Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada最新文献

{"title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in Canada.","authors":"Meghan Laverty, M. Salvadori, S. Squires, M. Ahmed, Lisa Eisenbeis, Santina J Lee, Annick Des Cormiers, Y. A. Li","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v47i11a03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v47i11a03","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a summary of the epidemiology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) cases reported nationally in Canada by provincial and territorial health authorities. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a post-viral inflammatory syndrome that temporally follows coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash and other signs of inflammation. In Canada, MIS-C is rare, with 269 cases reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada between March 11, 2020 and October 2, 2021. One hundred forty-two (53%) of these cases were lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases or epidemiologically-linked with COVID-19 cases. Cases have been reported in infants as young as one week to youth as old as 18 years, with a median age of six years. Cases were more likely to occur in males than females (58% vs 42%, respectively; p=0.006). Almost all MIS-C cases (99%) required hospitalization and 36% required intensive care unit admission. No deaths have been reported to date. The time trend of MIS-C aligns with the incidence rate time trend of COVID-19 reported in children, with a two to six-week lag.","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"17 1","pages":"461-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90016836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health: wealthy nations must do much more, much faster.","authors":"L. Atwoli, A. Baqui, T. Benfield, R. Bosurgi, F. Godlee, S. Hancocks, R. Horton, L. Laybourn‐Langton, C. Monteiro, I. Norman, K. Patrick, N. Praities, Marcel G M Olde Rikkert, E. J. Rubin, P. Sahni, Richard Smith, N. Talley, S. Turale, D. Vázquez","doi":"10.14744/ejmo.2021.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2021.00011","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"55 1 1","pages":"442-445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90096175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of natural language processing algorithms for extracting information from news articles in event-based surveillance.","authors":"V. Ng, E. Rees, Jingcheng Niu, Abdelhamid Zaghlool","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v46i06a06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i06a06","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this article is the application of natural language processing (NLP) for information extraction in event-based surveillance (EBS) systems. We describe common information extraction applications from open-source news articles and media sources in EBS systems, methods, value in public health, challenges and emerging developments.","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"422 1","pages":"186-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77131495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards automating systematic reviews on immunization using an advanced natural language processing-based extraction system.","authors":"David Begert, Justin Granek, Brian Irwin, Chris Brogly","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v46i06a04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i06a04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence-informed decision making is based on the premise that the entirety of information on a topic is collected and analyzed. Systematic reviews allow for data from different studies to be rigorously assessed according to PICO principles (population, intervention, control, outcomes). However, conducting a systematic review is generally a slow process that is a significant drain on resources. The fundamental problem is that the current approach to creating a systematic review cannot scale to meet the challenges resulting from the massive body of unstructured evidence. For this reason, the Public Health Agency of Canada has been examining the automation of different stages of evidence synthesis to increase efficiencies. In this article, we present an overview of an initial version of a novel machine learning-based system that is powered by recent advances in natural language processing (NLP), such as BioBERT, with further optimizations completed using a new immunization-specific document database. The resulting optimized NLP model at the core of this system is able to identify and extract PICO-related fields from publications on immunization with an average accuracy of 88% across five classes of text. Functionality is provided through a straightforward web interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"46 6","pages":"174-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11182649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National findings from the Tracks survey of people who inject drugs in Canada, Phase 4, 2017-2019.","authors":"J. Tarasuk, Jingxuan Zhang, A. LeMyre, F. Cholette, M. Bryson, D. Paquette","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v46i05a07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i05a07","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000The Tracks survey of people who inject drugs (PWID) collected data in 14 sentinel sites across Canada (2017-2019).\u0000\u0000\u0000Objective\u0000To describe the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C and associated risk behaviours and to examine trends over time.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Information regarding socio-demographics, social determinants of health, use of prevention services and testing, drug use, risk behaviours, and HIV and hepatitis C testing, care and treatment was collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Biological samples were tested for HIV, hepatitis C antibodies and hepatitis C ribonucleic acid (RNA). Descriptive statistics were calculated and trends over time were assessed.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Of the 2,383 participants, 65.6% were cisgender male, 42.2% were Indigenous, 48.0% completed some high school or less, 62.6% lived in unstable housing and 75.7% had ever been incarcerated. Average age was 40.1 years. The majority experienced stigma and discrimination (88.7%) and physical, sexual and/or emotional abuse in childhood (85.0%) or with a sexual partner (75.9%). The majority reported use of a needle/syringe distribution program (90.1%) and tested for HIV (90.5%) and hepatitis C (90.9%).Among participants who had ever had sex, the majority (59.2%) reported inconsistent condom use during vaginal and/or anal sex with a casual sex partner. Prevalence of HIV was 10.3% (82.9% were aware of infection status) and many (36.9%) were hepatitis C RNA-positive (50.1% were aware of infection status).Most surveillance indicators remained relatively stable from Phase 1 to Phase 4. Changes were found in substances used, and improvements were noted related to HIV and hepatitis C prevalence and care cascade indicators.