Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Coumarin-based Scaffolds as Multitarget Modulators of Chronic Inflammation: Insights into Inflammatory Signaling Networks.","authors":"Saurabh Singh, Manjot Singh, Abhishek Maurya, Ashish Yadav, Aftab Alam, Surendra Jatav","doi":"10.2174/0118715230502262261012102212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230502262261012102212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A wide range of chronic illnesses, including metabolic, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and malignant conditions, are caused by the dysregulation of inflammation, a complex, multi-scale biological defense mechanism. Despite their clinical efficacy, current pharmacotherapies such as NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and biologics are constrained by side effects, insufficient resolution of inflammatory cascades, and poor long-term appropriateness. Interest in natural-product scaffolds with multi-target anti-inflammatory potential has increased due to these therapeutic gaps. Among these, 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone) has become a leading molecule due to its broad pharmacological spectrum, favorable safety profile, and ability to simultaneously target multiple pathogenic nodes. This review assesses how 7-hydroxycoumarin and its structural derivatives act at these biochemical and molecular intersections and offers an integrated and thorough analysis of inflammation pathways, including COX/LOX-derived eicosanoid biosynthesis, cytokine and chemokine signaling, oxidative and nitrosative stress, ECM degradation, and receptor-mediated immunomodulation. According to preclinical research, 7-hydroxycoumarin inhibits COX-2, iNOS, and MAPK/NF-κB signaling; modulates SOD/CAT/GSH to restore redox homeostasis; reduces cytokine overproduction; and protects tissues in models of oxidative stress, hepatic injury, ulcerative colitis, and inflammation associated with cancer. Its potency, stability, and pharmacokinetics have been improved by advances in synthetic approaches, hybrid design, metal-complex formation, and nanotechnology-based delivery. 7-hydroxycoumarin is positioned as a flexible, multi-target, next-generation scaffold for antiinflammatory drug development, with promising translational relevance for chronic inflammatory illnesses, according to the combined biochemical, pharmacological, and in-silico data.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effects of Phenytoin and Spironolactone against 5-Fluorouracil-induced Alopecia: Involvement of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Collagen-regenerative Mechanisms.","authors":"Onaolapo J Olakunle, Ogundiran J Reuben, Olofinnade T Anthony, Onaolapo Y Adejoke","doi":"10.2174/0118715230464136260831094850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230464136260831094850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the most distressing adverse effects of cancer treatment and is primarily associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to hair follicles. Effective preventive and therapeutic options remain limited. This study evaluated the protective effects of oral phenytoin and spironolactone against 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)- induced alopecia in rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CIA was induced in rats using intraperitoneal administration of 5-FU, followed by daily oral treatment with phenytoin or spironolactone for 21 days. Feed intake, body weight, and hair regrowth were monitored throughout the study. Blood and skin samples were collected for assessment of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines, and histological changes using Haematoxylin and Eosin and Von Gieson staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>5-FU administration significantly reduced feed intake and body weight and induced marked alopecia, impaired hair regrowth, and follicular degeneration. Treatment with phenytoin and spironolactone improved appetite, attenuated weight loss, and enhanced hair regrowth. Both agents significantly reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lowered TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations, and restored IL-10 levels. Histological analyses revealed that 5-FU caused dermal papilla distortion, follicular shrinkage, loss of anagen follicles, and disruption of collagen organization. These alterations were markedly ameliorated by both treatments, with improved follicular architecture, hair shaft integrity, collagen organization, and anagen activity. Phenytoin produced greater improvements in selected hair morphometric indices.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings indicate that attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation was accompanied by improved follicular structure and hair regrowth, suggesting that these mechanisms may contribute to the protective effects of both agents. The greater improvement in selected morphometric indices with phenytoin indicates potentially differential effects on follicular recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Phenytoin and spironolactone effectively attenuated 5-FU-induced alopecia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and follicular damage. Their protective effects suggest potential therapeutic utility in promoting post-chemotherapy hair recovery and improving treatment outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gut Microbiota-inflammation-immune Axis in Cancer: Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.","authors":"Neeraja Suresh, Vijay Singh, Anushka Rathore, Shailendra Dwivedi, Akash Bansal","doi":"10.2174/0118715230502786261001104534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230502786261001104534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Through its mediation between inflammatory and immune pathways, the gut microbiota has proved to be a key regulator of cancer development, progression, and treatment response. Changes in microbial composition known as dysbiosis might facilitate chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and genomic instability, thereby facilitating carcinogenesis. Conversely, positive commensal microbes can generate