One health outlook最新文献

{"title":"Low detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in invasive Rattus spp. across rural and natural habitats in central Chile.","authors":"Daniela Elizondo, Rodrigo Salgado, Cristian Herrera, Gabriela Gaona, Gemma Rojo, Nélida R Villaseñor, Ananda Müller, Francisco Chacón, André V Rubio","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00214-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00214-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Invasive rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) are recognized hosts of zoonotic pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, in human-modified landscapes. However, their role in non-domestic transmission cycles remains poorly understood, particularly in Mediterranean ecosystems near the southern limit of endemic Chagas disease. Here, we assessed the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in invasive rats across rural and natural habitats of central Chile. METHODS: Rodents were live-trapped in rural (non-peridomestic) and natural habitats during seasonal campaigns conducted between 2023 and 2025. Blood samples from invasive rats captured at 31 sites were screened for T. cruzi DNA using real-time PCR targeting parasite satellite DNA. RESULTS: A total of 789 invasive rats were analyzed, representing one of the most extensive molecular screenings of Rattus spp. conducted in rural and natural habitats of central Chile. Overall infection prevalence was extremely low (0.25%; 95% CI: 0.07–0.92%), with positive detections restricted to two R. rattus individuals captured in autumn within natural habitats. This low prevalence was consistent across habitats and seasons. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive rats appear to play a limited role in non-domestic transmission under the ecological conditions surveyed and are unlikely to reliably reflect local parasite circulation. One plausible explanation is potentially limited spatial overlap between invasive rat populations and areas where sylvatic vectors are most abundant, although this requires empirical verification through concurrent vector surveys. These findings provide baseline evidence on the epidemiological role of invasive rats in Mediterranean ecosystems and may inform ecologically grounded surveillance strategies within a One Health framework. </p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13224434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147719128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating for One Health: federal perspectives and key lessons on building integrative programs for wildlife in Canada.","authors":"Alana A E Wilcox, Craig Stephen, Jennifer F Provencher","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00207-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00207-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At a national level, Canada has committed to advancing the One Health approach, recognizing the interconnection between human, animal, and environment health. One Health, however, has often focused on zoonotic diseases and their impacts on human health, limiting the scope and integration of wildlife and environment health. There is also a growing recognition of the need to develop collaborative strategies to address gaps in research, reflecting diverse expertise and priorities. To explore how One Health is perceived and can be mobilized at the federal level, we conducted a series of focus groups with staff at Environment and Climate Change Canada, discussing themes including novel and innovative program development, metrics of success, and limitations to program development and implementation. Supported by the literature, we describe the four key lessons that emerged for strengthening One Health programming: (1) adopt a settings-based approach to foster inclusivity and optimize the health of people, animals, and the environment; (2) establish a shared goal and / or mandate for a team can create a shared purpose and enhance impact; (3) identify champions and leaders who can drive innovation; and (4) bring in key experts, but maintain flexibility to ensure skills are aligned with program needs. While examples highlight innovative program development and implementation, focus group participants emphasized barriers to collaborative and integrative research on human, animal, and environment health extending beyond federal science and that require institutions to address systemic limitations on research innovation. Nonetheless, to promote optimal health outcomes, including those for wildlife and the environment, professionals can adopt integrative and interdisciplinary approaches and drive a movement from knowledge to action.</p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13196196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147694250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in non-occupational population in Zhejiang Province, China, 2018-2024: epidemic trend and infection analysis.","authors":"Xuguang Shi, Yong Yang, Ying Liu, Jiangping Ren, Rong Zhang, Song Guo, Huimin Ma, Jimin Sun","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00212-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00212-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OBJECTIVE: To clarify the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in non-occupational populations in Zhejiang Province during 2018–2024, provide evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies, and respond to the core requirement of “human-animal-environment” collaborative prevention and control under the One Health framework. METHODS: Data on brucellosis cases among non‑occupational populations in Zhejiang Province were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Individual case investigations were also carried out for the corresponding cases. After standardized collation and validation, descriptive epidemiological analyses were performed with R 4.3.1 software. RESULTS: A total of 499 non-occupational brucellosis cases were reported in Zhejiang Province during 2018–2024, accounting for 43.96% (499/1137) of the total brucellosis cases in the province over the same period. The proportion of non-occupational cases showed a significant year-on-year upward trend (Trend χ² test = 15.53, P < 0.001). Among the 499 cases, 317 were male and 182 were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.74:1. The age of patients ranged from 1 to 