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000Many PWID in Canada were living in unstable housing and experienced high levels of stigma and discrimination. Prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C was high in some areas. These findings contribute to the evidence base used to inform targeted prevention and control measures.","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"15 1","pages":"138-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82914615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadian results from the European Men-who-have-sex-with-men Internet survey (EMIS-2017).","authors":"N. Brogan, D. Paquette, N. Lachowsky, M. Blais, D. Brennan, T. Hart, B. Adam","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v45i11a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i11a01","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000In 2017, the international European Men-who-have-sex-with-men Internet Survey (EMIS-2017) collected data from 50 countries, including Canada for the first time.\u0000\u0000\u0000Objective\u0000To provide an overview of the Canadian EMIS-2017 data to describe the sexually transmitted and other bloodborne infection (STBBI) related needs of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM).\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000The EMIS-2017 questionnaire was an updated version of EMIS-2010. It included self-reported sociodemographic data, experience of discrimination, mental health and substance use, knowledge of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV, sexual practices and history of STBBI testing and diagnosis. Analysis was largely descriptive.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Of the 6,059 respondents from Canada, 5,165 participants met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. The majority of participants were born in Canada (79.3%); and over half of the respondents (56.7%) were under the age of 39. In terms of discrimination related to their attraction to other men, participants reported high levels of intimidation (31.9%), verbal abuse (22.1%) and physical violence (1.5%) in the previous year. Regarding mental health, 23.9% had a moderate to severe depression/anxiety score. Almost two-thirds (64.1%) indicated substance use and one-fifth (21.5%) reported chemsex (or the use of stimulant drugs to make sex more intense or last longer). Only 8.4% of participants reported use of PrEP for HIV; however, 51.7% reported being likely to use PrEP if it was available and affordable. Sexual practices, such as condom use, varied by PrEP use with 91.3% of men using PrEP reporting condomless anal intercourse (CAI) compared with 71.5% of men not on PrEP. In terms of STBBI testing, 1.5% reported being diagnosed with hepatitis C and 9.0% reported an HIV diagnosis. Of those with an HIV diagnosis, most were on treatment (99.1%) and had an undetectable viral load (96.7%).\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000gbMSM in Canada experienced stigma, discrimination and mental health problems; substance use was high as were high-risk sexual practices, such as CAI, among some groups of men. There was a gap between the proportion of men who were interested in PrEP and those who actually used it; and comprehensive STBBI testing was low.These findings can inform public health action and provide a baseline to examine the impact of current and new interventions.","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"8 1","pages":"271-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74302394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase in detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Canada: 2006-2019.","authors":"K. Bernard, A. L. Pacheco, T. Burdz, D. Wiebe","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v45i11a04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i11a04","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Increasingly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) has been used to provide rapid, inexpensive and precise identification of bacteria, including Corynebacterium species. Only three Corynebacterium species are able to produce diphtheria toxin (DT), and strains recovered may be either toxin-producing or non-toxin-producing. It appears the more precise bacterial identification provided by MALDI-TOF systems has led to an increase in requests submitted to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) for toxin testing.\u0000\u0000\u0000Objective\u0000To describe the number of isolates identified as C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, submitted to the NML between January 2006 and July 30, 2019, including their geographic area, source, and whether they produce DT.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Referrals to the NML of human or animal isolates that were identified as any of those three Corynebacterium species were studied with respect to province, source and toxigenicity. Species identification was confirmed and then specimens were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of tox genes and, if positive, for expression of DT by the modified Elek method. Analysis was descriptive.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Over the study period, 639 isolates were identified as C. diphtheriae, 22 isolates as C. ulcerans; no isolates were identified as C. pseudotuberculosis. There was an increase in C. diphtheriae referrals for DT testing: from eight per year in 2006 to an average of 15 per month in 2019, or a 1,200% increase over the 13.6-year period. The referrals were primarily from western Canada (n=609/639; 95%). Most (638/639, 99%) were human isolates and most were obtained from cutaneous sites. Of those isolates, 87/639 (13.6%) were found to be toxigenic and 552/639 (86.4%) non-toxigenic. Among C. ulcerans referrals, 17/22 (77%) were from humans and five (23%) were from animals, with 10/22 (45%) being toxigenic.