Cardiovascular Journal of Africa最新文献

{"title":"Hypertension treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.","authors":"Pauline Cavagna, Céline Leplay, Roland N'Guetta, Kouadio Euloge Kramoh, Ibrahima Bara Diop, Dadhi M Balde, Jean Bruno Mipinda, Michel Azizi, Xavier Jouven, Marie Antignac","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-065","DOIUrl":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces the highest rate of hypertension worldwide. Blood pressure (BP) control rests on the association of lifestyle modification and antihypertensive medicines. We aimed to systematically review antihypertensive strategies implemented in SSA to achieve BP control. A systematic search beginning in 2003 was performed in MEDLINE, COCHRANE and EMBASE. We included only original and observational studies in SSA countries. Thirty studies were included from 11 countries. No study was multinational. The number of patients varied from 111 to 897 (median: 294; IQR: 192-478). Overall, 21% of patients received monotherapy, 42.6% two-drug and 26.6% three-drug combinations. Out of all the strategies, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers were mostly prescribed, followed by diuretics and calcium channel blockers. In monotherapy, RAS blockers were the first to be prescribed. Only 10 articles described antihypertensive strategies beyond triple combinations. BP control was highly variable (range: 16.4 to 61.2%). Multicentre studies performed in several SSA countries are needed to ensure international guidelines actually do improve outcomes in SSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"307-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11040475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9917467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric arterial dissection with coeliac axis stenosis.","authors":"Kun Ye, Yong Wang, Shengyun Wan","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-066","DOIUrl":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric arterial dissection with coeliac axis stenosis is rare but serious. We report a case of a 54-year-old male with coeliac axis stenosis who presented with acute superior mesenteric arterial dissection, which caused thrombosis of the branches. This is the first report of the full course of treatment using endovascular repair and laparoscopic surgery to deal with spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric arterial dissection combined with coeliac axis stenosis. This approach has been shown to be safe and effective for yielding short-term results.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"318-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11040470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9211001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is pre-operative monocyte count-high-density lipoprotein ratio associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting?","authors":"Hüseyin Şaşkın","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-055","DOIUrl":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio has emerged as an indicator of inflammation and oxidative stress in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio with postoperative acute kidney injury in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 954 patients (672 males, mean age 60.8 ± 8.2 years), operated on between June 2014 and June 2022, at the same centre by the same team, for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass, whose preoperative serum creatinine level was < 1.5 mg/dl, were enrolled in the study. Patients were placed in group 1 if they had acute kidney injury in the early postoperative period (<i>n</i> = 161) and group 2 comprised those without (<i>n</i> = 793). Univariate and subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis were done to determine significant clinical factors, and independent predictors of acute kidney injury.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pre-operative monocyte count (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), monocyte count-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), C-reactive protein (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), mean platelet volume (<i>p</i> = 0.0001) and postoperative first- and third-day C-reactive protein levels (<i>p</i> = 0.0001) were significantly increased in group 1. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that pre-operative elevated monocyte count (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), monocyte-high-density lipoprotein ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), postoperative first-day C-reactive protein level (<i>p</i> = 0.0001), postoperative first-third day erythrocyte sedimentation rate (<i>p</i> = 0.002, <i>p</i> = 0.004, respectively) and mean platelet volume (<i>p</i> = 0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.0001, respectively) were independent predictors of early postoperative acute kidney injury in patients who had undergone isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pre-operative monocyte-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was found to be an independent predictor of acute kidney injury in the early postoperative period of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":" ","pages":"278-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11040468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40702907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective study: efficacy of an originator versus a generic formulation of simvastatin in patients who suffer from hyperlipidaemia.","authors":"J R Snyman, K R Snyman","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-053","DOIUrl":"10.5830/CVJA-2022-053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>South Africa is home to a multi-ethnic society with a large range of cultures and lifestyles. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. South Africa is known to have one of the highest incidence rates of hypercholesterolaemia in the world, especially among the Caucasian population.