91 years, with a median age of 54 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 43–64 years); the median age of males was 53 years (IQR: 42–63 year) and females 55 years (IQR: 43.75–66 years). The main transmission routes were direct contact (55.31%, 276/499) and digestive tract transmission (17.43%, 87/499). The predominant clinical manifestations included fever, excessive sweating, myalgia/arthralgia and fatigue. The median interval from onset to confirmed diagnosis was 19 days (IQR: 10–43 days), indicating a certain degree of diagnostic delay. CONCLUSION: The proportion of non-occupational brucellosis cases in Zhejiang Province has increased year by year, making this population a key group that cannot be ignored in local brucellosis prevention and control. To effectively curb this trend, efforts should be made to further strengthen the popularization of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge among the general public and prioritize specialized training on brucellosis diagnostic capabilities for medical workers. The One Health framework provides a critical theoretical and practical basis for cross-sectoral interventions integrating human health, animal epidemic prevention, and environmental governance. </p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13077960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147694222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever among humans and animals in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Simegnew Adugna Kallu, Ambachew Motbaynor Wubaye, Simachew Getaneh Endalamew, Andnet Yirga Assefa, Alebachew Tilahun Wassie, Migbaru Keffale Bezabih, Yihenew Getahun Ambaw","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00209-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00209-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Q fever is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii with a global distribution. It has a significant public health implication in resource-limited settings. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to comprehensively analyze the seroprevalence of Q fever in humans and animals in East Africa. Following the PRISMA guidelines and a registered protocol on PROSPERO (CRD420251149865), online searches were conducted in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and AJOL from October 1–5, 2025, to retrieve articles from the East African countries published within the time frame of January 1, 2000 and September 30, 2025. This systematic review and meta-analysis identified 47 articles reporting Q fever seroprevalence across multiple animal species and human, yielding 94 species-specific datasets for pooled analysis. After heterogeneity assessment, random effects model was used to estimate the pooled Q fever seroprevalence. The estimated pooled seroprevalence was 21.32% (95% CI: [14.58; 28.06]) among humans and 27.55% (95% CI: [22.34; 32.77]) in animals. Trim-and-fill analysis revealed substantial publication bias, reducing pooled seroprevalence from 27.55% to 8.46% in animals and from 21.35% to 6.98% in humans. The seroprevalence in humans was higher in Kenya (26.0%) and Ethiopia (24.7%) than in Sudan (18.0%), Tanzania (14.9%), and Uganda (7.6%). The multivariable meta-regression revealed a significant increasing trend in human Q fever seroprevalence over time, despite marginal non-significance in univariable analysis. Among animals, the seroprevalence was higher in camels (38.9%) and lower in cattle (14.6%), with observed statistically significant difference. This meta-analysis result showed that the seroprevalence of Q fever is high in humans and animals, but it is still neglected in many countries in the East Africa, posing significant impact to human and animal health. Planned preventive measures and control efforts are necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13173964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147617338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for anthrax in livestock: findings from one health outbreak investigations in Bangladesh.","authors":"Muhammad Belal Hossain, Najmul Haider, Md Saiful Islam, Sukanta Chowdhury, Ahmad Raihan Sharif, M Salim Uzzaman, Mohammad Mostafizur Rahman, Mahbubur Rahman, Mahmudur Rahman, Farhana Haque","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00210-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00210-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Anthrax remains endemic in Bangladesh, causing recurring outbreaks in livestock and humans despite vaccination programs. Although environmental persistence of Bacillus anthracis is recognized, evidence on modifiable animal- and farm-level practices that contribute to livestock anthrax is limited. This study aimed to identify animal-level and farm-level risk factors associated with anthrax in livestock in endemic areas of Bangladesh, addressing gaps in understanding how husbandry practices and farm management contribute to disease transmission. METHODS: Geographically matched animal case–control studies of ruminants were conducted in Bangladeshi subdistricts reporting human cutaneous anthrax cases from October 2012 to December 2016. A total of 103 cattle, goats, and buffalo were recruited from 81 case farms, while 1,098 ruminants were recruited from 553 control farms. Data on animal characteristics, feeding and grazing practices, vaccination status, and farm management behaviors were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: At the animal level, communal grazing (adjusted matched odds ratio [mOR]: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.48–4.82), feeding freshly harvested hybrid grass (cultivated fodder) within three days of illness onset (adjusted mOR: 6.07, 95% CI: 1.71–21.42), and failure to vaccinate livestock (adjusted mOR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.02–0.14) were strongly associated with infection. At the farm level, practices that disturbed or imported potentially contaminated soil, including scraping topsoil from animal sheds (adjusted mOR: 10.8, 95% CI: 3.02–38.63), routine collection of soil from cultivable land for shed maintenance (adjusted mOR: 6.49, 95% CI: 1.73–24.33), and on-farm slaughtering of animals (adjusted mOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.30–7.16), significantly increased anthrax risk. These findings highlight behavioral and management practices that facilitate exposure to B. anthracis spores. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that environmental disturbances, animal husbandry and farm management practices, alongside low vaccine coverage, intersect to sustain anthrax transmission in livestock in Bangladesh. Strengthening immunity through large-scale vaccination programs, coupled with improved animal grazing, soil husbandry, farm management, and slaughter practices, could significantly reduce animal anthrax and prevent human spillover in endemic settings such as Bangladesh. </p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13159370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147583545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from beef and bovine milk in Gondar town, Amhara region, Ethiopia.","authors":"Seleshe Nigatu, B Dejene, B Adugna, H Belete, Sadam M Ibrahim, Ahmed G Abdelhamid, Ahmed E Yousef, A B Gashaw, M Araya","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00208-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00208-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne diarrheal zoonotic diseases globally, often transmitted through contaminated food. Especially in Ethiopia, due to practices such as consuming raw milk and undercooked meat, as well as weak antibiotic regulations, the risk is higher. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni in raw cow’s milk and beef carcass swabs in Gondar, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2022 and June 2023, collecting raw milk samples (n = 194) and beef carcass swabs (n = 196) using stratified multistage sampling. Raw milk was collected from the farm and cafeteria, and carcass swabs from 50 cm² areas of the neck, brisket, flank, and rump regions of beef. Campylobacter jejuni was identified by biochemical tests and amplification of the “hipO” gene, and antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. RESULTS: A high prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni was found in beef (21.9%) and cow’s milk (19.6%), with older animals showing the highest rate (25%). Although not statistically significant, the prevalence was higher on farms with poor hygiene (23.53%) compared to those with better conditions (p > 0.05) (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.42 to 3.32). Contamination of beef increased significantly after evisceration (p = 0.019) (OR = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.21 to 8.68). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, beef isolates showed higher resistance to Cefoxitin, Nalidixic acid, and Erythromycin than milk isolates. Notably, 44.4% of the total isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance to Tetracycline, Polymyxin B, and Erythromycin classes, with 28.4% originating from beef swabs. CONCLUSION: The study outlined a concerning level of Campylobacter jejuni prevalence and significant levels of multidrug resistance to antibiotics commonly used in both humans and animals. This underscores the necessity for a One Health approach to tackle these challenges. </p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chamomile oil and apigenin as novel modulators of mexA, mexB, mexR, and oprM efflux pump genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","authors":"Hozan Salahadin Mahdi, Salah Tofik Jalal Balaky","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00204-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00204-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies have shown that antimicrobial resistance has become a great threat. This study focuses on and investigates the effect of some natural compounds on the expression of efflux pump genes that play an important role in antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Among the 93 Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were isolated from different clinical samples, 20% were multidrug-resistant, 32% were extensively drug-resistant, and 2% were pandrug-resistant. Identification of the isolates was done using 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. GC-MS analysis of chamomile oil revealed (is-.beta.-Farnesene) as the major component. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of each of apigenin, chamomile oil, and ceftazidime were evaluated for five of the isolates. Bacterial growth curve analysis revealed a decline in bacterial growth after treatment with sub-MIC levels of chamomile oil and apigenin. The gene expression of each mexA, mexB, mexR, and oprM efflux pump gene in the bacterial isolates using quantitative PCR was evaluated in untreated and treated isolates with a sub-MIC value of apigenin and chamomile oil.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chamomile oil significantly reduced the expression of all four genes. On the other hand, apigenin downregulated most genes but upregulated mexA in two isolates and mexB in one isolate. Meanwhile, Chamomile oil exhibited stronger downregulation of efflux pump genes compared to apigenin, with fold changes ranging from 2.28 to 14.3.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Accordingly, these novel findings suggest that chamomile oil and apigenin can have a significant effect on inhibiting efflux pump gene expression, thus combating multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, and offering new avenues for developing effective natural therapeutic adjuvants to overcome antibiotic resistance. This is preliminary evidence for the gene regulatory potential of chamomile oil and apigenin.</p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two decades (2005 to 2025) of avian influenza research trends, knowledge gaps and distribution of emerging H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade in South Asia.","authors":"Md Zulfekar Ali, Uwem Okon Edet, Md Salauddin, Clement Meseko","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00206-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00206-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a persistent zoonotic and economic threat in South Asia, yet a comprehensive understanding of its research trajectory, outbreak patterns, and viral evolution in the region remains limited. This study integrates bibliometric, epidemiological, metadata, and phylogenetic analyses to assess two decades (2005–2025) of AIV research and H5N1 dynamics in South Asia. Bibliographic records were retrieved from Scopus and analysed using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny, while hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were