International journal of medicinal mushrooms最新文献

{"title":"Wild Mushrooms as a Source of Cholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitors.","authors":"Tomaž Trobec, Ema Kurešepi, Larisa Lara Popošek, Luka Šparl, Robert Frangež, Matej Skočaj, Kristina Sepčić","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058221","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several fungal species, including mushrooms, produce bioactive and toxic compounds that exert many activities, such as direct action on DNA, inhibition of protein synthesis, damage to cell membranes, or direct suppression of certain enzymatic activities. This is particularly important as mushrooms can play an important role in human nutrition and/or are used as dietary supplements. In this context, we screened ethanolic extracts of 64 wild mushrooms for their potential to inhibit cholinesterases and glutathione S-transferase. Seven of the 64 extracts showed an inhibitory effect on cholinesterases, while 24 inhibited glutathione S-transferase. These results suggest that the toxic effects of some mushrooms may be directly linked to a specific class of compounds that act as inhibitors of physiologically relevant enzymes. Most of the identified activities are described for the first time and call for caution, especially when the human diet is rich in mushrooms. Conversely, these bioactive molecules may serve as inspiration for chemical synthesis and the development of potential drugs to combat neurodegenerative diseases or cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 6","pages":"23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143660276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sanguinoderma rugosum (Agaricomycetes), a Wild Malaysian Medicinal Mushroom, Triggers Anti-Neuroinflammatory Genes Expression in LPS-Stimulated BV-2 Microglial Cells.","authors":"Pui-Mun Chan, Yee-Shin Tan, Kek-Heng Chua, Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Umah Rani Kuppusamy","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sanguinoderma rugosum (synonym: Amauroderma rugosum) is a wild medicinal mushroom reported to prevent epileptic episodes and constant crying in babies within indigenous communities in Malaysia. It also has potential applications in the management of oxidative-related diseases. The aim of this study was to reveal the potential candidate genes in understanding the neuroinflammatory signaling pathways modulated by S. rugosum in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells using microarray technology. This study showed that the hexane fraction (HF) of S. rugosum regulated 10 signaling pathways such as macrophage markers, MAPK, IL-1, oxidative damage, cytokines and inflammatory response, toll-like receptor, p38 MAPK, complement activation classical pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, and TNF-α NF-κB. HF downregulated the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-1α, and IL-6, as well as other pro-inflammatory signaling intermediates such as Traf1, Traf2, Cd14. Conversely, it upregulated the anti-inflammatory genes such as Nfkbia and Nfkbie. Besides, HF reduced the nitric oxide (NO) levels in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Taken together, these findings showed that HF of S. rugosum has anti-neuroinflammatory properties and could serve as baseline study for future investigation on the gene expression validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 8","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144218090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic and Environmental Potential of Mushrooms in Ancient and Modern Contexts: A Review.","authors":"Parthasarathy Seethapathy, Thirukkumar Subramani, Nadir Ayrilmis, Hrishikesh Patil","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057764","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057764","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mushrooms are the healthiest, safest, most nutritious foods and are vital to human well-being. In historical contexts, religious teachings influenced the treatment of diseases, with ethnomycological knowledge suggesting that mushrooms held divine clues due to their unique appearances. The use of mushrooms was often linked to the \"doctrine of signatures,\" where their morphological resemblance to human organs, such as the ear, kidney, and lungs, prompted researchers to theorize that products derived from mushrooms might be effective in treating health concerns. A wide variety of edible and wild mushrooms are now recognized for their bioactive compounds, which are valuable in biopharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. The compounds exhibit a range of therapeutic properties, encompassing immune enhancement, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory actions, antiviral capabilities, and anti-neoplastic activities. Modern science has corroborated many of these traditional insights, revealing mushrooms as sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. The intertwined filamentous mycelium of mushrooms is also attracting interest for its biocomposite uses in sustainable and environmentally friendly businesses. Biocomposite materials suitable for construction and building applications can be produced by creating a mycelial matrix or a self-forming adhesive using non-food fungal mycelia flour. This review explores the ethnomycological background, therapeutic potential, and innovative uses of mushroom mycelium in biocomposites, highlighting their role in health, wellness, and sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 4","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Shaggy Ink Cap Medicinal Mushroom Coprinus comatus (Agaricomycetes) Nanogel in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis: In Silico and In Vivo Approach.","authors":"Fajar Husen, Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers. (saggy ink cap) medicinal mushroom is widely found in Indonesia, the utilization and cultivation of this mushroom is still very rare, so further exploration is needed. The potential of bioactive compounds of C. comatus as a nutraceutical therapeutic is starting to be developed both as antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, quercetin and rutin in C. comatus are known to have biological and pharmacological activities. Many applications of C. comatus are carried out in the form of extracts, but preparations in the form of nanogels are still not widely applied. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of C. comatus nanogels as anti-inflammatory in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory model rats. The research method was a true experiment with a post-test-only approach with a control group design. A total of 24 rats were divided into 6 groups, including healthy control (HGCt), negative control (NGCt) (induced with 0.1 mL CFA), positive control (PGCt) (given sodium diclofenac 0.012 g/kg BW), treatment 1 (TAG1) (given nanogel 250 mg/kg BW), treatment 2 (TAG2) (given nanogel 500 mg/kg BW), and treatment 3 (TAG3) (given nanogel 750 mg/ kg BW). Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 25.1 and GraphPad Prism version 10.2. In silico testing of rutin compounds showed high binding affinity values in inhibiting iNOS protein (3E7G) and COX-2 protein (1CX2). Although the administration of C. comatus nanogels had anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the number of leukocytes 28.36% (TAG2), NOS 23.94% (TAG3), plantar thickness 22.51% (TAG1), increasing eNOS levels by 25.90% (TAG1). This anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing iNOS can potentially prevent the formation of free radicals due to increased iNOS enzyme activity, which can lead to cell lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that C. comatus can be developed as an anti-inflammatory nutraceutical.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 8","pages":"13-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144218087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microencapsulation of Abalone Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus cystidiosus (Agaricomycetes): Antidiabetic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model.","authors":"Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas, Fajar Husen, Nur Fitrianto, Juni Safitri Muljowati","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pleurotus cystidiosus (abalone oyster mushroom) is an edible species that belongs to the group of woody mushrooms from the Pleurotaceae family. This mushroom contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, rutin, quercetin, and triterpenoids that act as antidiabetics and anti-inflammatory agents. Research on using P. cystidiosus mushrooms cultivated in Cianjur, West Java, is rare. These mushrooms are only used as daily food; besides that, their activity as antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory has never been reported or investigated. This research aimed to determine and examine the potential of P. cystidiosus mushroom micro encapsulant as an antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agent. The research method was an experiment using 30 male white rats of Rattus norvegicus with 200 g body weight (BW) that induced streptozotocin (STZ) dose of 45 mg/kg BW, and divided into 6 groups: HGCt (healthy control, no treatment), NGCt (negative control, induced STZ only), PGCt (given metformin 45 mg/kg BW), TGM1 (given microencapsulant 150 mg/kg BW), TGM2 (given microencapsulant 200 mg/kg BW), TGM3 (given microencapsulant 250 mg/kg BW) for 15 d. The research approach was post-test-only with the control group and complete randomized design (CRD). The results showed that P. cystidiosus microencapsulant contained polyphenols (3.61 mg), flavonoids (2.21 mg), alkaloids (5.51 mg), amino acids (3.67), and triglycerides (3.78 mg). Microencapsulant administration was also able to reduce blood glucose levels by > 50%, increase insulin hormone by > 25%, increase GLP-1 hormone levels by > 60%, reduce DPP-4 enzyme levels by > 18%, also reduce inflammatory mediators TNF-α > 22% and IL-1β > 56%. Based on these results, P. cystidiosus microencapsulation has the potential to be developed as an anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory nutraceutical.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 7","pages":"67-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Morphology, Components, and Activity of Four Species of Sanghuangporus Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes).","authors":"Xu Zhang, Siyu An, Lanying Zhou, Yihong Bao","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2025058619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sanghuangporus is a precious genus of medicinal mushroom and internationally recognized as one of the best medicinal species for anti-cancer effects. In this study, the morphology, functional components and activities of four species Sanghuangporus were evaluated and analyzed. The thickness, color, ring lines and density of Sanghuangporus fruiting bodies parasitic on different species of trees had certain differences. The research result on nutritional components indicated that four species Sanghuangporus contained the same species of amino acids, but the contents were different. However different Sanghuangporus contained diverse species and contents of fatty acids and microelements. There was a characteristic nickel element in S. sanghuang. At the same time, only S. lonicericola and S. sanghuang contained antimony. In the results of functional components, the infrared spectra of different Sanghuangporus demonstrated high similarity, but there were differences in the species and content of functional groups, and the chemical composition and proportion of the four species also were extremely different. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS identified 72 characteristic compounds in the Sanghuangporus. S. lonicericola uniquely contained hydroxycitric acid, S. toxicodendri contained fisetin. S. sanghuang contained 6-hydroxypurine, D-raffinose and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. The results of antioxidant and hypoglycemic experiments exhibited that the four species of Sanghuangporus had different activity capacity. S. vaninii showed the highest antioxidant activity and could be used in the development of natural antioxidants. S. sanghuang had good hypoglycemic activity, which was more suitable for the development of hypoglycemic products. This survey provides the basis and theory for the study of the components and activities of different species of Sanghuangporus and contributes new resources to dietary supplement and medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 7","pages":"45-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constituents, Nutrient Content, and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Tricholomopsis aurea (Agaricomycetes) from Cameroon.","authors":"Ache Roland Ndifor, Ngnintedo Dominique, Mossebo Dominique Claude, Kemzeu Raoul, Ferdinand Lanvin Edoun Ebouel, Yanick Kevin Melogmo Dongmo, Ambassa Pantaléon, Céline Henoumont, Njinga Ngaitad Stanislaus, Sophie Laurent, Sonchieu Jean, Ngameni Bathelemy, Fotso Wabo Ghislain","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057418","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tricholomopsis aurea is used as food in different parts of the world, but has not been investigated for its nutrients, metabolites, and biological potentials like other edible mushrooms. This work aimed to quantify the