Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada最新文献

{"title":"Human echinococcosis incidence in Canada: A retrospective descriptive study using administrative hospital and ambulatory visit data, 2000-2020.","authors":"Ayisha Khalid, Pia K Muchaal, Danielle A Julien","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of tapeworm eggs shed by canids. The potential recent establishment of a more virulent European-type strain may be impacting human echinococcosis in Canada, yet information is limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Administrative hospital and ambulatory visit data were used to provide a baseline of human echinococcosis cases in Canada between 2000-2020.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Canadian Institute of Health Information's Discharge Abstract Database, Hospital Morbidity Database and National Ambulatory Care Reporting System were combined to identify cases. Risk ratios (RR) by demographic factors and cumulative incidences (CIN) over place and time were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 806 echinococcosis cases were identified in Canada between 2000-2020, for a mean annual CIN of 1.3 cases per million population. Over the two decades, the mean annual CIN of cases increased nationally (1.3-1.4 cases per million), in the Northwest Territories (6.3-9.1 cases per million), in Alberta (1.5-2.4 cases per million) and in the Atlantic provinces (0.2-0.6 cases per million). Those from the Territories had the highest risk of echinococcosis (RR 17.1; 95% confidence interval: 8.7-33.7).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Though explanations are multifactorial, the new European-type strain may have a role in the small absolute increase in echinococcosis CIN in Canada observed over the study period. The CIN is likely underestimated and the validity of administrative data for analyzing zoonoses warrants investigation. Though this study contributes important awareness and a baseline, improved data are needed to clarify the effects of the new strain and inform public health response.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 9","pages":"305-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11392522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and correlates of oral antibiotic use in Canada.","authors":"Glenys Smith, Anna-Louise Crago, Stephanie Alexandre, Denise Gravel-Tropper, Melissa Isada, Braden Knight, Jami Mackenzie, Jayson Shurgold","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimicrobial use (AMU) is a known driver of antimicrobial resistance. Insight into prevalence and correlates of AMU can help identify health inequities and areas for targeted action. To better understand sociodemographic and medical dimensions of AMU in Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, in partnership with Statistics Canada, developed a Rapid Response Module questionnaire on self-reported oral antibiotic use, to be administered as part of the 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide data on the proportion of people in Canada that self-report the use of antibiotics and sociodemographic and health factors associated with use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used data from the CCHS, a national survey of 24,176 people with a clustered multi-stage stratified random sampling design. In 2018, an antibiotic use module was administered to CCHS participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among respondents 18 years and older, 26% reported receipt of at least one oral antibiotic over the past year. Several sociodemographic and health factors had higher adjusted odds of receiving an antibiotic prescription, including those aged 18 years compared to aged 48 years (mean), women compared to men, immigrants compared to non-immigrants (excluding Indigenous), current and former smokers compared to those who have never smoked, and those with comorbidities (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, heart disease, cancer, bowel disorder and urinary incontinence).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Variations in AMU across different key populations and sociodemographic groups highlight the need to improve our understanding of different drivers of AMU and for tailored interventions to reduce inequitable risks of antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 9","pages":"312-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11389847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of sporadic and outbreak-associated hepatitis A infections in Ontario, Canada: A descriptive summary, 2015-2022.","authors":"Katherine Paphitis, Janica A Adams, Christine Navarro","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis A is a disease of public health significance that typically causes acute, self-limiting infection. Understanding the risk factors and demographics associated with individual infections and outbreaks can guide public health communication and interventions.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the number of hepatitis A cases and outbreaks in Ontario from January 1, 2015, to November 22, 2022, and to identify common risk factors associated with sporadic and outbreak-associated infections in Ontario.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Confirmed and probable hepatitis A cases reported between January 1, 2015, and November 22, 2022, were extracted from the Ontario electronic reporting system. