{"title":"Maintenance therapy after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas: A literature review","authors":"Natalia Soledad Tissera , Francesca Balconi , Alejandro García-Álvarez , Jorge Hernando Cubero , Juan Manuel O'Connor , Matías Chacón , Jaume Capdevila","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuroendocrine carcinomas are rare and aggressive malignancies, often diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to poor prognosis. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for advanced neuroendocrine carcinomas; however after achieving response no consensus exists on maintenance therapies and the results are inconsistent. This review examines the role of maintenance therapy following response to first-line chemotherapy in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas. We identified limited supporting evidence, primarily from phase II trials and case reports, that suggested maintenance therapy could be considered for prolonging progression-free survival, balancing toxicity, and maintaining quality of life. Nevertheless, prospective studies are needed to validate its clinical efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102863"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142899874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current status and future prospects of combined immunotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","authors":"Xin Tian , Hongyan Zhang , Yiman Han , Baoru Gu , Zhenyong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignancy with a poor prognosis, and the majority of patients with HNSCC are diagnosed at later stages owing to its hidden anatomical location and atypical clinical symptoms. It is notably prone to recurrence and metastasis. The traditional treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Although multiple treatment strategies have been established, the prognosis remains poor because most patients develop resistance to traditional treatments. In recent years, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to provide clinical benefits to these patients. Based on the promising results of both anti-EGFR therapy and immunotherapy, as well as the biological rationale for combining immunotherapy with anti-EGFR drugs, numerous preclinical and ongoing or completed clinical trials have explored the use of their synergistic effects. This review summarizes the feasibility of combining immunotherapy with EGFR inhibitors for HNSCC treatment and analyses the relevant biomarkers. It also summarizes the strategies for clinical applications. We found that immunotherapy and EGFR inhibitor combination therapy showed promise in treating patients with HNSCC and exhibited safety with acceptable adverse events. This review may provide valuable insights for the future development of treatments and formulation of therapeutic strategies for HNSCC, as well as useful information for the future design of clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102864"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunfang Hao , Yunchu Wei , Wenjing Meng , Jie Zhang , Xiaonan Yang
{"title":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer","authors":"Chunfang Hao , Yunchu Wei , Wenjing Meng , Jie Zhang , Xiaonan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of various cancers. In hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer, aberrations in this pathway are increasingly recognized as key drivers of resistance to endocrine therapy and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors, the first-line treatments for this disease subtype. Recognizing the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies, significant advancements have been made in developing PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors for HR+ advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Among these inhibitors, capivasertib and alpelisib have received approval as targeted therapies for this indication. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors for HR+ breast cancer. It also delves into different aspects, including sampling, testing method and timing, of PI3K/AKT/mTOR diagnostic testing. Additionally, the review discusses key considerations for integrating these inhibitors into clinical practice, such as timing and choice of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, and management of treatment toxicities. By examining these different aspects, this review aims to provide valuable insights into optimizing the clinical utility of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in HR+ advanced breast cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102861"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142815268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Schettini , Sabrina Nucera , Tomás Pascual , Olga Martínez-Sáez , Rodrigo Sánchez-Bayona , Benedetta Conte , Giuseppe Buono , Matteo Lambertini , Kevin Punie , Juan Miguel Cejalvo , Grazia Arpino , Paolo Vigneri , Daniele Generali , Eva Ciruelos , Javier Cortés , Alessandra Gennari , Montserrat Muñoz , Maria J. Vidal Losada , Sara M Tolaney , Aleix Prat , Guillermo Villacampa
