Canadian Journal of Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Factors Affecting Home Discharge of Older Adults with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Japan Regional Population.","authors":"Sota Sasaki, Tetsuo Hayashi, Muneaki Masuda, Osamu Kawano, Takuaki Yamamoto, Takeshi Maeda","doi":"10.22603/ssrr.2023-0045","DOIUrl":"10.22603/ssrr.2023-0045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Older adults with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) often have a poor prognosis due to the high number of complications, decreased motivation to rehabilitation, and poor response to treatment. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of CSCI in Japanese older adults and examined the factors influencing their discharge home.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data on consecutive cases with CSCI between 2005 and 2020 from the study hospital's database. Patients over 65 years old who were admitted to the hospital within 14 days of injury were selected. A univariate analysis was performed between the home discharge and out-of-home discharge groups. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis of admission findings and patient background was performed to examine independent factors influencing home discharge.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 219 patients included, 90 (41.1%) were eventually discharged to home. Comparing home discharge and out-of-home discharge groups revealed significant differences in age at injury, length of hospital stay, neurological level of injury (NLI), percentage of American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS: A), percentage of living alone, ASIA motor score (AMS), and Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) at initial visit and discharge. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that old age (over 75 years old) at injury (odds ratio [OR]: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.60, P<.001), living alone (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.03-0.42, P<.01), high level of injury (i.e., NLI: C1-4; OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09-0.53, P<.0001), and percentage of AIS: A at admission (OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.04-0.24, P<.001) were independent factors that influenced home discharge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More than 50% older adults with CSCI were discharged to a place other than their own home. Age, percentage of AIS: A, living alone, and high level of injury at admission were independent factors that influenced home discharge.</p>","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":"98 1","pages":"482-487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10710894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68230650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term exposure of near-future CO2 has limited influence on the energetics and behaviour of young-of-year salmonids","authors":"Emma M. Traynor, Simon W DePasquale, C. Hasler","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0183","url":null,"abstract":"In many freshwater ecosystems carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing. Unknown are the risks that high CO2 poses for freshwater organisms, especially for fish. The objective of this study was to determine how CO2 may influence the growth rate, metabolic rate, feeding rate, and volitional behaviour of young-of-year Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus; Linnaeus, 1758), brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis; Mitchill, 1815), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Walbaum, 1792). For this study, fish stayed in control CO2 levels (1,100 µatm) or elevated CO2 (5,236 µatm) for 15 days. During this time metabolic rate and behavioural tests were conducted on alternating days for each treatment. Weight and length of each fish were taken on days 0, 7 and 15. There was no evidence that elevated CO2 affected the growth rate, feeding rate, or behaviour in any of these species. The standard metabolic rate in Arctic charr did differ based on CO2 exposure. Therefore, salmonids can withstand short periods of elevated CO2 under these conditions. By comparing closely related species, the implications of this work are more ecologically relevant and will also help industry quantify the effects of high CO2 on young salmonids.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overlap in habitat use and activity patterns between sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus) in subalpine habitats: exploitative competition rather than direct interference?","authors":"H. Takada, Keita Nakamura","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Examining multiple niche relationships, such as habitat use and activity patterns, between sympatric species contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of coexistence and competition. Sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus Temminck, 1836) often show different habitat use, and diversity in vegetation and topography seems to facilitate their coexistence. Conversely, their habitat use may overlap in areas with low-diversity habitats; however, this remains unstudied. Moreover, whether they spatiotemporally avoid each other to reduce direct interference is unclear. We examined the fine-scale patterns of habitat use and activity of deer and serows in the subalpine forests of Mount Fuji, which have low-diversity habitats, using camera trapping data over three years. Deer and serow habitat niches largely overlapped, especially in summer (92%–94%) and autumn (89%–91%), suggesting that low-diversity habitats facilitate overlapping habitat use. Both species selected areas frequently used by the other during spring to autumn and their temporal niches largely overlapped, especially in summer (88%) and autumn (83%), suggesting that they do not spatiotemporally avoid each other (i.e., there is no direct interference). Rapid range expansion of deer into these subalpine habitats may exclude native serows through resource exploitative competition rather than interference competition.