Thomas J Perry, Bryan Cass, Ryan Ellis, Ali Khalifeh
{"title":"Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia With a False Negative Anti-PF4 Assay.","authors":"Thomas J Perry, Bryan Cass, Ryan Ellis, Ali Khalifeh","doi":"10.1177/15385744251395139","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15385744251395139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an acquired prothrombotic state from anti-heparin platelet-factor 4 (PF4) mediated activation of platelets. Anti-PF4 assay is used to screen for HIT due to high sensitivity and negative predictive value. <b>Case Report:</b> We present a 74-year-old male that had clinical HIT with false negative anti-PF4 and subsequently positive serotonin release assay (SRA). Delay in cessation of heparin led to recurrent limb thrombosis in the setting of multiple revascularization attempts with a poor outcome. <b>Conclusion:</b> We re-emphasize the importance of clinical presentation in management of patients with suspected HIT.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"358-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145454502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camila Esquetini-Vernon, Houssam Farres, Camilo Polania-Sandoval, Yetzali Claudio-Medina, Hennessy Morales-Arroyo, Charles Ritchie, Christopher Jacobs, Ricardo Paz-Fumagalli, Beau Toskich, Jonathan Vandenberg, Biraaj Mahajan, Young Erben
{"title":"Higher Risk for Morbidity and Non-Aortic Related Mortality in Type 2 Endoleak Patients Treated Outside of Instructions for Use.","authors":"Camila Esquetini-Vernon, Houssam Farres, Camilo Polania-Sandoval, Yetzali Claudio-Medina, Hennessy Morales-Arroyo, Charles Ritchie, Christopher Jacobs, Ricardo Paz-Fumagalli, Beau Toskich, Jonathan Vandenberg, Biraaj Mahajan, Young Erben","doi":"10.1177/15385744251395118","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15385744251395118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes in patients with type 2 endoleak (T2E) and the impact of treatment outside the device instructions for use (IFU).MethodsThis retrospective single-center study included abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) patients who underwent EVAR (2011- 2024). Primary outcomes were 30-day and mid-term complications, reintervention, and mortality by T2E status. Propensity score matching was applied and secondary analysis stratified outcomes by IFU compliance, comparing within (<sub>in</sub>IFU) or outside(<sub>out</sub>IFU) IFU in each T2E group.ResultsAmong 154 EVAR patients (137 men (89.1%) and 17 women (11.0%); mean age 77.5 ± 7.6 years), 77 were T2E(-), and 77 were T2E(+). Baseline characteristics were similar. Thirty-day complications were comparable (T2E(-): 5, 6.4% vs T2E(+): 2, 2.56%, <i>P</i> = 0.72). The mean follow-up duration was 2.7 ± 2.4 years. Sac diameter change (Δ) decreased in the T2E(-) (7.7 ± 8.4 mm) and enlarged in the T2E(+) (1.79 ± 12.5 mm; <i>P</i> < 0.01). Mid-term graft-related complications (T2E(-): 3, 3.8% vs T2E(+): 49, 62.8%, <i>P</i> < 0.01) and reinterventions (T2E(-): 3, 3.8%, vs T2E(+): 20, 25.6% <i>P</i> < 0.01) were higher in the T2E(+) with no difference in mortality (<i>P</i> = 1.00). These findings remained after excluding type 1 endoleaks. Among the T2E(+), those treated <sub>out</sub>IFU had longer hospital stays (<sub>out</sub>IFU: 3.0 ± 2.8 days vs <sub>in</sub>IFU: 1.8 ± 2.0 days, <i>P</i> = 0.03), higher T1E (<sub>out</sub>IFU: 3, 33.3% vs <sub>in</sub>IFU: 1, 4.34%, <i>P</i> < 0.01), higher rates of reintervention (<sub>out</sub>IFU: 9, 100.0% vs <sub>in</sub>IFU:17; 24.6%, <i>P</i> < 0.01) and higher all-cause mortality than those within IFU criteria (<sub>out</sub>IFU: 5, 55.0% vs <sub>in</sub>IFU: 13, 18.8%, <i>P</i> < 0.01). IFU status did not significantly affect outcomes in T2E(-) patients.ConclusionsT2E is associated with sac growth and increased reinterventions, but not higher mortality. On subgroup analysis, those T2E(+) treated <sub>out</sub>IFU had longer hospitalizations, higher T1E rates, more reinterventions, and higher all-cause; but not aneurysmal-related mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145423812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Second-Generation Hydrogel Coils for Transcatheter Arterial Embolization of Acute Arterial Bleeding in the Body Trunk.","authors":"Masashi Shimohira, Shuji Ikeda, Shinichi Ozaki, Toshinobu Saga, Yuta Nakano, Kyohei Takahata, Yuki Maruchi, Akiko Narita, Hiroaki Okada, Takahiro Yamamoto, Nozomu Matsunaga, Kojiro Suzuki","doi":"10.1177/15385744251409969","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15385744251409969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionFirst-generation hydrogel coils have been shown to reduce the risk of recanalization due to their expansion properties. However, their clinical use has been limited by coil stiffness and time constraints for deployment. Recently developed second-generation hydrogel coils are softer and offer improved deliverability. This study aimed to evaluate their feasibility and effectiveness in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for acute arterial bleeding in the body trunk.MethodsThis retrospective study