Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"C/EBP Homologous Protein: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis Treatment?","authors":"Jinjiao Shan, Sanlong Liu, Ying Liu, Jingguang Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07424-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07424-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9080195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left Ventricular Thrombus Management After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Clinical Practice: Results from LEVITATION Survey and Narrative Review.","authors":"Luca A F Di Odoardo, Matteo Bianco, Iván J Núñez Gil, Italo G Motolese, Alessandra Chinaglia, Marco Vicenzi, Stefano Carugo, Giulio G Stefanini, Enrico Cerrato","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07417-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07417-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction still presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The LEVITATION survey was designed to take a picture of LVT management in current clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The survey covered diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic issues and was completed by 104 European cardiac centers. Most of them (59%) were university or tertiary centers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey showed anterior apical a-/dyskinesia, large MI, spontaneous echo-contrast, late presentation with delayed PCI, and TIMI flow 0-1 as the most important perceived risk factors for LVT formation. Serial ultrasound imaging is the most used tool to diagnose LVT (88% of the centers), with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and cardiac MR performed in case of poor apex visualization or spontaneous echo-contrast. One third (34%) of the centers uses prophylactic anticoagulation to prevent LVT formation. In the presence of LVT, low molecular weight heparin is the most used in-hospital therapy. At discharge, vitamin K antagonist and direct oral anticoagulants are used in 67 and 32% of the cases, respectively. Triple antithrombotic therapy with aspirin plus clopidogrel and VKA is the most used strategy at discharge (55%), whereas a single antiplatelet therapy is preferred only in the case of moderate-to-high risk of bleeding. To assess LVT total regression, half of the centers use contrast-enhanced ultrasound and/or cardiac-MR. The duration of anticoagulation is usually 3-6 months (55%), with long-term prolongation in case of LVT persistence or recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The survey has depicted for the first time the current real-world management of this neglected topic and has highlighted several grey zones that are still present and not supported by evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10390600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-33 Suppresses the Progression of Atherosclerosis via the ERK1/2-IRF1-VCAM-1 Pathway.","authors":"Zhang Qian, Feng Shaofang, Chen Chen, Shi Chunhua, Wang Nan, Liu Chao","doi":"10.1007/s10557-023-07523-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-023-07523-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study was designed to explore the effects of interleukin 33 (IL-33) on the progression of atherosclerosis and the possible mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The adhesion assay was performed on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The expression of proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected by western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and P-selectin. The effect of IL-33 on the interaction of growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2) with myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1/4 were investigated using co-immunoprecipitation assay. An apolipoprotein (Apo) E^-/- mice model was used to confirm the effect of IL-33 on atherosclerosis progression. Area of plaques was recorded by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The severity of atherosclerosis plaque was evaluated using immunohistochemistry assay, and lipid accumulation was measured by an oil red O staining. In contrast, western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of VCAM-1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study observed that IL-33 suppressed cell adhesion and the expression of VCAM-1 in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) exposed HUVEC. Moreover, the addition of IL-33 significantly inhibited the expression of IRF1 and the binding level of IRF1 to VCAM-1 and also promoted the phosphorylation level of IRAK1/4 and ERK1/2 compared to TNF-α-stimulated HUVEC. The ST2 neutralizing antibody or ERK pathway inhibitor SCH772984 reversed the regulatory effects of IL-33 on HUVEC, suggesting that IL-33 suppressed IRF1 and VCAM-1 dependent on binding to ST2 and activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Further investigation in vivo confirmed that IL-33 decreased the expressions of IRF1 and VCAM-1 by activating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the thoracic aorta of Apo E^-/- mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, our results demonstrated that IL-33 plays a protective role in the progression of atherosclerosis by inhibiting cell adhesion via the ERK1/2-IRF1-VCAM-1 pathway. This study may provide a potential therapeutic way to prevent the development of atherosclerosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92152755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PrevAleNce and Associated factors of inappropriaTe dosing of direct Oral anticoaguLants In pAtients with Atrial Fibrillation: the ANATOLIA-AF Study.","authors":"Umut Kocabaş, Isil Ergin, Veysel Yavuz, Selda Murat, Ibrahim Özdemir, Ömer Genç, Cihan Altın, Haşim Tüner, Bengisu Keskin Meriç, Ali Çoner, Elif İlkay Yüce, Bedrettin Boyraz, Onur Aslan, Ahmet Dal, Taner Şen, Ersin İbişoğlu, Aslan Erdoğan, Mehmet Özgeyik, Mevlüt Demir, Ziya Gökalp Bilgel, Büşra Güvendi Şengör, Örsan Deniz Urgun, Mustafa Doğduş, Deniz Dilan Naki Tekin, Sinem Çakal, Sercan Çayırlı, Arda Güler, Dilay Karabulut, Onur Dalgıç, Osman Uzman, Bektaş Murat, Şeyda Şahin, Umut Karabulut, Tarık Kıvrak, Muharrem Said Coşgun, Ferhat Özyurtlu, Mehmet Kaplan, Emre Özçalık","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07409-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07409-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Inappropriate dosing of direct oral anticoagulants is associated with an increased risk of stroke, systemic embolism, major bleeding, cardiovascular hospitalization, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation. The main goal of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of inappropriate dosing of direct oral anticoagulants in real-life settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study that included 2004 patients with atrial fibrillation. The study population was recruited from 41 cardiology outpatient clinics between January and May 2021. The main criteria for inappropriate direct oral anticoagulant dosing were defined according to the recommendations of the European Heart Rhythm Association.