obtained from GISAID and analysed using maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree. A total of 858 documents were identified, exhibiting a strong upward research trend (R²=0.90), with peak outputs between 2021 and 2024; primary research articles dominated (84.9%), and Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan emerged as the most productive countries and institutional hubs. Keyword evolution revealed sustained focus on avian influenza, H5N1, poultry, and Bangladesh, alongside the post-2020 emergence of One Health, zoonoses, and mutation-related themes. Epidemiological synthesis showed 18 confirmed human H5N1 cases reported between 2005 and 2025, predominantly in Bangladesh, indicating low but recurrent spillover events. Phylogenetic analysis of 267 clade 2.3.4.4b HA sequences revealed multiple well-supported country- and time-specific clades, with Bangladesh acting as a major center of viral persistence and evolution, particularly in domestic ducks, while cross-country clustering among Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives suggests regional viral movement likely mediated by migratory birds and poultry trade networks. Collectively, these findings highlight an interconnected H5N1 ecosystem shaped by surveillance intensity, host ecology, and transboundary transmission, underscoring the need for strengthening One Health–oriented surveillance, cross-border collaboration, and sustained genomic monitoring in South Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13037272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental degradation as a recipe for emerging viral diseases: implications for global health.","authors":"Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu, Abdulgafar Olayiwola Jimoh, Syafinaz Amin-Nordin, Sharifah Syed Hassan","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00203-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00203-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rise of new viral illnesses poses a substantial risk to global public health, as their incidence and impact have increased over the past few decades. This article thoroughly examines the complex connection between environmental degradation and the development of new viral diseases. Human activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, and industrial agriculture, have significantly altered ecosystems, increasing the likelihood of virus transmission from animals to humans. The alteration of natural environments brings wildlife species that serve as hosts for several viruses into closer proximity to human populations, thereby promoting the transmission of zoonotic diseases. In addition, climate change and pollution worsen the susceptibility of both animal and human societies to viral epidemics by compromising immune responses and changing the distribution of disease carriers. This paper examines how environmental degradation is associated with viral emergence, drawing on case studies including HIV, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19, to illustrate shared spillover mechanisms. Evidence from major zoonotic outbreaks, including HIV, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19, indicates that environmental degradation acts through shared mechanisms, notably habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and intensified human–animal interfaces. Epidemiological and ecological investigations suggest that forest encroachment, wildlife exploitation, and land-use change consistently increase opportunities for viral spillover, underscoring environmental stewardship as a critical component of pandemic prevention. This emphasizes the importance of adopting comprehensive strategies that combine environmental protection with public health efforts to lower the risk of future pandemics. It highlights the need for coordinated global action that integrates ecosystem conservation with public health preparedness to reduce future zoonotic disease risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel barriers to dog rabies vaccination uptake in Kilosa District, Tanzania.","authors":"Tumaini Nyamhanga, Veronica Masawe","doi":"10.1186/s42522-026-00205-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42522-026-00205-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Barriers to dog vaccination in Tanzania in general, and in Kilosa District in particular, are not well understood. Therefore, this study sought to address the following research question: What are the multilevel barriers to the vaccination of dogs against rabies in Kilosa District? Guided by a socioecological model, the study explored the barriers to dog vaccination at multiple levels within the Kilosa District context. A case study design employing a qualitative research approach was used. Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews to investigate contextual barriers to dog vaccination. The collected data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The results are organized according to the levels of the socioecological model. At the individual level, barriers include limited literacy about rabies and dog rabies vaccination; low perceived risk of rabies transmission; low prioritization of dog vaccination in household financial decisions; and uncertainty regarding the cost of dog vaccination. At the organizational/health system level, barriers include fragmented provision of rabies-related health education, reactive rather than proactive sensitization efforts, and limited communication channels, primarily relying on loudspeaker announcements. At the community level, barriers include misconceptions about protection against rabies and mistrust in political leadership. In conclusion, Rabies vaccination uptake in Kilosa District is constrained by multilevel barriers. Individually, limited knowledge, low risk perception, and financial uncertainty reduce prioritization of dog vaccination. Organizational barriers include fragmented health education, weak cross-sector coordination, and reactive communication. At the community level, logistical challenges, absence of By-Laws, persistent misconceptions, and political mistrust further limit vaccination coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":94348,"journal":{"name":"One health outlook","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13023117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147438953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}