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43813905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The physiological state of four commercially important bivalve species during a naturally occurring heatwave","authors":"Jasmine Talevi, L. Steeves, Michael R. S. Coffin, T. Guyondet, T. Sakamaki, L. Comeau, R. Filgueira","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0215","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow coastal environments are becoming more susceptible to marine heatwaves, particularly in Atlantic Canada, which is experiencing higher rates of ocean warming compared to the global average. Understanding bivalves’ tolerance to heatwaves in Atlantic Canada is especially important given the magnitude of bivalve aquaculture in this region. In this study, the physiological state of four commercially important bivalve species; blue mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758), eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)), soft shell clam (Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758), hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758)), was observed during a naturally occurring heatwave in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The metabolism, feeding physiology, and Scope For Growth of each species was compared. Results from this study, and comparisons with the literature, show interspecific variability in the metabolic rate and feeding physiology between species, but generally oysters, soft shell clams and hard clams were less impacted during the heatwave compared with the blue mussels. Additionally, only the Scope For Growth of mussels declined throughout this experiment, which may be explained by cumulative heat stress as temperatures experienced during this heatwave exceed the thermal tolerance limits of mussels.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46609841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of camera trap installation on incubation constancy in cranes","authors":"Jessica Jaworski, Bradley N. Strobel, S. Dubay","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Research regarding how birds respond to the installation of cameras at nest sites is limited. We installed cameras at nests of Sandhill Cranes Antigone canadensis Linnaeus, 1758 and federally endangered Whooping Cranes Grus americana Linnaeus, 1758 in Juneau County, Wisconsin as part of an ongoing study monitoring the reproductive success of Whooping Cranes in Wisconsin. The eastern population of Sandhill Cranes has grown while Whooping Crane population growth has been slow, prompting the need to monitor the reproductive success of cranes on the refuge. We recorded the flight initiation distance during camera installation, the return time after camera installation as well as measured the distance cameras were placed from each nest. We included temperature at camera deployment, age of nest, mode of access, ordinal date, and year in statistical regression models. We found an apparent difference in the observed flight initiation distances between the two species. Sandhill Cranes allowed researchers to approach their nests closer than Whooping Cranes prior to flushing. The post-disturbance return time was influenced by how far away the cameras were placed from the nest and the ambient temperature during camera deploy. Our study may help inform decisions regarding species response to methods and distance when deploying cameras especially for endangered or disturbance sensitive species.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42411240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in the supercooling points of laboratory-reared Canadian Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)","authors":"M. E. Yunik, S. Dergousoff, N. Chilton","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2023-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2023-0037","url":null,"abstract":"The geographical range of the american dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821), in Canada is expanding northwards into areas where ticks experience colder temperatures during winter. Understanding the ability of D. variabilis to cope with freezing temperatures is important for determining what limits the distributional range of this species. In this study, the supercooling point (SCP = the sub-zero temperature at which freezing occurs) was measured for 318 laboratory-reared D. variabilis individuals (109 nymphs and 209 adults). These ticks were reared from questing adult ticks collected from an area adjacent to Blackstrap Provincial Park in Saskatchewan, Canada. The results showed that there was no relationship between the SCP and body weight of adult ticks, and no difference in the SCP of female and male ticks. However, the mean SCP of nymphs (-23.6°C) was significantly lower than that of adults (-21.6°C). The biological significance of this finding needs to be explored further given that D. variabilis larvae and adults are the primary overwintering stages at northern latitudes.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45703609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of breeding calls in three closely related bird species (Calidris; Scolopacidae)","authors":"E. Miller, P. Tomkovich, V. Arkhipov, C. Handel","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0211","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed calls of three related sandpipers to document species’ similarities and differences. We hypothesized that functionally different calls would differ in degree of divergence. We studied two nuptial calls (complex “Song” and rhythmically repeated aerial call, RRC) of males, and a general-purpose call (“alarm” trill, AT) given by parents of both sexes in the presence of humans and other potential predators, in a small clade: great knot, Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfeld, 1821); surfbird, C. virgata (Gmelin, 1789); and red knot, C. canutus (Linnaeus 1758). Calls diverged unevenly across species, but RRCs and Song diverged most and ATs least. Vocalizations of great knot and surfbird were most similar to one another, in agreement with a recently proposed phylogeny. Despite species differences in single acoustic traits, calls were evolutionarily conservative at higher structural levels, such as rhythmic temporal delivery of RRCs and harmonic structure (e.g., the fundamental frequency was commonly suppressed). Some acoustic qualities that differed across species were similar across call types within species (e.g., tonality in red knot calls). Trait similarity across different calls suggests that a species’ calls cannot evolve independently of one another: common mechanisms of vocal production across different calls may impede differentiation within a species’ repertoire.