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age of the study population was 72 years and 58% were women. Nine-hundred and eighty-seven patients were prescribed rivaroxaban, 658 apixaban, 239 edoxaban, and 120 dabigatran. A total of 498 patients (24.9%) did not receive the appropriate dose of direct oral anticoagulants. In a logistic regression model, advanced age, presence of chronic kidney disease and permanent atrial fibrillation, prescription of reduced doses of direct oral anticoagulants or edoxaban treatment, concomitant use of amiodarone treatment, and non-use of statin treatment were significantly associated with potentially inappropriate dosing of direct oral anticoagulants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrated that the prevalence of inappropriate direct oral anticoagulant dosing according to the European Heart Rhythm Association recommendations was 24.9% in patients with atrial fibrillation. Several demographic and clinical factors were associated with the inappropriate prescription of direct oral anticoagulants.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10544253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyroptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells as a Potential New Target for Preventing Vascular Diseases.","authors":"Chang Di, Meng Ji, Wenjin Li, Xiaoyi Liu, Rijan Gurung, Boyang Qin, Shu Ye, Rong Qi","doi":"10.1007/s10557-024-07578-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-024-07578-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular remodeling is the adaptive response of the vessel wall to physiological and pathophysiological changes, closely linked to vascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a crucial role in this process. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death characterized by excessive release of inflammatory factors, can cause phenotypic transformation of VSMCs, leading to their proliferation, migration, and calcification-all of which accelerate vascular remodeling. Inhibition of VSMC pyroptosis can delay this process. This review summarizes the impact of pyroptosis on VSMCs and the pathogenic role of VSMC pyroptosis in vascular remodeling. We also discuss inhibitors of key proteins in pyroptosis pathways and their effects on VSMC pyroptosis. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling and provide a foundation for the development of novel medications that target the control of VSMC pyroptosis as a potential treatment strategy for vascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141186495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impairment of Vascular Homeostasis in Acute Heart Failure: Enter the Monocyte?","authors":"Saifei Liu, Indy Aj Lawrie, Bibi Rabia, John D Horowitz","doi":"10.1007/s10557-024-07560-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-024-07560-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140193468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing versus Biventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Morbidity and Mortality.","authors":"Yixiu Liang, Zilong Xiao, Xi Liu, Jingfeng Wang, Ziqing Yu, Xue Gong, Hongyang Lu, Shengwen Yang, Min Gu, Lei Zhang, Minghui Li, Lei Pan, Xiao Li, Xueying Chen, Yangang Su, Wei Hua, Junbo Ge","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07410-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07410-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) has emerged as an alternative to biventricular pacing (BVP) for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We aimed to compare the morbidity and mortality associated with LBBAP versus BVP in patients undergoing CRT implantation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Consecutive patients who received CRT from two high-volume implantation centers were retrospectively recruited. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and heart failure hospitalization, and the secondary endpoint was all-cause death.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 491 patients receiving CRT (154 via LBBAP and 337 via BVP) were included, with a median follow-up of 31 months. The primary endpoint was reached by 21 (13.6%) patients in the LBBAP group, as compared with 74 (22.0%) patients in the BVP group [hazard ratio (HR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-1.14, P = 0.15]. There were 10 (6.5%) deaths in the LBBAP group, as compared with 31 (9.2%) in the BVP group (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.44-1.86, P = 0.79). No significant difference was observed in the risk of either the primary or secondary endpoint between LBBAP and BVP after multivariate Cox regression (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.45-1.23, P = 0.24, and HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.36-1.67, P = 0.51, respectively) or propensity score matching (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.41-1.29, P = 0.28, and HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.29-1.65, P = 0.40, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LBBAP was associated with a comparable effect on morbidity and mortality relative to BVP in patients with indications for CRT.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40458820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of CYP2C19 Genotype-Guided Escalation of P2Y₁₂ Inhibitor Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Kidney Disease: a Post Hoc Analysis of the TAILOR-PCI Study.","authors":"Roy O Mathew, Mandeep S Sidhu, Charanjit S Rihal, Ryan Lennon, Mohammed El-Hajjar, Neil Yager, Radmila Lyubarova, Khaled Abdul-Nour, Steven Weitz, D Fearghas O'Cochlain, Vishakantha Murthy, Justin Levisay, Kevin Marzo, John Graham, Vlad Dzavik, Derek So, Shaun Goodman, Yves D Rosenberg, Naveen Pereira, Michael E Farkouh","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07392-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07392-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for ischemic and bleeding events with dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Whether the presence of CYP2C19 loss of function (LOF) alleles modifies this risk, and whether a genotype-guided (GG) escalation of P2Y₁₂ inhibitor therapy post PCI is safe in this population is unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a post hoc analysis of randomized patients in TAILOR PCI. Patients were divided into two groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) threshold of < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for CKD (n = 539) and non-CKD (n = 4276). The aggregate of cardiovascular death, stroke, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and severe recurrent coronary ischemia at 12-months post-PCI was assessed as the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoint was major or minor bleeding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean (standard deviation) eGFR among patients with CKD was 49.5 (8.4) ml/min/1.72 m². Among all patients, there was no significant interaction between randomized strategy and CKD status for any endpoint. Among LOF carriers, the interaction between randomized strategy and CKD status on composite ischemic outcome was not significant (p = 0.2). GG strategy was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding in either CKD group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this exploratory analysis, escalation of P2Y₁₂ inhibitor therapy following a GG strategy did not reduce the primary outcome in CKD. However, P2Y₁₂ inhibitor escalation following a GG strategy was not associated with increased bleeding risk in CKD. Larger studies in CKD are needed.