short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives, which help maintain the epithelial barrier, cytokine signaling, and innate and adaptive immune responses. These microbial metabolites regulate immune cell differentiation, including regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, thereby impacting the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression. Recent research highlights the microbiota as an outcome of response to cancer therapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Certain microbial genera, e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium species, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, have been linked to augmented antitumor immunity and treatment efficacy. To enhance treatment outcomes and minimize toxicity during therapy, therapeutic interventions that target the regulation of the gut microbiome, such as dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and engineered microbial platforms, are under investigation. Moreover, improvements in metagenomics, metabolomics, and immunomics are now enabling the discovery of microbiome-based biomarkers to inform precision oncology. Knowledge of the gut microbiota-inflammation-immune axis thus presents promising possibilities in creating new treatment modalities and in designing individualized treatments in cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Profiling of Amino Acid-based Indomethacin Conjugates: A Strategy to Mitigate Gastrointestinal Toxicity.","authors":"Preeti Mehta, Kishor Otari, Deepak Fajage, Ranjit Gadhave, Yogita Ozarde","doi":"10.2174/0118715230498500260831052935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230498500260831052935","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;A major limitation of conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is their tendency to cause significant gastrointestinal complications, such as hemorrhage and ulceration. This toxicity arises mainly from their preferential inhibition of COX-1 over COX-2, combined with the inherent acidity of their carboxylic acid groups, which directly irritate the gastric mucosa. A more pragmatic strategy for developing safer anti-inflammatory agents involves optimizing the physicochemical, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic properties of established NSAIDs. One effective approach is the synthesis of prodrugs or conjugates, in which the active drug is linked to biocompatible carriers to mask its adverse effects and improve its overall therapeutic profile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Amino acid conjugates of indomethacin were successfully synthesized by chemically linking the carboxylic acid group of indomethacin, in its acid chloride form, with amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides using the DCC coupling method. The designed compounds were evaluated for their binding affinity to the COX-2 enzyme (PDB ID: 5F1A) using molecular docking. Drug-likeness and ADMET properties of these compounds were predicted using PreADMET and SwissADME software. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by spectral analyses (FTIR, NMR, and MS) and physicochemical evaluations, including solubility and partition coefficient determination. The anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities of indomethacin and its conjugates were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The in silico study demonstrated that the designed compounds exhibited superior binding affinity toward the COX-2 enzyme compared with the parent drug. ADMET predictions indicated favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of all the compounds. Conjugation with amino acids significantly enhanced the aqueous solubility of indomethacin. FTIR, 1HNMR, and mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the structures of synthesized derivatives. All the amino acid conjugates exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of the parent drug, along with a substantial reduction in ulcerogenic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;The improved selectivity of the designed compounds toward COX-2 may be attributed to the increased molecular size resulting from amino acid conjugation, which facilitates accommodation within the larger active site of the COX-2 enzyme. Enhanced aqueous solubility following amino acid conjugation may offer formulation-related advantages. Furthermore, the intrinsic antiinflammatory properties of the amino acids helped maintain the parent drug's anti-inflammatory efficacy. The gastrointestinal toxicity of indomethacin was significantly reduced in all synthesized amino acid conjugates, as evidenced by lower ulcer index values compared with the parent drug.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The finding","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149013511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Characterization of a Clotrimazole-loaded Bigel for Topical Drug Delivery.","authors":"Tushar Varshney, Sukhdev Sharma, Vibha Kumari, Manu Sharma, Vivek Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0118715230482419260827074916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230482419260827074916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bigel formulations are multifunctional two-phase systems that incorporate hydrogels and organogels in varying ratios, maximizing the functional advantages of the water and oil phases. Such a biphasic system addresses the drawbacks of monophasic gels, in which organogels enhance transdermal penetration while the hydrogel maintains adequate hydration of the stratum corneum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A hydrogel system was dispensed by gradually adding Carbopol 940 into distilled water while maintaining uniform stirring. For the preparation of organogels, Span 20 and Span 80 were incorporated into olive oil at an elevated temperature (60°C) with constant agitation. The final hydrogel and organogel bases were homogenized in varying proportions to obtain bigel formulations. The formulation was evaluated for parameters such as spreadability, extrudability, swelling behaviour, drug content, in vitro drug release profile, stability testing, and antimicrobial assessment.