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of antibody-drug conjugates in pretreated HER2-low metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","authors":"Francesco Schettini , Sabrina Nucera , Tomás Pascual , Olga Martínez-Sáez , Rodrigo Sánchez-Bayona , Benedetta Conte , Giuseppe Buono , Matteo Lambertini , Kevin Punie , Juan Miguel Cejalvo , Grazia Arpino , Paolo Vigneri , Daniele Generali , Eva Ciruelos , Javier Cortés , Alessandra Gennari , Montserrat Muñoz , Maria J. Vidal Losada , Sara M Tolaney , Aleix Prat , Guillermo Villacampa","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd) and sacituzumab-govitecan (SG) provided significant progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) improvements over chemotherapy (CT) in pretreated hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and triple-negative (TN)/HER2-low metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, no direct comparison between the two exists, nor with the more recent datopotamab-deruxtecan (Dato-DXd).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare efficacy and safety of T-DXd and SG in CT-pretreated HR+ and TN/HER2-low MBC and assess their benefit over standard CT, exploring also a comparison with Dato-DXd. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for PFS/OS. P-score was used for treatment ranking.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three RCTs (956 patients) were included in the primary analysis and 5 (1,445) in the exploratory NMA with Dato-DXd. In HR+/HER2-low, T-DXd showed no significant difference in PFS and OS when compared to SG. Similarly, in TN/HER2-low, PFS and OS did not differ significantly between the two ADCs. The P-score analysis favored T-DXd over SG in HR+/HER2-low in PFS (0.90 vs. 0.60) and OS (0.89 vs. 0.60). SG was favored over T-DXd in OS in TN/HER2-low (0.80 vs. 0.69). Similar results were obtained for HR+ MBC when including Dato-Dxd, which showed the worst performance, while T-DXd was the only ADC significantly outperforming CT in OS. The ADCs showed significantly better PFS and OS than CT in HR+/HER2-low and TN/HER2-low (all p < 0.001). SG had higher rates of neutropenia, diarrhea and alopecia vs. T-DXd, which showed more thrombocytopenia, fatigue and nausea. Pneumonitis and cardiotoxicity were typically T-DXd-related, and T-DXd showed more toxicity-related discontinuations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Similar efficacy with T-DXd and SG in HER2-low MBC was observed, regardless of HR status. Safety profile, local drug-approval criteria and guidelines, patients’ preferences and overall quality of evidence should ultimately guide therapeutic decision-making. Dato-DXd role remains uncertain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102865"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Georgopoulou , Joanne Droney , Poorni Priya Jaganathan , Paul Howell , Aislinn Macklin- Doherty , Kate Young , Susanne Cruickshank
{"title":"Identification of the PROMs used to assess ICI toxicities and HRQoL in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in cancer care and their suitability: A systematic review","authors":"Sofia Georgopoulou , Joanne Droney , Poorni Priya Jaganathan , Paul Howell , Aislinn Macklin- Doherty , Kate Young , Susanne Cruickshank","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The implementation of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the clinical identification of immunotherapy toxicities is a complex intervention. There has been very little work evaluating the clinical utility and generalisability of PROMs used after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment to date. We reviewed evidence on the use of PROMs assessing toxicities and health-related quality of life in patients treated with ICIs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, the Cochrane Library were searched (January 2008 – October 2024). Quantitative studies reporting the use of PROMs to identify, assess and manage toxicities at any timepoint and HRQoL associated with ICI treatment in adult patients with cancer were included. A narrative synthesis describes the key characteristics of the PROMs identified.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>43 studies were included; 12 on melanoma/skin, 12 on lung and 19 on other cancers. Study designs included 20 randomised controlled trials, 14 cohort studies, six cross-sectional studies and three non-randomised interventional trials. The lack of ICI-specific PROMs was highlighted, particularly as the PROMs used lacked sufficient sensitivity for ICI treatments.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is need for an ICI-specific PROM for effective assessment of toxicities and a tailored PROM for assessment of HRQoL. Some suggested key domains by certain studies for ICI-specific PROMs include: (a) ICI-specific items (e.g. certain USD-I and PRO-CTCAE items) to capture symptoms associated with ICI treatments such as rash, myalgia, (b) role, psychological, emotional and social functioning domains within HRQoL assessments and (c) additional patient-reported toxicities not included in existing PROMs. Findings emphasize the importance of using a disease-specific PROM that is applicable, acceptable and sufficiently sensitive to identify toxicities and HRQoL issues across all stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 102862"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bochra Bouguerra Zina , Frédérique Rousseau , Stephan Fauquier , Renaud Sabatier , Maria Kfoury