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01742117?term=TAILOR-PCI&draw=2&rank=1 . NCT01742117.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10225474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9587525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cost of Breaking Even: a Perspective on the Net Clinical Impact of Adding Aspirin to Antithrombotic Therapies in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.","authors":"Jeffrey Triska, Faris Haddadin, Luai Madanat, Ahmad Jabri, Marilyne Daher, Yochai Birnbaum, Hani Jneid","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07367-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07367-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Outcomes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) inform the latest recommendations on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) management of a short period of oral anticoagulation (OAC), a P2Y₁₂ receptor inhibitor, and aspirin for 1 week or until hospital discharge in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing PCI, and up to 4 weeks in individuals considered to be at high-risk for ischemic events, followed by discontinuation of aspirin and continuation of OAC and a P2Y₁₂ inhibitor for up to 12 months.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined and summarized the outcomes of bleeding and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) from RCTs and meta-analyses, published between 2013 and 2022, comparing therapy with OAC and a P2Y₁₂ inhibitor with and without aspirin in AF patients undergoing PCI with stenting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data comparing dual therapy with OAC and a P2Y₁₂ inhibitor alone to triple therapy with OAC, a P2Y₁₂ inhibitor, and aspirin with respect to the risks of MACEs, including stent thrombosis within the first 30 days, are underpowered and inconclusive. The addition of aspirin does not appear to be associated with a decreased risk of ischemic events, even in patients with high-risk CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores, but does significantly increase bleeding hazards. The increased safety of newer generation drug-eluting stents may have further minimized any theoretical anti-ischemic benefits of aspirin. The possible attenuation of the pleiotropic effects of concomitant cardiovascular medications by aspirin may also have been a contributing factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The addition of aspirin to OAC and a P2Y₁₂ inhibitor is likely associated with a net clinical harm in patients with AF who undergo PCI with stenting, even within the first 1-4 weeks after PCI. Revisiting the guideline recommendations to administer aspirin in this timeframe may be warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40612789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promising Drug Fondaparinux for the Treatment of COVID-19: an In Silico Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Heparin, Direct Oral Anticoagulant, and Antiplatelet Drug Interactions with Host Protease Furin.","authors":"Tugba Ertan-Bolelli, Kayhan Bolelli, Sıtkı Doga Elçi, F Burcu Belen-Apak","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07406-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10557-022-07406-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>As of July 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected over 555 million worldwide confirmed cases and caused more than 6.3 million deaths. The studies showed that the D-dimer levels were increased in non-survivors compared to survivors and heparin treatment has begun to be administered to the patients in severe clinics. As we knew that the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell needs to be facilitated by host proteases; we published our hypothesis that heparin as a serine protease inhibitor may block the interaction between spike protein receptor-binding domain and host proteases. In our study, we aimed to investigate the interactions between not only heparins but also other antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs including fondaparinux.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, docking studies were carried out to evaluate the interactions between low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) (enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin), direct oral anticoagulant, and antiplatelet drugs with host proteases. Molecular docking studies were performed by using Schrödinger molecular modeling software. 3D structures of the ligands were obtained from the 2D structures by assigning the OPLS-2005 force field using the Maestro 12.7. The 3D crystal structure of the furin complexed with an inhibitor, 2,5-dideoksistreptamin derivative, was extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5MIM). Docking studies were carried out using the Grid-based Ligand Docking with Energetics module of the Schrödinger Software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The docking studies revealed that fondaparinux was the most relevant molecule to interact with furin with a docking score of - 12.74. It showed better interaction than the natural ligand of furin with an increased score compared to the docking score of - 8.155 of the natural ligand. AnaGA*IsA structure representing LMWH structure has shown a docking score of - 11.562 which was also better than the score of the natural ligand of furin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings have shown that LMWHs and fondaparinux can be used for their possible antiviral effects in COVID-19 patients. Our results have shown that in accordance with heparin and LMWH, fondaparinux can also be a candidate for \"drug repurposing\" in COVID-19 therapy, not only because of their anticoagulant but also possible antiviral effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":9557,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9676724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40696627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}