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this retrospective chart review was to establish whether a multisource simvastatin (Simvotin^®, Ranbaxy, a Sun Pharma company) maintained the cholesterol-lowering effect after switching from the innovator brand Zocor^® (MSD South Africa) in the public-sector hospitals. Since prescribers often doubt the registration requirements of multisource products based on bioequivalence alone, this research was done to confirm similar clinical outcomes in a real-world setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>More than 200 charts were identified from patients treated for hyperlipidaemia. Patients were treated for at least six months prior to and again six months after the switching of brands in order to meet criteria to be eligible for inclusion. The lipid values at initiation of therapy as well as before switching (visit 1 and 2) had to be available and again six months after treatment on the multisource product (visit 3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant change was observed in the lipid control after switching, confirming similarity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This real-world evidence should allay any fears of generic inferiority of this important medicine in the treatment and prevention of high cardiovascular risk in patients requiring lipid-lowering therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"33 ","pages":"264-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11040464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10374999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive values of stress hyperglycaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin on admission for long-term recovery of cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention.","authors":"Jinfeng Xiao, Chuanchao Luo, Lixin Yang","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2023-056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2023-056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We aimed to explore the predictive values of stress hyperglycaemia (SHG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) levels on admission for long-term recovery of cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). A total of 210 AMI patients were randomly selected. The levels of SHG and HbA_1c were measured on admission, and all patients were treated with PPCI and followed up for one year. According to the recovery status of cardiac function during follow up, the patients were divided into a good recovery group and a poor recovery group. At one year after treatment, there were statistically significant differences in the levels of SHG (6.75 ± 0.69 vs 7.81 ± 0.92 mmol/l) and HbA_1c (5.13 ± 0.25 vs 5.91 ± 0.39%) between the good and poor recovery groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The levels of SHG and HbA_1c were associated with long-term recovery of cardiac function (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the area under the curves of SHG and HbA_1c for predicting the long-term recovery of cardiac function were > 0.70. The levels of SHG and HbA_1c were closely associated with longterm recovery of cardiac function after PPCI in AMI patients, displaying high predictive values.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and choroidal vascularity index in patients with hypertension.","authors":"Güvenç Toprak, Muhammet Fatih Bayraktar","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2023-057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2023-057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is a method that measures the density of blood vessels in the choroidal layer and can be used to evaluate the effects of hypertension. In this study we aimed to investigate the relationship between epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and CVI in patients with hypertension.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included 112 patients diagnosed with hypertension and 120 healthy individuals. Patients' demographic data such as age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and presence of coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus were recorded. BMI was calculated by dividing a patient's weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared. EFT was measured by echocardiography and CVI was calculated using the optical coherence tomography method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean CVI was found to be 66.57 ± 2.21 in the patient group and 69.22 ± 2.39 in the control group and the difference was significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The mean EFT was found to be 5.23 ± 3.25 mm in the patients and 2.57 ± 1.97 mm in the control group and the difference was statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.003). According to Spearman's correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and EFT (<i>r</i> = 0.379, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation between CVI and EFT (<i>r</i> = -0.412, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CVI value was significantly lower and the EFT value was significantly higher in patients with hypertension compared to non-hypertensive patients. There was a significant positive correlation between EFT and BMI and a significant negative correlation between EFT and CVI.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving cardiac function of angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Qiuli Niu, Changyuan Wang, Xiurong Xing","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2023-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2023-028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>As the impact of angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) on cardiac function in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients is unclear in clinical therapy, we conducted this research to investigate the actual effects of improving cardiac function with ARNI in AMI patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Publications were checked up to June 2022. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilised for assessing the size of the effect of continuous variables. To assess the magnitude of the effect of dichotomous variables, a relative risk (RR) with 95% CI was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ARNI could improve left ventricular ejection fraction (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.58), while lowering left ventricular end-diastolic volume (SMD = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.78 to -0.08), left ventricular end-systolic volume (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI: -0.66 to -0.11) and left ventricular enddiastolic diameter (SMD = -0.49; 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.33). Besides, it could decrease the rates of major adverse cardiac events (RR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.43 - 0.69) and heart failure (RR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.31 - 0.58).