metabolic and nutrient content of T. aurea and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract and isolated compounds. The method employed involves chromatographic, spectroscopic, bovine serum albumin microplate, analytical and standard assays. Oleic, elaidic, petroselinic acids, ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide, 22E724R)-24-ethylcholesta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol, and adenosine were isolated and identified using 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and spectrometric data. The metabolic content revealed high phenolics (799.62 μgGaE/g of dry matter (DM)), low flavonoids (24.54 μgQE/g DM), alkaloids (32.92 μgQiE/g DM), and saponins (88.00 μgQSE/g DM). The nutrients content was made up of proteins (4.79%), lipids (10.43%), fibers (16.01%), ashes (15.96%), carbohydrates (8.74%), dry matter (85.93%), and moisture (14.07%) with energy value of 362.89 kcal. In mg/100 g, the minerals were phosphorus (283.97%), calcium (817.25%), potassium (67.10%), magnesium (94.42%), iron (57.27%), and sodium (74.4%). The extract displayed the antioxidant activity against TAC and FRAP (100-1000 μg/mL), DPPH (SC50 of 248.95 μg/mL) and ABTS (SC50 of 180.7 μg/mL), while the test compounds were not active. The extract, adenosine, ergosterol peroxide, and ergosterol showed anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 of 49.19 μg/mL, 4.91 μg/mL, 6.85 μg/mL, and 29.51 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusively, this study will help to promote the application of T. aurea in traditional dishes and functional or nutraceutical foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 4","pages":"71-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143257747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phospholipid Profiles in Mushrooms: A Review of Extraction, Analysis, and Functional Applications.","authors":"Yhiya Amen, Ahmed Othman, Kuniyoshi Shimizu","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057381","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024057381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mushrooms are widely recognized for their rich nutritional profile and diverse array of bioactive compounds, including proteins, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites, which contribute to various health benefits. Among these compounds, phospholipids stand out due to their essential role in cellular processes and their potential applications in food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. This review comprehensively examines the phospholipid composition in mushrooms, highlighting the methods of analysis, and delving into their functional applications. By comparing lipid profiles across different stages of growth and between various species, this review highlights the significant role of phospholipids in mushroom cellular structure and function. The review also discusses the biosynthetic pathways and extraction methods employed for this class of compounds. By shedding light on this underexplored aspect of mushroom chemistry, this work aims to spur further research and innovation in the utilization of mushrooms in food science and medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 3","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino and Fatty Acids Composition, Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Mushroom Pholiota limonella (Agaricomycetes) from China.","authors":"Jinxiu Zhang, Shengxuan Yang, Shuting Fan, Miaomiao Xiong, Xiaomin Yang, Li-An Wang, Zhuang Li, Jianhua Lv","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024056906","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024056906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fruiting bodies of mushrooms represent an important functional food owing to various beneficial health enhancing effects. The edible mushroom Pholiota limonella (Strophariaceae, Agaricomycetes) has been found to contain various bioactive components. In this study, the proximate amino and fatty acids, as well as volatile compounds of P. limonella were analyzed to assess its nutritional and aromatic profiles. The in vitro antioxidant activity of P. limonella extract was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays. The results showed that P. limonella possesses antioxidant activity and provided a good research basis for the comprehensive development of P. limonella as functional food product.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 2","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Medicinal Mushroom β-Glucans as a Natural Frontier in Prostate Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Rashmi Trivedi, Tarun Kumar Upadhyay","doi":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024056585","DOIUrl":"10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2024056585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global increase in cancer cases, particularly prostate cancer, poses a significant health challenge worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy offer valuable options but are associated with limitations and potential side effects. As a result, there is growing interest in complementary therapies, including natural compounds such as β-glucans, derived from sources such as yeast and mushrooms. In this review, we explored the potential therapeutic role of medicinal mushrooms β-glucan in prostate cancer treatment. β-glucans has demonstrated anti-cancer properties in preclinical studies, including inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and modulation of immune responses. Studies in prostate cancer cell lines and animal models have shown promising results, with β-glucan inhibiting tumor growth, inducing DNA damage, and regulating tumor markers such as p53 and prostate specific antigen. β-glucans acts through various pathways, including stimulation of dendritic cells, modulation of cytokine secretion, suppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and enhancement of immune responses. Moreover, β-glucans exhibits anti-androgenic and immune-modulatory effects, making it a promising candidate for prostate cancer treatment. In this study, we also focused on the mechanism of action of β-glucans through various pathways including tumor cell death by oxidative stress created through ROS generation and autophagy. Although preclinical studies support the potential therapeutic efficacy of medicinal mushrooms β-glucans, further research is needed to elucidate its clinical utility and safety in human trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":94323,"journal":{"name":"International journal of medicinal mushrooms","volume":"27 2","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143653080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}