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize and compare risk factors reported by sporadic and outbreak-associated hepatitis A cases. Annual rates of infection for individual public health units were calculated using annual population estimates for Ontario health regions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, 938 cases of hepatitis A were reported in Ontario (an average annual rate of 0.9 cases per 100,000 population), with 31.3% (n=294) of cases linked to one of 18 unique outbreaks of hepatitis A. Four of 13 local outbreaks were associated with elementary school settings. Reported risk factors differed between sporadic cases (predominantly travel-related) and cases linked to known outbreaks (anal-oral contact, illicit drug use, diapering/assisting in toileting, close contact with a case). Rates of sporadic infection differed across public health units in Ontario over the study period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Public health interventions that aim to increase awareness of hepatitis A risk factors and increase vaccine uptake among those at increased risk of exposure could help to reduce the incidence of both locally acquired and travel-related sporadic infections and outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 9","pages":"326-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11389848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating public health risks of infectious disease events: A Canadian approach to rapid risk assessment.","authors":"Sai Priya Anand, Clarence C Tam, Sharon Calvin, Dima Ayache, Lisa Slywchuk, Irene Lambraki, Rukshanda Ahmad, Jan Trumble Waddell, Eleni Galanis, Linda Vrbova","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v50i09a01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for timely, evidence-based rapid risk assessments (RRA) of infectious disease events to inform public health action during rapidly evolving situations with high uncertainty. In 2022, the Public Health Agency of Canada established a coordinated approach to public health risk assessment, including a methodology for qualitative RRA of infectious disease threats.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the RRA methodology and illustrate its use with examples from different infectious hazards of public health concern.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The RRA methodology employs the risk pathway to describe the sequence of events leading from a hazard's source to the adverse event of concern and subsequent impacts; define specific questions to be addressed; and identify relevant knowledge gaps, limitations and recommendations. Qualitative likelihood and impact estimates are derived through integration of evidence review and expert opinion and are communicated together with corresponding levels of uncertainty. The impacts of the event are based on an assessment of the most likely spread scenario within Canada, considering individual-level impact on affected individuals, the impact on the general population and, if relevant, sub-groups at higher risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This RRA approach aligns with well-established international methods and provides flexibility to accommodate a broad range of risk questions. It has been implemented to estimate the risk of various threats of concern to Canada, including mpox, avian influenza A(H5N1) and measles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the broad range and complexity of public health hazards, RRAs provide a timely, coordinated and systematic process for characterizing and communicating the risk to inform risk mitigation and decision-making and to guide appropriate public health response.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 9","pages":"282-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11383208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 testing, infection and vaccine uptake among essential non-healthcare workers in Montréal, 2021.","authors":"Chelsea Caya, Dick Menzies, Jesse Papenburg, Cedric Yansouni, Jonathon Campbell","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a05","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Essential non-healthcare workers experienced higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to non-essential workers.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Identify characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 testing, infection and vaccine uptake among essential non-healthcare workers in Montréal, Québec.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Secondary, cross-sectional analysis of data collected from participants prospectively recruited in two observational studies (first study, Onsite Testing Study, January-March 2021; second study, Self-Testing Study, July-October 2021) of essential non-healthcare workers in 2021. Logistic regression with generalized linear mixed models was used to explore characteristics associated with our outcomes (previous SARS-CoV-2 testing, exposure and vaccination).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 2,755 participants were included (first study, Onsite Testing Study, n=2,128; and second study, Self-Testing Study, n=627). A higher proportion of participants identified as male (n=1,601; 58%), non-White (n=1,527; 55%) and worked in the manufacturing/supplier sector (n=1,706; 62%). Relative to the first study, Onsite Testing Study, participants in the second study, Self-Testing Study, had higher odds (78% vs. 46%; aOR 4.1, 95% CI: 3.2-5.2) of previous SARS-CoV-2 testing and of testing positive prior to study enrolment (6.2% vs. 4.3%; aOR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). Individuals reporting recent SARS-CoV-2 exposure had higher odds of previous SARS-CoV-2 testing (aOR 4.0, 95% CI: 3.0-5.4), while older age (aOR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.98-0.99 per one-year increase) and being male (aOR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5-0.7) were associated with lower odds of previous testing. Results were similar in stratified analyses. Participants from businesses with more than 50 employees had higher odds of having received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (91% vs. 80%; aOR 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4-4.8).