Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets最新文献

{"title":"Differences in Thyroid Autoimmunity and Thyroid Function Tests Between Individuals with and without Obesity: Is There a Correlation with Obesity Degree?","authors":"Seher Çetinkaya Altuntaş","doi":"10.2174/0118715303342780250219111457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303342780250219111457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity, a rapidly escalating global health concern, is associated with comorbidities and chronic inflammation. However, the link between obesity and thyroid autoimmunity remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This case-control study, conducted at a tertiary care center,aimed to elucidate the relationship between obesity and the degree of obesity, thyroid autoimmunity, and TFTs in euthyroid individuals with a BMI >30 kg/m2 and explore variations based on the degree of obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Free thyroid hormones, TSH, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-Tg), and metabolic parameters (glucose, lipid profile, insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c) were measured in 164 euthyroid patients with obesity and 73 lean subjects aged 18-65 years. Subjects with obesity were stratified into three groups based on body mass index (BMI): first-degree obesity (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2), second-degree obesity (BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2), and third-degree obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of thyroid antibody positivity was significantly higher in the obese group compared with the non-obese group, specifically for anti-TPO (45 [27.4%] vs. 7 [9.6%]) and anti- Tg (35 [21.3%] vs. 5 [6.8%]). Anti-Tg titers were elevated in the obese group (p=0.006), but anti- TPO levels were similar across the groups. Among the BMI-stratified groups, individuals with first and second-degree obesity exhibited higher anti-TPO positivity and anti-Tg titers compared with the control group. No significant differences were found in the third-degree obesity group. TSH and fT4 levels were higher in the obese group compared with the non-obese group (p=0.016 and p=0.045, respectively), whereas fT3 levels and the fT3/fT4 ratio remained consistent across the groups. Although no direct correlation was found between thyroid autoantibodies and metabolic parameters, individuals positive for anti-TPO and/or anti-Tg exhibited worse metabolic profiles compared with individuals who were antibody-negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is an increase in thyroid autoimmunity among euthyroid individuals with obesity; however, this increase does not appear to be proportional to BMI. The effect of antibody presence on metabolic parameters in individuals with obesity is not yet fully understood.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Falsely Elevated Estradiol Levels Due to Heterophile Antibody Interference: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Ying Guo, Bin Wei, Wei Dai, Ge Zhang","doi":"10.2174/0118715303352682250219044719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303352682250219044719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunoassay interference remains an important issue in clinical laboratory medicine, and false increases in estradiol levels due to detection interference are rare, but they cannot be ignored.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We herein report the case of a 41-year-old woman who underwent a series of extensive and superfluous medical examinations because of erroneous laboratory findings according to the Siemens Centaur serum estradiol assay due to heterophile antibody interference. Her estradiol levels were measured several times, which measured between 7534 and 9772 pg/mL. Heterophile antibody interference was identified through method comparisons, polyethylene glycol precipitation, a gradient dilution test, and the use of a heterophile-blocking reagent.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The rapid identification of interference in estradiol testing poses a challenge for laboratory staff; however, it is vital for preventing unnecessary medical treatment and reducing healthcare costs. Analytical interference should be suspected when clinical manifestations do not align with laboratory results. Consequently, clinicians and laboratory personnel need to develop an anti- interference workflow to mitigate such occurrences in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Delays the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy by Reducing the Accumulation of Uremic Toxins in the Feces and Peripheral Blood.","authors":"Xixi Song, Mingyan Yao, Jing Zhang, Bo Huang, Xin Li, Mengjuan Zhang, Jingqiu Cui","doi":"10.2174/0118715303343599250210103212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303343599250210103212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is closely related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. We aimed to explore whether exogenous Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) supplementation affected the progression of DKD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The feces from normal subjects, diabetic patients without kidney diseases, and patients with DKD were collected, and the changes in microbial communities were analyzed. A rodent db/db DKD model was also constructed to investigate whether the abundance of A. muciniphila would be altered in response to renal function decline. The measurement of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), renal histopathology, and Western blot analysis were carried out to further evaluate the effects of A. muciniphila.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The relative abundance of A. muciniphila was found to be lower in the feces of DKD patients and also in the intestine of DKD mice. After exogenous supplementation of A. muciniphila, the levels of urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine decreased in DKD mice, as well as uremic toxins, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), p-cresol sulfonate, and indole sulfonate. A. muciniphila supplementation also increased the SCFAs gut production. The supplementation also protected the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by increasing MUC2, occludin, and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) protein expression in the intestinal wall.