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The formulations were comprehensively evaluated for physicochemical characteristics such as spreadability, extrudability, swelling behaviour, viscosity, drug content, and stability upon centrifugation. Among the prepared batches, B5 showed the highest drug release (94.1% at 8 h) and displayed significant antimicrobial activity, producing zones of inhibition ranging from 17.43 ± 0.04 mm to 36.33 ± 1.15 mm against the tested microbial strains. Stability studies demonstrated their physicochemical properties throughout the three-month accelerated stability study, indicating robustness.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Effective topical administration against Candida albicans was demonstrated by the optimal release, stability, and antifungal activity of B5 optimized clotrimazole bigel. With all factors considered, outcomes suggest bigel-based administration as a feasible approach for enhancing local clotrimazole therapy while retaining high patient acceptability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among the prepared batches, B5 showed the largest zone of inhibition (36.33 ± 1.15 mm) against Candida albicans, demonstrating the potential of the developed bigel as an effective topical treatment for cutaneous fungal infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148946442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases as Mediators of Cutaneous Wound Healing and Tissue Repair.","authors":"Alankar Shrivastav, Harpreet Singh, Navneet Verma, Arun Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.2174/0118715230490161260817050347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230490161260817050347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in the intricate process of wound healing of skin by creating a sequential inflammation, tissue generation, and remodelling. MMPs are a family of proteolytic enzymes that degrade components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Their controlled activity is critical for maintaining the balance between ECM deposition and degradation required for wound closure and for determining whether excessive fibrosis occurs or chronic wounds form. Alterations in either direction would lead to dysfunction or improvement in wound healing, and could be the cause for chronic wounds and excessive scar formation. This review discusses the roles of MMPs at different stages of wound healing, primarily focusing on their functions during inflammatory responses, ECM remodelling, and reepithelialization. We have discussed the interplay between MMPs and their TIMPs (Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases), as well as therapeutic strategies to modulate the adverse effects of excessive MMP activity during cutaneous wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148893190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement in Inflammation-responsive Drug Delivery System for Chronic Inflammation.","authors":"Rishikesh Singh, Monika, Rupa Mazumder, Avijit Mazumder, Manish Singh, Gurvinder Singh","doi":"10.2174/0118715230494175260811080008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230494175260811080008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation-Responsive Drug Delivery System (IR-DDS) is proposed as a novel strategy for targeted therapy of the chronic inflammation-associated diseases: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and sepsis. These smart systems take advantage of the characteristic pathological microenvironment in inflamed tissues-such as acidic pH (5-6.5), high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), overexpressed enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reductive conditions from glutathione (GSH)-for drug-specific accumulation at the site of action and on-demand release. By capitalizing on stimulus-induced behaviors, such as pH-activated protonation and swelling, ROS-stimulated bond scission in thio-ketals or boronic esters, enzyme-cleavable peptide linkers, or GSH-triggered disulfides, IR-DDS have overcome drawbacks of traditional delivery systems, including low bioavailability, off-target effects, and systemic toxicity. The review discusses a variety of carrier systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA, chitosan), liposomes, micelles, hydrogels, dendrimers, and hybrid nanocomposites that offer inherent biocompatibility, controllable degradation, and multiple functionalities for sustained delivery. This includes the use of muscle, pH-sensitive hydrogels for periodontitis, oxidation-responsive polypropylene sulfide nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory drug release in rheumatoid arthritis models, and enzyme-triggered gelatin complexes used to target inflamed tissue in IBD, which are striking examples. A sulfasalazine-loaded transdermal patch is shown for chronic inflammation assessment, with increased efficacy in preclinical animal models, such as rat colitis and mouse arthritis after localized delivery. Despite encouraging preclinical findings in lowering cytokine levels, joint swelling, and inflammation markers, clinical translation is hindered by disease heterogeneity, scalability, biocompatibility issues, and manufacturing complexity. Future perspectives: AI-guided green multi-stimuli systems and therapeutic drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging (such as fluorescence, MRI) using multifunctional nanoparticle hybrids for personalized precision therapy will most likely revolutionize the management of chronic inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyaluronic Acid-based Hydrogels as Anti-inflammatory Drug Delivery Platforms for Osteoarthritis: Design Strategies, Mechanisms, and Translational Perspectives.","authors":"Surbhi Arora, Shikha Baghel Chauhan, Chirag Jain, Indu Singh","doi":"10.2174/0118715230472714260810073857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230472714260810073857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinical problem that remains difficult to treat because few therapeutic options can support sustained cartilage repair. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have been advanced as multifunctional drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds because they are biocompatible and can be designed to possess specific physicochemical properties. This review article makes four major contributions. First, it proposes a framework for classifying HA crosslinking techniques, including covalent, click/enzymatic, and supramolecular chemistry. Second, it proposes a chemistry-to-function framework that shows how HA structure is related to critical properties, such as drug release, chondrogenesis, and immunomodulation. Third, this article synthesizes preclinical studies that illustrate how multifunctional HA hydrogels can support cartilage repair. Fourth, this article proposes a framework for translating HA hydrogels to the clinic that considers issues, such as manufacturing scale-up and emerging technologies, such as 3D printing and AI. Despite such advancements, there are several hurdles to be overcome for translation. These hurdles include a lack of standardization in cross-linking and characterization, an incomplete understanding of long-term immune response, and difficulties with reproducibility in manufacturing. These hurdles need to be addressed to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical success. The review aims to provide an overview for the rational design and translation of HA-based hydrogels for OA therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148868741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Studies of Coumarin-chalcone Conjugates as Selective TNF-α and Weak COX-2 Inhibitors with Efficacy as an Antioxidant.","authors":"Dalaa Ali El-Jadayel, Husna Khalifa Al-Busaidi, Zainab Hamood Al-Balushi, Hala Haider Al-Khafaji, Namy George, Rohit Pal, Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada, Shah Alam Khan, Md Jawaid Akhtar","doi":"10.2174/0118715230471003260806101346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230471003260806101346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of various chronic diseases, necessitating compounds with dual therapeutic potential.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A series of (E)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(3-(substituted phenyl)acryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (7a-m) were synthesized starting from 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity Results: Compound 7a exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 83.39 μM. Compound 7b was found to be nearly 1.5-fold more potent in inhibiting albumin protein denaturation than ibuprofen and diclofenac at 100 μg/ml. Compound 7b displayed the most potent inhibitory activity against TNF-α and weak inhibition against the COX-2 enzyme with an IC50 value of 4.32 and 419.04 μM, compared to standard ibuprofen (IC50 value of 5.0 μM against COX-2) and diclofenac (IC50 value of 21.0 μM against TNF-α). Molecular docking studies of compound 7b showed the highest docking score against TNF-α and COX-2 enzymes, compared to the standard celecoxib.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>It was found that chloro at the 2nd position or methoxy at the 3rd position led to promising anti-inflammatory activity. Removal of the chloro group led to a decrease in COX-2 and TNF-α inhibitory activity. In the molecular docking studies, compound 7b shows a similar binding interaction against TNF-α and COX-2 as the standard celecoxib. The DFT studies showed favorable interactions, good stability, and moderate reactivity within the biological targets.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that coumarin-chalcone derivatives may act as a lead for the synthesis of more potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148868678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rutin (Quercetin-3-rutinoside): A Comprehensive Review of its Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic Mechanisms, Molecular Targets, and Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Ravindra Mishra, Jeetendra Kumar Gupta, Vinay Jain","doi":"10.2174/0118715230491854260805074459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715230491854260805074459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is a naturally occurring flavonol glycoside widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Increasing evidence suggests that rutin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties through modulation of oxidative stress and immune signaling pathways. This review aimed to critically evaluate the molecular mechanisms, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of rutin in inflammatory and allergic disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published up to January 2025. Relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies investigating the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of rutin were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and systematically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reviewed studies demonstrated that rutin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Rutin also activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Heme Oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway, enhancing antioxidant defenses and reducing oxidative stress. In allergic conditions, rutin stabilizes mast cells, suppresses histamine release, decreases Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated responses, and modulates immune-cell activation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Although substantial preclinical evidence supports the therapeutic potential of rutin, limitations such as poor bioavailability, variability among experimental studies, and limited clinical validation remain significant challenges.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Rutin exhibits promising anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities through multitarget modulation of inflammatory, oxidative stress, and immune pathways. Further well-designed clinical studies and advanced drug-delivery strategies are required to facilitate its translation into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94368,"journal":{"name":"Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148868709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}