included 24 TAE procedures performed in 23 patients (15 men, 8 women; median age, 72 years; range, 14-88 years) between March 2019 and November 2024. Indications for TAE included iatrogenic injury (n = 7), gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 5), trauma (n = 3), aneurysm rupture (n = 3), tumor invasion (n = 3), and others (n = 3). Second-generation hydrogel coils were used in all cases, comprising a median of 78% (range, 13-100%) of the total coil length. Technical success was defined as complete occlusion of the target artery on digital subtraction angiography. Clinical success was defined as the absence of rebleeding within 24 h of embolization.ResultsAnemia, hemorrhagic shock, and coagulopathy were present before TAE in 92% (22/24), 21% (5/24), and 25% (6/24) of procedures, respectively. The mean total coil length was 40 cm (range, 4-127 cm), and the mean procedure time was 111 min (range, 58-207 min). Both technical and clinical success rates were 100% (24/24). One complication (4%) occurred: transient liver dysfunction in a patient treated for hepatic artery bleeding.ConclusionsTAE using second-generation hydrogel coils showed high technical and clinical success rates, indicating that these coils may be a feasible and effective option for managing acute arterial hemorrhage in the body trunk.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"376-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ye In Christopher Kwon, David T Zhu, S Ayesha Farooq, Robert Larson
{"title":"Primary Retroperitoneal Tumors Presenting as Ruptured Aneurysms.","authors":"Ye In Christopher Kwon, David T Zhu, S Ayesha Farooq, Robert Larson","doi":"10.1177/15385744251409950","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15385744251409950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundRetroperitoneal tumors represent a variety of rare lesions that can arise either from solid organs (kidney, pancreas, adrenals) or less commonly the mesenchymal soft tissue. Depending on histologic subtype, these malignancies often have a variable clinical presentation and prognosis.Case presentationIn the current series, we present 2 cases: first, a patient with Stage 3 retroperitoneal sarcoma eroding the para-visceral aorta causing rupture; second, a kidney transplant recipient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as a ruptured right hypogastric arterial aneurysm.ConclusionWe discuss the caveats and pitfalls in diagnosing and treating these complex tumors including clinical and radiographic presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"370-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huan-Huan Song, Wei-Kang Guan, Li Xiang, Cun-Liang Zeng, Li Zhang
{"title":"Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies for Femoral Vein Extramembranous Cysts: A Case Analysis and Literature Review.","authors":"Huan-Huan Song, Wei-Kang Guan, Li Xiang, Cun-Liang Zeng, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1177/15385744261448669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15385744261448669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionFemoral vein adventitial cystic disease is an exceedingly rare vascular disorder characterized by mucin-filled cysts within the venous wall, leading to potential luminal obstruction and clinical symptoms. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and management of this uncommon condition.Case PresentationA 58-year-old male presented with a 2-month history of progressive left lower extremity swelling and discomfort. Physical examination revealed pitting edema along the calf. Duplex ultrasound demonstrated a hypoechoic cystic lesion compressing the femoral vein. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed a 3.1 cm × 1.4 cm × 2.1 cm cystic mass within the adventitial layer of the femoral vein, with partial luminal stenosis. No evidence of deep vein thrombosis or malignancy was observed.Intervention and OutcomeSurgical exploration via groin incision identified a translucent cyst arising from the femoral vein adventitia. Complete excision was performed with venous reconstruction. Histopathology confirmed a benign adventitial cyst with mucinous content and a single-layer endothelial lining. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with resolution of symptoms and no recurrence at 3-month follow-up.ConclusionAdventitial cysts of the femoral vein, though rare, should be considered in patients with unexplained limb swelling. Multimodal imaging is critical for differential diagnosis, and complete surgical excision remains the definitive treatment. This case underscores the importance of recognizing atypical venous pathologies to prevent misdiagnosis and ensure optimal outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"15385744261448669"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bibhas Amatya, Michael A Holzman, Dipankar Mukherjee