{"title":"Practical clinical management of ocular adverse events related to Antibody-Drug Conjugates in gynaecological malignancies","authors":"Bochra Bouguerra Zina , Frédérique Rousseau , Stephan Fauquier , Renaud Sabatier , Maria Kfoury","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The advent of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) represents a significant advancement in targeted therapy for gynaecological malignancies. However, the ocular toxicities associated with ADCs, particularly Tisotumab Vedotin (TV) and Mirvetuximab Soravtansine (MIRV) necessitate effective mitigation in order to optimise patient care.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This review synthesises findings from clinical trials to delineate the spectrum of ocular adverse events induced by ADCs. The analysis focuses on the incidence, onset, severity and reversibility of adverse events. It examines the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and provides management strategies based on study protocols.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Adverse events mainly impact the anterior ocular segment, resulting in conjunctivitis and keratopathy. They affect up to 56 % of patients treated with MIRV and 50 to 60 % of those receiving TV. Symptoms like blurred vision, dryness and pain hinder the patient’s quality of life. Events are CTCAE grade 3 or higher in less than 10 % of cases. The median time to onset is 1.3 months. However, ocular toxicity may appear up to 10 months after treatment initiation, indicating a need for prolonged vigilance. Primary prophylaxis calls for local corticotherapy, lubricants and in some cases, vasoconstrictors. Despite the potential for severity, most cases are reversible with local treatment and transient dose reduction and/or delay. Close monitoring is crucial for early detection and subsequent management.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Clinicians ought to be cognizant of the potential ocular toxicity of ADCs. Proactive prophylaxis, patient education and a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists are paramount to minimising the impact of these AEs. Further research is essential to measure the real outcome of preventive strategies and balance their benefits with potential short and long-term risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 102867"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volkmar Müller , Thomas Bachelot , Giuseppe Curigliano , Evandro de Azambuja , Julia Furtner , Jens Gempt , Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa , Katarzyna J. Jerzak , Emilie Le Rhun , Carlo Palmieri , Gabriella Pravettoni , Cristina Saura , Rupert Bartsch
{"title":"Expert consensus on the prevention of brain metastases in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer","authors":"Volkmar Müller , Thomas Bachelot , Giuseppe Curigliano , Evandro de Azambuja , Julia Furtner , Jens Gempt , Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa , Katarzyna J. Jerzak , Emilie Le Rhun , Carlo Palmieri , Gabriella Pravettoni , Cristina Saura , Rupert Bartsch","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer have a significant risk of developing brain metastases (BrM), which have detrimental effects on survival outcomes and quality of life. Although there are several systemic treatment options available that may delay the appearance of BrM and secondary progression of previously treated BrM, there are still substantial unmet needs for this patient population and primary prevention remains elusive.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A group of experts created consensus statements, through a modified Delphi process, to bridge the gap between current unmet needs, available evidence, and international guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The steering committee reviewed all relevant literature and formed research questions to be answered by the subsequent consensus statements. In total, 61 contributors provided feedback on the consensus statements, with 34 statements reaching agreement out of the 55 statements that were voted on altogether. Statements with consensus aimed to define BrM primary and secondary prevention, screening procedures, assessment of symptoms, treatment efficacy, and preventing the occurrence and progression of BrM, while acknowledging the possibilities and limitations in daily clinical practice. Some statements did not reach agreement for a variety of reasons, mostly due to lack of evidence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The consensus statements outlined in this publication provide a point of reference for daily clinical practice and can act as recommendations for clinical trial procedures and future guidelines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102860"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rupert Bartsch , David Cameron , Eva Ciruelos , Carmen Criscitiello , Giuseppe Curigliano , Francois P Duhoux , Theodoros Foukakis , Joseph Gligorov , Nadia Harbeck , Nathalie LeVasseur , Alicia Okines , Frederique Penault-Llorca , Volkmar Müller
