Cancer treatment reviews最新文献

{"title":"Recommendations on the management of kinase inhibitor-associated hyperlipidemia in patients with lung cancer","authors":"Hung-Ju Lin ,&nbsp;Shang-Gin Wu ,&nbsp;Yin Lo ,&nbsp;Po-Hao Feng ,&nbsp;Yen-Wen Wu ,&nbsp;Kuan-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Kinase inhibitors (KIs) play an important role in targeted therapy for lung cancer. Lorlatinib as a third-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, provided unprecedentedly prolonged survival for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring <em>ALK</em> rearrangements. However, this benefit comes at a cost of hyperlipidemia with possible implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in long-term survivors. This review aims to provide multidisciplinary evidence-based recommendations for managing hyperlipidemia related to KIs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We established a collaborative study group comprising cardiologists, thoracic oncologists, and a pharmacist. The working group conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify KIs investigated or approved for lung cancer treatment and associated with hyperlipidemia. In addition, the most recent clinical trials and atherosclerotic CVD guidelines for the general and cancer patient populations were also reviewed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among KIs, ALK inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, Janus kinase inhibitors, and multikinase inhibitors demonstrated clinical benefits for patients with lung cancer but are also associated with hyperlipidemia. Optimal target levels for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in managing KI-associated hyperlipidemia for the primary and secondary prevention of CVD were recommended. Furthermore, we proposed strategies that include baseline risk assessment, regular blood lipid monitoring, and timely pharmacological interventions. Dose adjustments and discontinuation, evaluation for drug-drug interactions, patient education, and lifestyle modifications were also detailed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A multifaceted approach is proposed for lung cancer patients receiving KI therapy to manage hyperlipidemia, minimize CVD risks, optimize treatment outcomes, and improve quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103065"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146020901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical overview of trophoblast surface antigen 2 antibody-drug conjugates in non–small cell lung cancer","authors":"Sandip Pravin Patel ,&nbsp;Shirish Gadgeel ,&nbsp;Mari Mino-Kenudson ,&nbsp;Jarushka Naidoo ,&nbsp;Nan Sethakorn","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for most lung cancer cases. Improvements in first-line treatment with immuno-oncology and targeted therapies have been observed in patients with NSCLC, but benefits may be limited for those with advanced or metastatic NSCLC (mNSCLC). Following progression on frontline therapies, later-line therapies offer modest benefits and are associated with pronounced adverse effects. Accordingly, there is a need for new, more effective options to improve survival and quality of life. Trophoblast surface antigen 2 (TROP2) antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a novel approach to address unmet treatment needs in NSCLC. There are 5 TROP2-directed ADCs currently under investigation for treatment of NSCLC: datopotamab deruxtecan, sacituzumab govitecan, sacituzumab tirumotecan, DB-1305, and SHR-A1921. Here, we provide an overview of the properties of each ADC as well as efficacy and safety data from clinical trials of patients with NSCLC with or without actionable genomic alterations (AGAs). The unique characteristics of each ADC and its components, particularly the linker chemistry and payload attributes, define the mechanism of action and subsequently influence dosing, efficacy, and safety. TROP2 ADCs have shown antitumor responses with a manageable safety profile in patients with mNSCLC in several ongoing and completed trials. Additional studies are required to understand how these agents can be effectively integrated into the treatment paradigm for lung cancer, taking into consideration sequential use of multiple ADCs, resistance mechanisms, combination therapies, and use in special populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103050"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of multifocal and metastatic retroperitoneal sarcoma: an updated consensus approach from the transatlantic retroperitoneal sarcoma working group (TARPSWG)","authors":"Chiara Fabbroni ,&nbsp;Edward.W. Johnston ,&nbsp;Roberta Sanfilippo ,&nbsp;Dirk C. Strauss ,&nbsp;Sylvie Bonvalot ,&nbsp;Mateusz Spalek ,&nbsp;Winan. J. Van Houdt ,&nbsp;Samuel J. Ford ,&nbsp;Kyo Won Lee ,&nbsp;Abdulazeez Salawu ,&nbsp;Carol J. Swallow ,&nbsp;Susie Bae ,&nbsp;David E. Gyorki ,&nbsp;Chandrajit P. Raut ,&nbsp;John E. Mullinax ,&nbsp;Markus Albertsmeier ,&nbsp;Ferdinando Cananzi ,&nbsp;David Konieczkowski ,&nbsp;Valerie P. Grignol ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Pennacchioli ,&nbsp;William W. Tseng","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) encompasses a heterogenous group of rare malignancies that develop in the back of the abdomen. For localized primary disease, the mainstay of treatment is surgery. Beyond the primary site, patterns of disease