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44303353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of bat white-nose syndrome on hibernation and swarming aggregations of bats in Ontario","authors":"Lauren A. Hooton, A. A. Adams, A. Cameron, E. Fraser, Lesley Hale, Steven R. Kingston, M. B. Fenton, L. McGuire, Erin E Stukenholtz, C. Davy","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0139","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging infectious diseases can have substantial impacts on wildlife health, but also provide an opportunity to understand how populations respond to novel selective pressures. White-nose syndrome (WNS) has decimated some populations of bats in eastern North America, but impacts vary among species. We counted bats in 11 hibernacula in Ontario, Canada before and after WNS arrived, and compared the relative abundance of 5 bat species captured pre-WNS (1966-1968 and 2007-2009) and post-WNS (2017-2019) during swarming at one of these hibernacula. Counts of hibernating bats declined by 87-100 % after WNS arrived. However, we observed a recent, gradual increase in bat counts in the two largest, monitored hibernacula. During swarming, Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat; Le Conte, 1831) was the most frequently captured bat in all sampling periods. Capture frequency of M. septentrionalis (northern long-eared bat; Trouessart, 1897) declined precipitously after WNS arrived, while M. leibii (eastern small-footed bat; Audubon and Bachman, 1842) represented a higher proportion of bat captures in 2017-2019 compared to other sampling periods. Our data suggest potential adaptation of some bat populations to WNS, but also highlight the importance of protecting bats and their habitat during the active season to facilitate population recovery.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41538274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Brood Viability and Rising Temperature on Oxygen Consumption of Freshwater Mussel Glochidia (Bivalvia: Unionidae)","authors":"R. Fluharty, H. Abdelrahman, James A. Stoeckel","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0149","url":null,"abstract":"Unionid mussels are imperiled worldwide. Understanding the impacts of thermal and hypoxia stress on larval (glochidia) and adult physiology is critical for understanding potential impacts of climate change. We tested whether brood viability (proportion of glochidia competent to attach to a host) was correlated with oxygen demand (MO2), ability to regulate oxygen consumption (RI), and/or critical dissolved oxygen concentration (DOcrit). We then examined effects of temperature on MO2, RI, and DOcrit. Results were coupled with a previous study to estimate the fraction of brooding female oxygen demand comprised of glochidial respiration. We found little evidence that respiratory patterns of glochidia changed with declining brood viability, but strong evidence for decreasing glochidial RI and increasing DOcrit with increasing temperatures. Glochidial respiration temperature coefficient (Q10) values were approximately 2-3x those estimated for brooding females, indicating greater temperature sensitivity. The proportion of gravid female respiration comprised of glochidial respiration reached its maximum at temperatures (23–28 °C) coinciding with brood expulsion. These patterns suggest high temperatures may have deleterious effects on unionids by decreasing hypoxia tolerance of glochidia, increasing the rate at which glochidia deplete energy reserves, and increasing the proportion of oxygen consumption by gravid females that is comprised of glochidial oxygen demand.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43889541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial scale affects the importance of deterministic and stochastic factors in the structuring of tadpole assemblages in Brazilian Cerrado","authors":"F. Fava, Gabriela Alves, Ingrid da Paixão, M. Melo, F. Nomura","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2022-0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0181","url":null,"abstract":"Many factors influence the structure of natural assemblages. Species interaction and environmental factors may generate deterministic patterns, whereas dispersal and ecological drift may generate stochastic patterns. We used pond systems to understand how deterministic and stochastic factors interact and influence tadpole assemblages at different spatial scales. We used variation partitioning and a co-occurrence analysis to evaluate how local environment heterogeneity, species interaction, and spatial variables affected species composition at local and regional scales in Brazilian savanna. Both deterministic and stochastic processes were important to explain tadpole distribution at regional scale, but with a greater contribution of stochastic factors. At local scales, environmental and niche traits were more important to explain tadpole distribution into the habitats. We demonstrate that in Brazilian Cerrado, species composition can be explained by the \"MacArthur paradox\", in which niche processes are important at local scales, whereas dispersal constraints and population processes lead to stochastic patterns in species distribution at large spatial scales.","PeriodicalId":9484,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48790586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}