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Consideration of individual and business characteristics associated with testing and vaccination programs for SARS-CoV-2 could improve equity, uptake and impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 6","pages":"223-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11251738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Device and surgical procedure-related infections in Canadian acute care hospitals, 2018-2022.","authors":"","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a03","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant healthcare burden in Canada. National surveillance of HAIs at sentinel acute care hospitals is conducted by the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article describes device and surgical procedure-related HAI epidemiology in Canada from 2018 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected from over 60 Canadian sentinel acute care hospitals between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), hip and knee surgical site infections (SSIs), cerebrospinal fluid shunt (CSF) SSIs and paediatric cardiac SSIs. Case counts, rates, patient and hospital characteristics, pathogen distributions and antimicrobial resistance data are presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2018 and 2022, 2,258 device-related infections and 987 surgical procedure-related infections were reported. A significant rate increase was observed in adult mixed intensive care unit CLABSIs (1.07-1.93 infections per 1,000 line days, <i>p</i>=0.05) and a non-significant rate increase was observed in SSIs following knee arthroplasty (0.31-0.42 infections per 100 surgeries, <i>p</i>=0.45). A fluctuating rate trend was observed in CSF shunt SSIs over the time period and a significant rate decrease in paediatric cardiac SSIs was observed (68%, from 7.5-2.4 infections per 100 surgeries, <i>p</i>=0.01). The most commonly identified pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (22.8%) among CLABSIs and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (42%) among SSIs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Epidemiological and microbiological trends among selected device and surgical procedure-related HAIs are essential for benchmarking infection rates nationally and internationally, identifying any changes in infection rates or antimicrobial resistance patterns and helping inform hospital infection prevention and control and antimicrobial stewardship policies and programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 6","pages":"197-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11251698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in Canadian acute care hospitals, 2018-2022.","authors":"","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a02","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continue to contribute to excess morbidity and mortality among Canadians.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This report describes epidemiologic and laboratory characteristics and trends of HAIs and AMR from 2018 to 2022 (<i>Candida auris</i>, 2012-2022) using surveillance and laboratory data submitted by hospitals to the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP) and by provincial and territorial laboratories to the National Microbiology Laboratory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data collected from 88 Canadian sentinel acute care hospitals between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, for <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infections (CDIs), carbapenemase-producing <i>Enterobacterales</i> (CPE) infections, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) and vancomycin-resistant <i>Enterococcus</i> (VRE) BSIs. <i>Candida auris</i> (<i>C. auris</i>) surveillance was initiated in 2019 by CNISP and in 2017 (retrospectively to 2012) by the National Microbiology Laboratory. Trend analysis for case counts, rates, outcomes, molecular characterization and AMR profiles are presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2018 to 2022, decreased rates per 10,000 patient days were observed for CDIs (7% decrease; 5.42-5.02) and MRSA BSIs (2.9% decrease; 1.04-1.01). Infection rates for VRE BSIs increased by 5.9% (0.34-0.36). Infection rates for CPE remained low but increased by 133% (0.06-0.14). Forty-three <i>C. auris</i> isolates were identified in Canada from 2012 to 2022, with the majority in Western and Central Canada (98%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From 2018 to 2022, the incidence of MRSA BSIs and CDIs decreased and VRE BSI and CPE infections increased in the Canadian acute care hospitals participating in a national sentinel network (CNISP). Few <i>C. auris</i> isolates were identified from 2012 to 2022. Reporting standardized surveillance data to inform the application of infection prevention and control practices in acute care hospitals is critical to help decrease the burden of HAIs and AMR in Canada.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 6","pages":"179-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11315584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thematic description of factors linked with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in humans.","authors":"Jamie Goltz, Carl Uhland, Sydney Pearce, Colleen Murphy, Carolee Carson, Jane Parmley","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a04","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are associated with serious antimicrobial-resistant infections in Canadians. Humans are exposed to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae through many interconnected pathways. To better protect Canadians, it is important to generate an understanding of which sources and activities contribute most to ESBL exposure and infection pathways in Canada.