{"title":"External Iliac Vein Injury During Acetabular ORIF: Endovascular Rescue in Orthopaedic Trauma and Review of Surgical Considerations.","authors":"Bibhas Amatya, Michael A Holzman, Dipankar Mukherjee","doi":"10.1177/15385744261447453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15385744261447453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundMajor vascular injuries during orthopedic procedures such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of acetabular fractures are rare but potentially fatal. The iliac veins are particularly vulnerable during anterior approaches due to their close proximity to the pelvic brim.PurposeTo describe the management of an iatrogenic external iliac vein injury sustained during acetabular ORIF via a modified Stoppa approach and to highlight the role of endovascular techniques as a rescue strategy.Research DesignDescriptive case study and literature review.Study SampleSingle patient undergoing acetabular ORIF complicated by intraoperative external iliac vein injury.Data Collection and/or AnalysisIntraoperative findings, management strategy, and postoperative outcomes were systematically documented. A narrative review of the contemporary literature on endovascular management of iliac and inferior vena cava injuries was performed.ResultsThe injury resulted in sudden, massive hemorrhage that could not be controlled through open exposure due to limited visualization and significant bleeding risk. An intraoperative endovascular approach was therefore adopted. Sequential deployment of aortic cuff stent-grafts via femoral access achieved rapid hemostasis while preserving venous patency. Postoperative imaging confirmed patent stents without evidence of extravasation.ConclusionsEndovascular stent grafting represents a viable and potentially life-saving alternative to open repair for major iliac venous injuries, particularly in anatomically challenging settings. This paper demonstrates the importance of preoperative vascular preparedness and the integration of endovascular rescue strategies into orthopedic trauma surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"15385744261447453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing Contrast Agent Usage and Evaluating Clinical Safety via Dilution Technique in Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.","authors":"Yusuke Ki, Toru Kuratani, Yuki Oga, Tomoaki Kudo","doi":"10.1177/15385744261447457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15385744261447457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveContrast-induced nephropathy remains a significant concern in patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), particularly those with pre-existing renal impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using a one-quarter diluted contrast agent during EVAR to reduce contrast volume without compromising imaging quality or clinical outcomes.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed EVAR procedures performed between July 2022 and September 2024. A total of 96 patients were included, with 50 receiving undiluted contrast and 46 receiving a one-quarter diluted solution. All procedures were conducted using the same angiographic system and protocol. Pixel values and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were measured from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. Subjective image quality was independently evaluated by three vascular surgeons using a standardized 5-point scale. Postoperative type I/III endoleaks were identified on contrast-enhanced CT or ultrasound within 30 days. Statistical comparisons were performed using Welch's <i>t</i>-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.ResultsProcedural success was achieved in all cases. The diluted group achieved a 70% reduction in contrast volume (19.8 ± 11.5 mL vs 67.7 ± 30.5 mL; <i>P</i> < .001). Pixel values (2.87 ± 8.75 vs 2.99 ± 5.59; <i>P</i> = .936), SNRs, and surgeon-rated image quality were comparable between groups. The incidence of type I/III endoleaks (2.0% vs 4.3%; <i>P</i> = .606) and radiation parameters did not differ significantly.ConclusionsUse of a one-quarter diluted contrast agent during EVAR provided image quality and safety comparable to undiluted contrast while significantly reducing contrast volume. This technique may represent a practical strategy to mitigate renal risk in patients with impaired kidney function.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"15385744261447457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillaume Le Fevere de Ten Hove, Arnaud Colle, Laurent de Kerchove, Maxime Elens
{"title":"Management of a Malpositioned Ascyrus Medical Dissection Stent: Hybrid and Sequential Approach.","authors":"Guillaume Le Fevere de Ten Hove, Arnaud Colle, Laurent de Kerchove, Maxime Elens","doi":"10.1177/15385744261447462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15385744261447462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundAcute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a life-threatening emergency requiring urgent surgical repair. The Ascyrus Medical Dissection Stent (AMDS) has been introduced as an adjunct to facilitate true lumen expansion and promote positive aortic remodeling. However, device-related complications such as malposition and persistent false lumen perfusion can lead to aneurysmal degeneration and reintervention.Case PresentationWe report the case of a 53-year-old male patient with an ATAAD with