{"title":"Expert recommendations on treatment sequencing and challenging clinical scenarios in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2-positive) metastatic breast cancer","authors":"Rupert Bartsch , David Cameron , Eva Ciruelos , Carmen Criscitiello , Giuseppe Curigliano , Francois P Duhoux , Theodoros Foukakis , Joseph Gligorov , Nadia Harbeck , Nathalie LeVasseur , Alicia Okines , Frederique Penault-Llorca , Volkmar Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or <em>ERBB2</em> gene amplification occurs in approximately 15–20% of breast cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. While the introduction of HER2-targeted therapies has significantly improved survival in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, the incidence of brain metastases has increased due to patients living longer. Current recommendations sequence treatments by line of therapy, as well as by the status of brain metastases in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. However, in the third-line treatment setting and beyond, there is a lack of clarity of the preferred choice of therapy. In clinical practice, clinicians may also encounter challenging scenarios where the optimal therapeutic approach has not been defined by clinical studies, so there is a need for clarity in such situations. Two consensus meetings of expert oncologists (12 from Europe and one from Canada) were convened to discuss these scenarios. We subsequently developed this article to present an overview of current treatment recommendations for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and give practical guidance on addressing challenging scenarios in a real-world setting. Based on our clinical experience, we provide a unanimous consensus concerning the treatment of elderly patients as well as those with brain-only metastases, leptomeningeal disease, oligometastatic disease, central nervous system oligo-progressive disease or <em>ERBB2</em>-mutant disease. We also discuss how to combine HER2-targeted therapy with endocrine therapy in patients with HER2-positive/hormone-receptor-positive disease, considerations for potential discontinuation of HER2-targeted therapy in patients with long-term remission and how to treat patients whose metastatic biopsy no longer confirms their HER2-positive status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102853"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Corti , Busem Binboğa Kurt , Beyza Koca , Tasnim Rahman , Fabio Conforti , Laura Pala , Giampaolo Bianchini , Carmen Criscitiello , Giuseppe Curigliano , Ana C. Garrido-Castro , Sheheryar K. Kabraji , Adrienne G. Waks , Elizabeth A. Mittendorf , Sara M. Tolaney
{"title":"Estrogen Signaling in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Impact on Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy","authors":"Chiara Corti , Busem Binboğa Kurt , Beyza Koca , Tasnim Rahman , Fabio Conforti , Laura Pala , Giampaolo Bianchini , Carmen Criscitiello , Giuseppe Curigliano , Ana C. Garrido-Castro , Sheheryar K. Kabraji , Adrienne G. Waks , Elizabeth A. Mittendorf , Sara M. Tolaney","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NACIT) has been shown to improve pathologic complete response (pCR) rates and survival outcomes in stage II-III triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Promising pCR rate improvements have also been documented for selected patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer (BC). However, one size does not fit all and predicting which patients will benefit from NACIT remains challenging. Accurate predictions would be useful to minimize immune-related toxicity, which can be severe, irreversible, and potentially impact fertility and quality of life, and to identify patients in need of alternative treatments.</div><div>This review aims to capitalize on the existing translational and clinical evidence on predictors of treatment response in patients with early-stage BC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and NACIT. It summarizes evidence suggesting that NACT/NACIT effectiveness may correlate with pre-treatment tumor characteristics, including mutational profiles, ER expression and signaling, immune cell presence and spatial organization, specific gene signatures, and the levels of proliferating versus quiescent cancer cells.</div><div>However, the predominantly qualitative and descriptive nature of many studies highlights the challenges in integrating various potential response determinants into a validated, comprehensive, and multimodal predictive model. The potential of novel multi-modal approaches, such as those based on artificial intelligence, to overcome current challenges remains unclear, as these tools are not free from bias and shortcut learning. Despite these limitations, the rapid evolution of these technologies, coupled with further efforts in basic and translational research, holds promise for improving treatment outcome predictions in early HER2- BC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 102852"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}