manifestation vary by histologic type and include visceral organ metastasis, as well as intraabdominal multifocal disease. Although cure is extremely rare, some patients may still derive significant benefit from treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was performed and international, key opinion leaders for RPS met together to discuss principles of practice for multifocal and metastatic disease, summarized in 45 statements, each given a level of evidence and grade of recommendation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients should be evaluated in a multidisciplinary sarcoma center with experience in RPS and recognition of histologic type is critical to guide management. After pretreatment assessment that includes imaging and pathology review, the goals of treatment should be clarified upfront and aligned with the anticipated ability for the patient to tolerate treatment. Disease biology (e.g., disease-free interval) should be thoroughly understood. Treatment modalities can include a combination of surgery, non-surgical local therapy (radiation therapy, percutaneous tumor ablation and embolization) and systemic therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This updated consensus document gives comprehensive and practical clinical guidance to providers for the management of multifocal and metastatic RPS. The current document also serves as the foundation for future clinical and translational investigation, as we continue to optimize patient care in these complex and challenging cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103086"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-escalation strategies for axillary management at primary surgery in early breast cancer: insights and implications for medical oncology practice","authors":"Irene Persano ,&nbsp;Luca Licata ,&nbsp;Marta Piras ,&nbsp;Arisa Ata-Shiroshita ,&nbsp;Matteo Maria Naldini ,&nbsp;Carlo Bosi ,&nbsp;Giulia Notini ,&nbsp;Marco Mariani ,&nbsp;Antonella Chiavassa ,&nbsp;Francesca Patanè ,&nbsp;Caterina Zanibelli ,&nbsp;Alessia Rognone ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Sica ,&nbsp;Stefania Zambelli ,&nbsp;Patrizia Zucchinelli ,&nbsp;Alessandra Guarino ,&nbsp;Marcella Pasetti ,&nbsp;Rosa Di Micco ,&nbsp;Oreste Davide Gentilini ,&nbsp;Giampaolo Bianchini ,&nbsp;Giulia Viale","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recognition that axillary surgery in early breast cancer primarily serves as a staging tool rather than a curative treatment, along with the shift from axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as the standard procedure for clinically node-negative patients, has paved the way for further de-escalation of axillary treatment. This strategy aims to reduce treatment-related morbidity while preserving survival outcomes. Multiple studies have provided compelling evidence that ALND can be safely omitted in cases of limited SLN involvement. Moreover, even the omission of SLNB in selected low-risk cohorts has been shown not to increase recurrence rates. On the other side, from the oncological perspective, research has moved toward an escalation of adjuvant treatments, aiming to reduce recurrence rates and improve overall survival. Thus, while residual axillary disease does not affect patient outcomes, limited axillary staging may hinder access to certain adjuvant therapies. Here, we aim to critically assess the potential impact of recent advances in axillary surgical de-escalation on adjuvant systemic therapy decision-making especially in hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative early breast cancer, with a particular focus on the appropriate selection of patients for adjuvant chemotherapy, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and PARP inhibitors. We argue that decisions on surgical de-escalation should be carefully tailored, balancing its potential benefits with the need for accurate staging to guide adjuvant therapies. A patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach remains essential to ensure that de-escalation does not impact negatively on adjuvant treatment decision making and long-term survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103092"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted precision Strike in Extensive-Stage small cell lung Cancer: Current advances and future Perspectives for Antibody–Drug conjugates","authors":"Yuwei Li ,&nbsp;Kaiyan Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Yun Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumour with a poor prognosis. Although treatment regimens such as first-line immunochemotherapy have shown clinical benefits in extensive stage SCLC (ES-SCLC), patients still face disease recurrence and drug resistance. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are new therapeutic compounds made up of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) attached to a cytotoxic drug (payload) using a linker. They achieve precise killing of tumour cells by conjugating highly cytotoxic drugs with monoclonal antibodies targeting specific tumour antigens. In recent years, antigens such as B7-H3, Trop-2, SEZ6, DLL3, and EGFR–HER3 have become primary targets for ADC development in ES-SCLC. Although some ADCs have been limited due to toxicity-related issues, numerous other ADCs have entered clinical trial phases and demonstrated encouraging efficacy, with ORRs of 33.3 %–68.0 % and median PFS of 4.0–7.6 months. In this review, we systematically summarize ADCs currently in clinical trials and preclinical research for SCLC, and comprehensively discuss their pharmacodynamic characteristics, therapeutic effects, adverse effects, and strategies for optimising treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103091"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the pathological complete response between immunohistochemistry HER2 (3 + ) and HER2 (2 + )/ISH + Early-stage breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Kadriye Bir Yucel ,&nbsp;Yusuf Ilhan ,&nbsp;Elvina Almuradova ,&nbsp;Murat Bardakci ,&nbsp;Cigdem Dinckal ,&nbsp;Yakup Ergun","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression defines a distinct breast cancer (BC) subtype that is highly sensitive to anti-HER2 therapy. However, the predictive and prognostic value of varying HER2 expression levels—specifically immunohistochemistry (IHC) 3 + versus IHC 2+/in situ hybridization (ISH)–positive—tumors remains uncertain. This systematic review and <em>meta</em>-analysis compared pathological complete response (pCR) between these subgroups in early-stage HER2-positive BC treated with anti-HER2–based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251066320), PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials databases were searched up to June 2025. Eligible studies compared HER2 (3 + ) and HER2 (2 + )/ISH + early-stage BC receiving anti-HER2–based NACT. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models according to heterogeneity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirteen retrospective studies involving 7,206 patients were included. Among 6,081 HER2-positive cases, 76 % were HER2 (3 + ) and 24 % were HER2 (2 + )/ISH + . The pooled pCR rate was significantly higher in HER2 (3 + ) tumors than in HER2 (2 + )/ISH + tumors (55.1 % vs. 21.6 %; OR = 5.38, 95 % CI: 3.72–7.80; p &lt; 0.00001). The difference persisted in dual-targeted regimens (66.0 % vs. 32.9 %; OR = 4.31, 95 % CI: 2.70–6.88; p &lt; 0.00001). No significant difference was observed in 3-year invasive disease-free survival (HR = 0.71, 95 % CI: 0.32–1.57; p = 0.40).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>HER2 IHC 3 + tumors are substantially more likely to achieve pCR following anti-HER2–based NACT than HER2 (2 + )/ISH + tumors, indicating that HER2 expression intensity has predictive relevance. Quantitative HER2 assessment should be integrated into therapeutic planning and trial stratification to optimize outcomes in early-stage HER2-positive BC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103074"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex vivo drug screening on patient-derived tumor material to advance functional precision in oncology: an overview on current approaches and unresolved challenges","authors":"Zoltán Spiró ,&nbsp;Amin El-Heliebi ,&nbsp;Maximilian J. Mair ,&nbsp;Thomas R. Pieber ,&nbsp;Barbara Prietl ,&nbsp;Sabine Spiegl-Kreinecker ,&nbsp;Stefanie Stanzer ,&nbsp;Adelheid Wöhrer ,&nbsp;Matthias Preusser ,&nbsp;Anna Sophie Berghoff","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of mutation-informed targeted therapies has transformed medical oncology, delivering durable responses in several cancer types. However, this success has not been universal. Tumors such as glioblastoma have largely remained unresponsive to genomics-guided personalized treatments, and in many cancers, the correlation between genetic alterations and therapeutic response remains inconsistent.</div><div>To address these limitations, functional precision oncology − based on <em>ex vivo</em> drug screening using patient-derived tumor cells − has emerged as a compelling complementary approach. By directly testing drug responses in tumor cells, this strategy seeks to bypass the shortcomings of purely genomic prediction models, particularly in malignancies that have proven refractory to current targeted approaches.</div><div>This review outlines the state-of-the-art methodologies for patient-derived cell-based drug screening, examining their application across various tumor types and highlighting the current challenges and opportunities in implementing functional precision medicine in clinical oncology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103072"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms and biomarkers for musculoskeletal signs and symptoms in patients treated with aromatase inhibitors: A comprehensive systematic review","authors":"Noora Jatan ,&nbsp;Sami Talo ,&nbsp;Aida J. Azar ,&nbsp;Thomas E. Adrian ,&nbsp;Catherine F. Kellett","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2025.103075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole (non-steroidal, reversible), and exemestane (steroidal, irreversible) are approved standard therapies (Food and Drug Administration) for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. Their use is limited by Aromatase Inhibitor-induced Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms (AIMSS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Articles on AIMSS mechanisms and biomarkers published between January 1, 1990, and October 31, 2024, in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were identified. Included study designs were randomized and non-randomized trials, observational cohorts, cross-sectional studies, and preclinical animal models. Risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for observational studies and Risk of Bias 2 for randomized trials.