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000There has been a marked increase in referrals to the NML for DT testing of Corynebacterium species. This could be due to the enhanced ability to identify these bacteria using MALDI-TOF systems. Ongoing monitoring will help to assess whether the increase is due solely to increased precision of diagnosis or whether these are emerging cutaneous pathogens.","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"139 1","pages":"296-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86619676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public health investigation of infection prevention and control complaints in Ontario, 2015-2018.","authors":"G. Cadieux, C. Brown, H. Sachdeva","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v45i11a03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i11a03","url":null,"abstract":"Background Following an update to the provincial Infection Prevention and Control Complaint Protocol in 2015, Ontario public health units have been mandated to investigate infection prevention and control (IPAC) complaints in various settings, including those where regulated health professionals work. No surveillance system exists for IPAC complaints; therefore, little is known about their occurrence. Anecdotal evidence suggests a recent increase in IPAC complaints resulting in increased demand on public health resources. Objectives To describe the occurrence of IPAC complaints and lapses in Ontario in 2015-2018 and the public health response to these. Methods Ontario public health units were surveyed about the occurrence and key challenges of IPAC complaint investigations through closed- and open-ended questions. The survey was disseminated through the Council of Ontario Medical Officers of Health listserv. Data collection spanned February 4-28, 2019. Descriptive statistical analyses and thematic analysis of free-text responses were performed. Results Twenty-one public health units responded for a 60% response rate; fewer responding health units had a population size of less than 100,000. A nearly six-fold increase in IPAC complaints was found, from a total of 79 complaints in 2015 to 451 in 2018. IPAC lapses nearly tripled, with 61 identified in 2015 and 168 in 2018. Whereas variation in the number of IPAC complaints and lapses among public health units was noted, the most common IPAC lapse involved inadequate reprocessing of reusable equipment. Key challenges in investigating IPAC complaints included lack of staff expertise/training, increased workload and costs, interjurisdictional inconsistencies and lack of guidance. Conclusion IPAC complaints and lapses have increased in Ontario since 2015 when the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care changed the IPAC complaint protocol. Public health units identified lack of expertise, increased workload, interjurisdictional inconsistencies and lack of guidance as challenges. Further research to confirm these findings, identify best practices to address these challenges as well as interventions to prevent IPAC lapses would be useful. Prospective surveillance of IPAC complaints, like for reportable diseases, would also be useful.","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"28 1","pages":"289-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75334012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaping the benefits of Open Data in public health.","authors":"P Huston,&nbsp;V L Edge,&nbsp;E Bernier","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v45i10a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i10a01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Open Data is part of a broad global movement that is not only advancing science and scientific communication but also transforming modern society and how decisions are made. What began with a call for Open Science and the rise of online journals has extended to Open Data, based on the premise that if reports on data are open, then the generated or supporting data should be open as well. There have been a number of advances in Open Data over the last decade, spearheaded largely by governments. A real benefit of Open Data is not simply that single databases can be used more widely; it is that these data can also be leveraged, shared and combined with other data. Open Data facilitates scientific collaboration, enriches research and advances analytical capacity to inform decisions. In the human and environmental health realms, for example, the ability to access and combine diverse data can advance early signal detection, improve analysis and evaluation, inform program and policy development, increase capacity for public participation, enable transparency and improve accountability. However, challenges remain. Enormous resources are needed to make the technological shift to open and interoperable databases accessible with common protocols and terminology. Amongst data generators and users, this shift also involves a cultural change: from regarding databases as restricted intellectual property, to considering data as a common good. There is a need to address legal and ethical considerations in making this shift. Finally, along with efforts to modify infrastructure and address the cultural, legal and ethical issues, it is important to share the information equitably and effectively. While there is great potential of the open, timely, equitable and straightforward sharing of data, fully realizing the myriad of benefits of Open Data will depend on how effectively these challenges are addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"45 11","pages":"252-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6781855/pdf/CCDR-45-252.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updates to the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and its interactive website.","authors":"S Totten,&nbsp;A Medaglia,&nbsp;S McDermott","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v45i10a02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i10a02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (CNDSS) provides data on diseases that have been identified as priorities for public health monitoring and control. Several advances that have been made on Notifiable Diseases Online, the CNDSS interactive website, are consistent with the Government of Canada's commitment to Open Data. This article provides an update on changes in case definitions that have been made since the case definitions were last published in 2009, and describes updates that have been made to the interactive website since 2013. Changes were made to the case definitions of five diseases. For hepatitis C, the new case definition now distinguishes between acute and chronic infection. For cyclosporiasis, the probable case definition requires an epidemiologic link, with the clarification that this would likely be due to exposure to a common food source. For rabies, the probable case definition now refers to detection of rabies-neutralizing antibody instead of specific antibody titres. For Lyme disease, the revised confirmed and probable case definitions now identify five options for Lyme disease risk areas instead of endemic areas. For tuberculosis the revised case definition now includes nucleic acid amplification testing in addition to culture for diagnosis. The Notifiable Diseases Online website is an interactive tool that enables users to create customized figures and tables. Since a major redesign in 2013, numerous changes have been made to the look and feel of the site. Figures and tables can now be extracted as Excel or PDF files and large datasets are exportable into Excel files for further analysis. Case definitions in the national surveillance system will be updated as needed and its interactive website will continue to be improved and updated in response to user comments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"45 10","pages":"4257-4261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6781854/pdf/CCDR-45-257.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41224677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}