has provided significant improvements across a number of previously difficult aspects within neoantigen identification, as we will describe. Related technologies and analytics have been developed that enable the characterization of changes to the tumor immune microenvironment facilitated by vaccination and monitor systemic responses in patients. Here, we review these new methods and their application to the design, implementation, and evaluation of cancer vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neoantigen Vaccines in Cancer Prevention.","authors":"Abel Martel-Martel, Krishna M Sinha, Eduardo Vilar","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have established neoantigen-based vaccines as a promising approach to cancer prevention. Unlike tumor-associated antigens, neoantigens originate exclusively from somatic mutations, thus enabling tumor-specific targeting without harm to normal tissues. This distinctive feature promotes robust immune responses while reducing the risk of autoimmune side effects. Developing standardized \"off-the-shelf\" vaccines targeting shared neoantigens offers a scalable strategy for cancer prevention, particularly benefitting genetically predisposed high-risk populations. These vaccines can be administered to high-risk individuals before malignant transformation to potentially intercept cancer development through early immune activation. Advances in next-generation sequencing and computational biology have increased the accuracy of neoantigen prediction, while advances in vaccine delivery platforms have boosted vaccine efficacy. The integration of neoantigen-based vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune stimulants, and classic chemopreventive agents has a synergistic potential to improve cellular immunity. This review examines biological mechanisms, clinical development, and future directions of neoantigen-based vaccines in cancer prevention, emphasizing their clinical potential to revolutionize risk-reduction strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer Vaccines.","authors":"Elaine R Mardis","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000765","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives on Molecular Biomarkers in Adult Lower-Grade Gliomas.","authors":"Jessica L Fleming, Arnab Chakravarti","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>There has been a significant paradigm shift in the clinical management of lower-grade glioma patients given the recent updates to the 2021 World Health Organization classification along with long-term results from randomized phase III clinical trials. As a result, we are now better able to diagnose and assign patients to the most appropriate treatment course. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most robust and reliable molecular biomarkers for adult lower-grade gliomas and discusses current challenges facing this patient population that future correlative biology studies combined with advancements in technologies could help overcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Low-Grade Gliomas.","authors":"Maria Diaz, Peter C Pan","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000760","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The term \"low-grade glioma\" historically refers to adult diffuse gliomas that exhibit a less aggressive course than the more common high-grade gliomas. In the current molecular era, \"low-grade\" refers to World Health Organization central nervous system grade 2 gliomas almost always with an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation (astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas). The term \"lower-grade gliomas\" has emerged encompassing grades 2 and 3 IDH-mutant astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, to acknowledge that histological grade is not as important a prognostic factor as molecular features, and distinguishing them from grade 4 glioblastomas, which lack an IDH mutation. These grades 2 and 3 IDH-mutant tumors are characterized by indolent growth but are ultimately incurable in most cases, presenting significant management challenges. Physicians must carefully weigh all available evidence to balance improvements in survival from new treatments against treatment toxicities. This review summarizes the evidence guiding the treatment of these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Arnab Chakravarti","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000761","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe Lymphopenia Predicts Poorer Survival in Patients With Rectal Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation.","authors":"Daniel W Kim, Grace Lee, Elise M Cai, David P Ryan, Aparna R Parikh, Jill N Allen, Bruce J Giantonio, David L Berger, Hiroko Kunitake, Rocco Ricciardi, James C Cusack, Hannah J Roberts, Theodore S Hong, Jennifer Y Wo","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chemoradiation-induced lymphopenia is common and associated with poorer survival in multiple solid malignancies. However, the association between chemoradiation-related lymphopenia and survival outcomes in rectal cancer is yet unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of lymphopenia and its predictors in patients with rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The inclusion criteria for this single-institution retrospective study were as follows: (1) biopsy-proven diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma, (2) receipt of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery, and (3) absolute lymphocyte count available prior to and within 12 weeks of chemoradiation. In general, chemoradiation consisted of 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine and radiotherapy with 50.4 Gy over 28 fractions. Lymphopenia was graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. The primary variable of interest was absolute lymphocyte count nadir within 12 weeks of chemoradiation, dichotomized by <500/μL (grade 3 or worse lymphopenia). The primary endpoint was overall survival. Cox modeling and Kaplan-Meier methods were used to perform survival analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 193 patients were identified with a median follow-up of 68 months. Overall clinical stage was 2 in 21% and 3 in 76%. Median baseline lymphocyte count for the entire cohort was 1700/μL. One hundred ten patients (57%) experienced chemoradiation-related severe lymphopenia. Pathologic complete response rate was 21%; 83% received adjuvant chemotherapy. Lower baseline lymphocyte count was significantly associated with increased risk for chemoradiation-related severe lymphopenia (odds ratio, 1.71). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, chemoradiation-related severe lymphopenia was significantly associated with worse disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.64) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 4.32). Five-year overall survival was 79% versus 92%, and 5-year disease-free survival was 70% versus 86% in the cohort that experienced versus did not experience severe lymphopenia, respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Chemoradiation-induced lymphopenia is common and a prognostic marker of poorer survival in rectal cancer. Closer observation in high-risk patients and treatment modifications may be potential approaches to mitigating treatment-related lymphopenia. Our findings also suggest an important role of the host immunity in rectal cancer outcomes and support future studies investigating ways to reduce treatment-induced lymphopenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Directions in the Treatment of Low-Grade Gliomas.","authors":"Connor J Kinslow, Minesh P Mehta","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>There is major interest in deintensifying therapy for isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant low-grade gliomas, including with single-agent cytostatic isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors. These efforts need head-to-head comparisons with proven modalities, such as chemoradiotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials now group tumors by intrinsic molecular subtype, rather than classic clinical risk factors. Advances in imaging, surgery, and radiotherapy have improved outcomes in low-grade gliomas. Emerging biomarkers, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, radionuclides, and novel medical devices are a promising frontier for future treatment. Diverse representation in glioma research and clinical trials will help to ensure that advancements in care are realized by all groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143000711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolving Role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Personalized Oncologic Care.","authors":"Elizabeth M Jaworski, Theodore S Lawrence","doi":"10.1097/PPO.0000000000000757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000757","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9655,"journal":{"name":"Cancer journal","volume":"30 6","pages":"371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142715552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}