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exogenous supplementation of A. muciniphila improved the imbalance of gut microbiota, reduced systemic inflammation, decreased uremic toxins, and protected the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, thus delaying DKD progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating Cardiovascular Challenges of Obesity: Exploring Preventive Approaches.","authors":"Vibha Sinha, Shubhojeet Roy, Sapnita Shinde, Deepankar Mondal, Vineeta Dixit, Deepak Dwivedi, Sanjay Kumar Pandey, Rakesh Gupta, Naveen Kumar Vishwakarma, Dhananjay Shukla","doi":"10.2174/0118715303317750250210055338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303317750250210055338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global prevalence of obesity has surged to epidemic proportions, posing a significant threat to public health in the twenty-first century. Beyond its established association with metabolic diseases, obesity profoundly impacts cardiovascular health, serving as a major risk factor for various cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs), including coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and stroke. Mechanistically, obesity triggers a cascade of pathophysiological processes, including chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, exacerbating atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, obesity correlates with metabolic abnormalities that further elevate the risk of cardiovascular events. As global community has faced the COVID-19 pandemic, and thus, the aftereffects of the pandemic might pose a spectrum of post-viral complications, including cardiovascular sequelae such as myocarditis and arrhythmias. Considering the intersectionality of obesity, COVID-19, and cardiovascular health are imperative, particularly as obese individuals face heightened risks of severe post-COVID-19 effects and subsequent cardiovascular complications. Lifestyle management emerges as a cornerstone in preventing and managing obesity-related cardiovascular risks, encompassing dietary modifications, physical activity, behavioural therapies, and patient education. Embracing innovative approaches, including modulation of gut microbiota and novel drug developments, holds promise in addressing the intricate nexus between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. This review underscores the paramount importance of lifestyle interventions over pharmacological measures, advocating for a comprehensive approach involving healthcare practitioners, researchers, and policymakers to mitigate the long-term cardiovascular consequences of obesity and COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Domenico Triggiani, Vincenzo Triggiani, Giuseppe Lisco","doi":"10.2174/0118715303373150250310061411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303373150250310061411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143660253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity and Childhood Leukemia in Brazil: Biological, Regional, and Environmental Insights.","authors":"Giovanna R Degasperi, Marina Costa Fonseca, Vinícius Dos S Carvalho","doi":"10.2174/0118715303359757250213064623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303359757250213064623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This mini-review aimed to present an outlook on childhood obesity and leukemia in different regions of Brazil and explore a possible association between biological aspects related to adipose tissue and childhood cancer. We emphasized environmental factors that may influence cancer development and obesity and present studies showing different prevalences of these diseases in Brazilian regions. However, future studies are required to determine how environmental factors in these regions contribute to leukemia and obesity development in childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, we also emphasized that obesity may be associated with leukemia, considering the biological aspects of adipose tissue associated with disease development.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a Single-cell Atlas of Thyroid Cancer.","authors":"Kaiyu Song, Yaqi Wang, Yuantao Wang, Jiahui Liu, Wenjie Yao, Yongli Chu, Yun Qu, Xicheng Song, Jin Zhou","doi":"10.2174/0118715303359688250209090544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303359688250209090544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Differentiated thyroid cancer generally has a favorable prognosis; however, the cure rate remains low for patients with metastatic or undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Moreover, this group of patients exhibits diverse responses to different treatments. To address this, single- cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers an unbiased approach to reveal the heterogeneity within and between tumor cells. Using, scRNA-seq, we aimed to explore the intricate ecosystem of thyroid cancer, potentially providing novel insights into clinical cancer staging and treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a thorough analysis by screening thyroid cancer and paraneoplastic tissues from 20 patients sourced from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The dataset comprised 11 primary tumor tissues, 6 paraneoplastic tissues, 8 metastatic lymph nodes, and 2 distant metastases of papillary thyroid cancer. Through comprehensive bioinformatic analyses, we constructed a panoramic single-cell atlas of thyroid cancer (THCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed significant heterogeneity in gene expression among tumor cells from different patients with THCA, contributing to the development of a comprehensive single-- cell landscape. Notably, the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gene XIST exhibited higher abundance in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) tumor cells. Additionally, we identified an enriched m6A locus in lncRNA XIST and observed high expression of the m6A \"reader\" IGF2BP3, as well as low expression of the \"encoder\" VIRMA. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that IGF2BP3 and VIRMA could augment the expression of lncRNA XIST, thereby promoting the malignant proliferation and invasion of ATC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>By leveraging scRNA-seq technology, our study sheds light on the intricate molecular characteristics of THCA lesions. These findings have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of thyroid cancer pathogenesis and pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Correlation Study.","authors":"Runyu Zhao, Yingying Lu, Weiqiang Teng, Xiaocheng Xue, Yi Zhang, Shuixian Huang, XIaoping Chen","doi":"10.2174/0118715303355722250127061453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303355722250127061453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study explores the presence and clinical significance of Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). EBV and HPV are known to contribute to various cancers, but their roles in thyroid cancer development are debated.