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aims of this scoping review were to thematically describe factors potentially associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization, carriage and/or infection in humans from countries with a very high human development index and describe the study characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four databases (PubMed, CAB Direct, Web of Science, EBSCOhost) were searched to retrieve potentially relevant studies. Articles were screened for inclusion, and factors were identified, grouped thematically and described.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review identified 381 relevant articles. Factors were grouped into 13 themes: antimicrobial use, animals, comorbidities and symptoms, community, demographics, diet and substance use, health care, household, occupation, prior ESBL colonization/carriage/infection, residential care, travel, and other. The most common themes reported were demographics, health care, antibiotic use and comorbidities and symptoms. Most articles reported factors in hospital settings (86%) and evaluated factors for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections (52%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This scoping review provided valuable information about which factor themes have been well described (e.g., health care) and which have been explored less frequently (e.g., diet or animal contact). Themes identified spanned human, animal and environmental contexts and settings, supporting the need for a diversity of perspectives and a multisectoral approach to mitigating exposure to antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 6","pages":"211-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11251730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy, effectiveness and immunogenicity of reduced HPV vaccination schedules: A review of available evidence.","authors":"Joshua Montroy, Marina I Salvadori, Nicole Forbes, Vinita Dubey, Sarah Almasri, Anna Jirovec, Cathy Yan, Katarina Gusic, Adrienne Stevens, Kelsey Young, Matthew Tunis","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a01","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i06a01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) guidance recommends human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines be administered as a two or three-dose schedule. Recently, several large clinical trials have reported the clinical benefit of a single HPV vaccine dose. As a result, the World Health Organization released updated guidance on HPV vaccines in 2022, recommending a two-dose schedule for individuals aged 9-20 years, and acknowledging the use of an alternative off-label single dose schedule.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this overview is to provide a detailed account of the available evidence comparing HPV vaccination schedules, which was considered by NACI when updating recommendations on HPV vaccines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To identify relevant evidence, existing systematic reviews were leveraged where possible. Individual studies were critically appraised, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Available evidence suggests that a one, two, or three-dose HPV vaccine schedule may provide similar protection from HPV infection. While antibody levels against HPV vaccine types were statistically significantly lower with a single dose schedule compared to two or three doses, titres were sustained for up to 16 years. The clinical significance of lower antibody titres is unknown, as there is no established immunologic correlate of protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the available evidence on single-dose HPV vaccination schedules shows a one-dose schedule is highly effective, continued follow-up of single-dose cohorts will be critical to understanding the relative duration of protection for reduced dose schedules and informing future NACI guidance on HPV vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 6","pages":"166-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11251446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak of Human Trichinellosis - Arizona, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 2022.","authors":"Shama Cash-Goldwasser, Dustin Ortbahn, Muthu Narayan, Conor Fitzgerald, Keila Maldonado, James Currie, Anne Straily, Sarah Sapp, Henry S Bishop, Billy Watson, Margaret Neja, Yvonne Qvarnstrom, David M Berman, Sarah Y Park, Kirk Smith, Stacy Holzbauer","doi":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i05a05","DOIUrl":"10.14745/ccdr.v50i05a05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trichinellosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease transmitted through the consumption of meat from animals infected with <i>Trichinella</i> spp. nematodes. In North America, human trichinellosis is rare and is most commonly acquired through consumption of wild game meat. In July 2022, a hospitalized patient with suspected trichinellosis was reported to the Minnesota Department of Health. One week before symptom onset, the patient and eight other persons shared a meal that included bear meat that had been frozen for 45 days before being grilled and served rare with vegetables that had been cooked with the meat. Investigation identified six trichinellosis cases, including two in persons who consumed only the vegetables. Motile <i>Trichinella</i> larvae were found in remaining bear meat that had been frozen for >15 weeks. Molecular testing identified larvae from the bear meat as <i>Trichinella nativa</i>, a freeze-resistant species. Persons who consume meat from wild game animals should be aware that that adequate cooking is the only reliable way to kill <i>Trichinella</i> parasites and that infected meat can cross-contaminate other foods.</p>","PeriodicalId":94304,"journal":{"name":"Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada","volume":"50 5","pages":"153-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11149922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141249282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}