an entry tear at the aortic root extending to the iliac arteries. Emergency repair included ascending aortic replacement with AMDS implantation, and brachiocephalic trunk reimplantation. Early postoperative imaging showed incomplete AMDS expansion and a perfused false lumen, with rapid aneurysmal progression of the descending aorta. A hybrid reintervention combining intrathoracic debranching and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was performed successfully. At 18 months follow-up, further enlargement of the aortic arch (from 69 × 64 mm to 78 × 70 mm) was observed due to retrograde false lumen perfusion. A TEVAR extension with false lumen occlusion using a occluder was undertaken, achieving complete sealing and favorable postoperative recovery.ConclusionsAMDS malposition and persistent false lumen perfusion following ATAAD repair can be managed by hybrid and endovascular reinterventions, including false lumen occlusion techniques. Lifelong imaging surveillance and multidisciplinary management in specialized aortic centers are essential to ensure early detection of complications and optimize long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"15385744261447462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Open Surgical Management of Celiac Trunk and Hepatic Artery Aneurysms: A Case Series.","authors":"Asen Todorov, Margaret Dimova, Ioanna Lineva","doi":"10.1177/15385744261447882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15385744261447882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundVisceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) are uncommon vascular lesions, representing less than 2% of all arterial aneurysms, yet they carry significant clinical relevance owing to their frequently silent course and potential for catastrophic rupture. Within this group, celiac trunk aneurysms (CTAAs) and hepatic artery aneurysms (HAAs) constitute a minority of cases but pose distinct diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Endovascular therapy has gained prominence in recent years; however, open surgical repair remains an essential treatment modality, particularly in complex anatomical settings or when endovascular options are unsuitable.MethodsWe present a case series of 3 patients managed at our institution: 2 with CTAAs and 1 with an HAA. All patients underwent open surgical repair using tailored vascular reconstruction strategies, including splenic artery interposition, aorto-hepato-splenic bypass with a great saphenous vein graft, and superficial femoral artery interposition. Patient selection and operative planning were guided by preoperative imaging, aneurysm morphology, and comorbid conditions.ResultsThere was no perioperative mortality. Major postoperative complications occurred in 2 cases, including gastric ischemia requiring total gastrectomy and postoperative hematoma requiring re-exploration. At 1-year follow-up, all patients demonstrated 100% graft patency and preserved end-organ perfusion.ConclusionsThis experience highlights the importance of individualized surgical decision-making in the management of VAAs. While the rarity of these lesions limits large-scale comparative studies, our series reinforces that open surgical repair remains a safe and durable option when tailored to patient-specific anatomy. In the era of endovascular techniques, elective open surgical repair remains associated with low mortality and high technical success when performed by an experienced surgical team, offering satisfactory early and mid-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"15385744261447882"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Part II: Acute Lower Limb Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Contemporary Clinical Management and Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Ashley A Peters, Chanpreet Kaur, Lauren Carmon, Gloria Grace Poland, Vivian Gahtan","doi":"10.1177/15385744261442204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15385744261442204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a medical emergency that can be due to prolonged tourniquet application, peripheral arterial disease, arterial embolization, and/or arterial thrombosis. To prevent associated morbidity and mortality, ischemia time should be minimized by urgent or emergent revascularization. However, revascularization can lead to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), a devastating complication that can cause limb loss, multi-organ failure, and/or death. Currently, management of IRI largely relies on preventative measures and supportive care. In Part 2 of this two-part review article, we will briefly review the pathophysiology of IRI discussed in Part 1, and then discuss contemporary interventions to perfuse an acutely ischemic limb, clinical strategies that have been used to reduce and/or prevent IRI, and lastly, randomized controlled trials that have investigated pharmacological interventions to neutralize or mitigate IRI toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":94265,"journal":{"name":"Vascular and endovascular surgery","volume":" ","pages":"15385744261442204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}