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ARNI could greatly improve cardiac function in AMI patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonographic assessment and clinical outcomes after deployment of a suture-mediated femoral vascular closure device.","authors":"Dimitrios Papoutsis, Konstantinos Mourouzis, Nikoleta Bozini, Konstantinos Aznaouridis, Evangelos Oikonomou, Katerina Chatzimichael, Elias Brountzos, Manolis Vavuranakis, Costas Tsioufis, John Lekakis, Gerasimos Siasos, Dimitris Tousoulis","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2023-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2023-054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Data regarding changes in the arterial vascular wall after the deployment of suture-mediated vascular closure devices (VCD) at the femoral site in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are sparse. This study investigated the occurrence of structural vascular changes or adverse vascular complications at the access site in the short term after the deployment of a suture-mediated intravascular VCD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-three patients (72% males) with a mean age of 62 ± 11 years were enrolled. Duplex sonography was conducted at the access site at baseline, 24 hours and 30 days after femoral puncture in patients with successful VCD deployment. Vessel diameter, flow velocities, the severity of atherosclerosis, and the intravascular or perivascular tissue alterations in both the right common femoral artery (RCFA) and right external iliac artery (REILA) were assessed. Vascular complications were documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant changes regarding the diameter of the RCFA in the transverse and longitudinal view, peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the RCFA, PSV ratio of the RCFA to REILA, the resistive index of the RFCA and the severity of arterial wall abnormalities before femoral puncture, the day following VCD deployment and 30 days after (<i>p</i> = NS for all) in the general population and in patients with diabetes mellitus, on oral anticoagulants or with mild peripheral artery disease (<i>p</i> = NS for all markers). Device failure was observed in four cases. Few (4.4%) patients had vascular complications, which included exclusively major or minor haematomas, most of which did not persist at the 30-day follow up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of a suture-mediated VCD was safe and was not associated with adverse vascular wall changes at the femoral access site 30 days after deployment in patients undergoing CAG and/or PCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between carotid intima-media thickness and patient outcomes in coronary artery disease in central South Africa.","authors":"V Mokoena, L Botes, S C Brown, F E Smit","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2023-055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2023-055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasive tool used to detect atherosclerosis and diagnose cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine whether pre-operative CIMT measurements correlated with intra- and postoperative outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, analytical cohort included 89 patients diagnosed with ACS who received CABG surgery. Patients were divided into two cohorts: group 1: normal CIMT < 0.07 cm and group 2: abnormal CIMT ≥ 0.07 cm. B-mode ultrasound was used to measure the CIMT in all patients. Pre-, intra- and postoperative data and complications were recorded for each patient.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 77 (86.5%) males and 12 (13.5%) females. Pre-operative mean body mass index was significantly higher (<i>p</i> = 0.03) in group 2 than in group 1. Group 2 had a significantly increased incidence of diabetes (<i>p</i> = 0.008) and hypertension (<i>p</i> = 0.009), and increased NT-proBNP levels (<i>p</i> = 0.02). Intra- and postoperative outcomes between the groups were comparable, with no significant differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study showed no correlation between abnormal CIMT and increased adverse intra- and postoperative patient outcomes. Therefore, the results of this study show CIMT should not be considered a tool to predict adverse events in patients undergoing CABG surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary risk factors associated with ischaemic heart disease in central South Africa: a single-centre study.","authors":"Michelle Butler,&nbsp;Lezelle Botes,&nbsp;Stephen Brown,&nbsp;Francis Smit","doi":"10.5830/CVJA-2023-053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2023-053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Deaths from non-communicable diseases have increased in sub-Saharan Africa over the years, with limited data on coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk factors thereof. The objective of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in central South Africa in patients with CAD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with angiographically confirmed CAD who were evaluated in the catheterisation laboratory for the first time over a two-year period (2016 - 2017) were included. Data were extracted from the patients' medical records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred and eighty-two patients met the inclusion criteria, presenting at a mean age of 58.4 ± 10.8 years, and were predominantly male (66%). Females were significantly older than the males (60.3 ± 9.6 vs 57.4 ± 11.1 years; <i>p</i> < 0.05). The mean age at presentation was comparable between ethnic groups, except Asian patients who presented at a significantly younger age compared to Caucasians (49.8 ± 10.5 vs 59.1 ± 10.8 years; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Hypertension (91%) was the most common risk factor, followed by smoking (67%) and obesity (41%). Black Africans demonstrated a higher incidence of hypertension when compared to Caucasians (96 vs 87%; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Smoking was more prevalent in Caucasians than black Africans (68 vs 55%; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and occurred more commonly in males than females (73 vs 55%; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Most patients presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (72%), mainly with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (36%). The majority of patients presenting with ACS were in the age group 51 - 60 years. The ACS risk-factor profile was similar to that of the total study group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CAD was present in all ethnic groups, and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were similar to the classical risk factors described worldwide. Minor interracial differences were observed and hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor recorded in central South Africa. Most patients with CAD presented with ACS, particularly STEMI. Recognition of the risk factors associated with CAD would contribute to improved planning of healthcare systems and increased awareness of CAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9434,"journal":{"name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","volume":"34 ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71478292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}