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from PTC patients (n=255) who underwent thyroid surgery between 2020 and 2021 were analyzed for EBV and HPV DNA using PCR-based methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed EBV positivity in 45.1% of PTC cases, significantly higher than in benign thyroid tumors (35.2%), while HPV positivity was low (0.7%). EBV positivity was not associated with age, gender, lesion type, lymph node metastasis, or extrathyroidal extension but was significantly higher in PTC cases with concurrent Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The study suggests a notable presence of EBV in PTC, especially in cases with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but indicates a limited role for HPV in thyroid cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further research is warranted to understand the specific pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications of EBV and HPV in thyroid cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Novel 11-Gene Signature Related to Immune Subtypes for Fibromyalgia.","authors":"Wei Zhao, Pengcheng Wang","doi":"10.2174/0118715303365068250303042017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303365068250303042017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The purpose of this study was to identify molecular subtypes and hub genes in fibromyalgia [FM] based on immune-related genes [IRGs].</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>FM is a chronic disease featuring widespread pain, and the immune system may be involved in the FM progression.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objectives of this study are as follows: 1] To identify the molecular subtypes of FM based on IRGs. 2] To screen and validate the hub genes in FM. 3] To predict the transcription factor [TF] targeting hub genes and 4] To evaluate the correlation between immune cell infiltration, hallmark pathways, and hub genes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two FM datasets were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus [GEO] database. IRGs were collected from the ImmPort database. Molecular subtypes of FM were identified using the \"ConsensusClusterPlus\" package. IRGs score and differentially expressed genes [DEGs] between different FM subtypes and control samples were obtained using \"GSVA\" and \"limma\" packages. Key module genes related to FM subtypes were identified using the \"WGCNA\" package. Hub genes were screened and verified using \"glmnet\" and \"pROC\" packages. TF-hub gene regulatory network was constructed by Cytoscape software. The correlation between immune cells, hallmark pathways, and hub genes was analyzed by the Spearman method. Finally, the DSigDB database was used to obtain associations between characterized genes and drugs, and the expression of key genes was verified using qRT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FM samples were classified into two subtypes, and the IRGs score of the C2 subtype was lower than that of the C1 subtype. Then, 184 module genes were obtained and mainly enriched in immune-related pathways. Next, 11 hub genes [TSPAN16, RILPL2, RASSF5, PGAP2, PADI2, NACC1, LRRC25, ITGAD, HIPK1, ATP6V0D1, AP1M2] were screened with good diagnostic performance. Besides, 45 TFs targeting hub genes were predicted. Most hub genes were negatively associated with CD4/CD8 T cells while positively correlated with macrophages, mast cell, monocyte, and neutrophil, as well as inflammatory response, angiogenesis pathways, etc. Molecular docking suggests that chloroquine and L-citrulline may be potent agents for the treatment of NACC1 and PADI2. RILPL2 and ITGAD were significantly differentially expressed in control and FM group mouse models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identified two subtypes and 11 hub genes of FM based on IRGs, providing a reference for the clinical diagnosis of FM.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Dynamic Changes in Maternal Thyroid Parameters Across the Three Trimesters and Their Differential Effects on the Occurrence of Adverse Obstetric Outcomes.","authors":"Zheng Yang, Jingli Sun, Jinguang Wang, Xiaohui Jin, Yiyang Gao, Zhenyu Lin, Chenling Fan, Dongdong Luo, Deping Wang, Weiping Teng, Zhongyan Shan, Jing Li","doi":"10.2174/0118715303351648250120113846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303351648250120113846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Thyroid parameters undergo significant dynamic changes during pregnancy. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the impact of abnormal thyroid parameters in each trimester on the incidence of common adverse obstetric outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood samples drawn for thyroid parameters in each trimester during the antenatal period were determined after the participants gave birth. Serum thyrotropin, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels were tested using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all the participants, TAI and hypothyroxinemia in the first trimester (T1) were significantly related to an increased risk of gestational hypertension [OR=5.136, 95% CI 1.537-17.158 and OR=7.683, 95% CI: 1.890-31.229, respectively]. Additionally, subclinical hypothyroidism in T1 was independently associated with a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage [OR = 38.063, 95% CI 2.091-692.834].Besides, subclinical thyrotoxicosis in T1 showed a significant correlation with a raised risk of small for gestational age [OR=14.650, 95% CI 1.221-175.760]. Among euthyroid women during the whole pregnancy, either TPOAb+ or TgAb+ in the third trimester was an independent risk factor of premature birth [OR=5.092, 95% CI 1.059-24.481] and low birth weight [OR=8.165, 95% CI 1.717-38.824], respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate the importance of screening thyroid parameters in early pregnancy and the need to dynamically monitor these parameters throughout the entire pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94316,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}