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifty studies were included (43 human and seven animal). Estrogen deprivation was the central mechanism, affecting immune function, bone remodeling, and nociceptive sensitivity. Genetic variants in Estrogen Receptor 1, <em>CYP19A1</em>, and T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 1A were frequently associated with AIMSS. Vitamin D deficiency, polymorphisms in RANKL and Osteoprotegerin contributed to bone-related symptoms. Imaging studies identified tenosynovial thickening, tendon sheath fluid, and subclinical inflammation. Systemic inflammatory markers C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin 6 were elevated in human and animal studies.</div><div>Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 ion channels were implicated in peripheral sensitization. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 during AI therapy was independently associated with symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>AIMSS involves intersecting hormonal, genetic, inflammatory, and neural pathways. Identification of mechanistic biomarkers may support AIMSS risk stratification and targeted interventions. Further research should validate multi-omic models and explore new strategies to reduce AIMSS and improve treatment compliance.</div></div><div><h3>Registration</h3><div>PROSPERO Registration: CRD42025642540.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103075"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking endpoints for the watch-and-wait strategy in rectal cancer","authors":"Bartłomiej Skrzypiec,&nbsp;Agnieszka Żółciak-Siwińska,&nbsp;Lucyna Pietrzak,&nbsp;Krzysztof Bujko","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>To enable cross-trial comparisons of the benefit-risk ratio of the watch-and- wait strategy, two endpoints are required: a primary to assess the benefit and a co-primary to assess the main risk, i.e. regrowth.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>We performed a literature search to identify and critically analyse endpoints used to evaluate the watch-and-wait strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>The review identified four watch-and-wait strategy-specific primary endpoints assessing benefit and four methods for calculating regrowth rate across nine prospective studies, indicating the need for standardisation. To initiate a debate on this topic, we discuss shortcomings of the following commonly used endpoints: 1) “The clinical complete response (cCR) rate” is flawed for demonstrating benefit, as it combines patients who ultimately achieve sustained cCR (‘winners’) with those who eventually experience regrowth (‘losers’); 2) “the organ preservation rate” combines two procedures with different outcomes: watch-and-wait strategy and local excision; 3) calculating “the regrowth rate” only among patients achieving cCR—while excluding those with near-cCR who pursue watch-and-wait but later require surgery for persistent or progressive abnormalities—leads to an underestimation of the risk associated with deferring surgery. The following endpoints do not share these limitations and are therefore proposed for consideration in the debate on standardisation: 1) proportion of patients with sustained cCR among those who start radio(chemo)therapy; 2) the calculation of regrowth rate among pooled patients with cCR and all with near-cCR pursuing watch-and-wait surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103087"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring resistance to immune checkpoints inhibitors in mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite-instable colorectal cancer","authors":"Clara Salva de Torres ,&nbsp;Evelyn Elias ,&nbsp;Caterina Vaghi ,&nbsp;Nadia Saoudi González ,&nbsp;Ariadna García ,&nbsp;Adriana Alcaraz ,&nbsp;Marta Rodríguez-Castells ,&nbsp;Iosune Baraibar ,&nbsp;Javier Ros ,&nbsp;Francesc Salvà ,&nbsp;Josep Tabernero ,&nbsp;Elena Élez ,&nbsp;Enrique Sanz-Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ctrv.2026.103089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) with mismatch-repair deficiency (dMMR) or high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) represents a distinct molecular subtype highly sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Landmark clinical trials have established ICIs as standard-of-care in this setting, demonstrating durable responses and improved survival. However, up to one-third of patients will exhibit primary or acquired resistance, highlighting the urgent need for predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the clinical evidence supporting ICIs in dMMR/MSI-H CRC, explores mechanisms of resistance—including intrinsic and extrinsic modulators—and evaluates the role of potential predictive biomarkers of response. Finally, we discuss innovative therapeutic approaches to overcome resistance, including combination strategies, DNA repair pathway inhibitors, immune-oncology drugs beyond checkpoint inhibitors and microbiome-targeted interventions. Together, these insights aim to refine patient selection, optimize therapeutic benefit, and guide the development of next-generation therapies for dMMR/MSI-H CRC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9537,"journal":{"name":"Cancer treatment reviews","volume":"143 ","pages":"Article 103089"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}