The International journal of prosthodontics最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Dental Discoloration on the Covering Properties of Different Lithium Disilicate Masses.","authors":"Davide Silvestri, Carlo Monaco, Giancarlo Cozzolino, Francesca Aiello, Martina Bonvicini, Antonio Arena, Marco Redemagni, Salvatore D'Amato","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9428","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the covering properties of lithium disilicate (LD) masses with varying translucencies and opacities when applied to discolored abutments, aiming to optimize esthetic outcomes in prosthetic restorations of dyschromic teeth.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four resin abutments simulating various discolorations were fabricated, and 13 LD frameworks of high-opacity, medium-opacity, and low-translucency masses were heat-pressed to a uniform thickness of 1 mm. Color parameters (CIE L*, a*, b*) were measured using a spectrophotometer across abutment colors. Color differences (ΔE) were calculated relative to a nondyschromic reference abutment with different LD frameworks mentioned and statistically analyzed using nonparametric ANOVA and multiple comparisons tests (α = .05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant ΔE differences were found among LD masses on dyschromic abutments (P < .0001). High-opacity 2 mass consistently showed the best masking performance, achieving ΔE values below the perceptibility threshold for light abutments but not for darker abutments. Low-translucency and medium-opacity masses exhibited intermediate results, with higher ΔE values on severely discolored abutments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LD frameworks at 1-mm thickness are insufficient to fully mask dyschromic abutments while maintaining translucency. High-opacity 2 mass provided the best masking, but darker abutments required additional opaque veneering. The study highlights the limitations of minimally invasive LD restorations for severe discolorations. Furthermore, this study highlighted how, in dyschromic abutment covering, it would be easier to reach a perfect match with a light color (eg, VITA scale A1) using a high-opacity mass of LD rather than with more chromatic colors, which are more difficult to mimic.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"533-543"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: What Shall Prosthodontists Consider?","authors":"Francesco Buracchi, Stefano Pagano, Nunzio Cirulli","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9996","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder associated with significant systemic comorbidity. While its medical consequences are well established, its potential impact on the dental and prosthetic environment has received comparatively less attention. This commentary reviews the evidence for a dual overload mechanism by which OSAS may compromise dental restorations and outlines key clinical considerations for prosthodontists managing patients with known or suspected OSAS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A narrative review of the literature published between 2020 and 2025 on OSAS, sleep bruxism, gastroesophageal reflux, and restorative and implant outcomes was undertaken to synthesize the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms and their clinical implications for prosthodontics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reviewed evidence supports a dual overload mechanism combining mechanical overload driven by reactive-protective sleep bruxism and chemical overload arising from nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux; both may act synergistically to accelerate the deterioration of veneers, crowns, and implant-supported prostheses. Treatment of OSAS - whether through mandibular advancement device therapy or continuous positive airway pressure - may not only address the respiratory pathology but could also contribute to stabilizing the oral environment by reducing bruxism frequency and reflux episodes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prosthodontists, as clinicians who routinely encounter the oral sequelae of OSAS, may play an important role in the early identification and multidisciplinary management of this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148551927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Complications Related to Zygomatic Implants GCCG Supplement Submission.","authors":"Waldemar D Polido","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9949","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The First Global Consensus for Clinical Guidelines recommendations and framework for the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla was published in 2026. The guideline defines 36 consensus- based recommendations mapped to 34 COS outcomes, covering all phases of care, patient selection, diagnostics, surgical and prosthetic treatment, complication management, and maintenance. It emphasizes shared decision-making, prosthetically driven planning, immediate protocols when feasible, and risk- based maintenance to prevent surgical, biological, and technical complications. A clinical workflow checklist and decision trees support practical implementation. Zygomatic implants were studied as part of treatment alternatives, and as last resort for extremely atrophic maxillae. The conclusion regarding zygomatic implants is that they may serve as a valuable option in cases of severe maxillary atrophy where grafting is not feasible, as they enable functional rehabilitation. They may also provide the possibility of immediate loading. However, they are associated with higher intraoperative and biological complication rates compared with standard- length implants. Two clinical cases are presented to illustrate the two most common complications related to zygomatic implants, soft tissue dehiscence and rhinosinusitis with oro-antral fistula.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148551916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention and Wear Performance of Locator Attachments Under Cyclic Loading: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Merve Dede, Ergün Bozdağ, Süleyman Çağatay Dayan, Fatma Ünalan","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9501","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objectives of the current study were to evaluate and compare the retention loss and wear rates of locater attachments made of three different materials under cyclic load.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Three locater attachments, including those made of titanium nitride-coated (conventional Locator), titanium carbon nitride-coated (Locator R-Tx), and zirconia (TAV Locker), were used to produce 42 specimens. Half of the samples in each group were placed straight, while the other half were positioned at the maximum recommended angulation in custom aluminum molds. Each sample was treated to 5,000 insertion-separation cycles. Retention forces were assessed after 10, 500, 1,000, 4,000, and 5,000 insertion-separation cycles. Furthermore, the wear of the attachments was assessed using the mass loss technique and scanning electron microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although the mean retention values of the angle-placed attachments did not differ significantly across all cycles (p > 0.05), there was a statistically significant difference in the mean retention values of the straight-placed attachments across all cycles. titanium carbon nitride demonstrated higher retention values in each retention test cycle compared to titanium nitride-coated and zirconia locator attachments (p≤0.001). The greatest weight loss among the locator attachments was observed in the titanium carbon nitride-coated angle-placed group (-0,066), while among the nylon inserts, the titanium nitride-coated angle-placed group exhibited the most significant weight loss. (-2,727).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The retention force of the titanium carbon nitride-coated group was statistically higher both in straight and angle-placed specimens at the beginning and end of the study compared to the other attachment groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148378840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Different Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Color Changes of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns: A Comparison of Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing.","authors":"Zeynep Ozkurt-Kayahan, Irem Celikyurek Karabagli, Yunus Emre Ozden, Rena Takahashi, Fusun Ozer, Yasushi Shimada","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9894","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the surface roughness and color stability of three-dimensionally (3D) printed zirconia crowns after treatment with three different chairside polishing systems, in comparison with conventionally milled zirconia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>One hundred twenty maxillary incisor monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated using subtractive (milled, n=60) and additive manufacturing (3D-printed, n=60). Specimens were further divided into as-received, unpolished, and polished subgroups. Polishing was performed using three systems: Zolid Sinter-State (Amann Girrbach), OptraGloss (Ivoclar Vivadent), and Meisinger Zirconia Polishing Kit (Meisinger) (n=20/subgroup). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a noncontact 3D optical profilometer. Specimens were then immersed in coffee solution for 30 days (simulating ≈2.5 years of clinical exposure), and color differences (ΔE₀₀) were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. Surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni tests (α=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Polishing significantly reduced surface roughness in both milled and 3D-printed zirconia (p<0.001). As-received milled zirconia exhibited higher Ra (0.69±0.12 µm) than printed zirconia (0.60±0.14 µm) (p<0.001). After polishing, no significant difference was observed between manufacturing techniques (p=0.095, p>0.05). For milled zirconia, all polishing kits performed similarly (p>0.05); for printed zirconia, Amann Girrbach produced lower Ra (0.03±0.016 µm) than Meisinger (0.04±0.01 µm) and OptraGloss (0.04±0.008 µm) (p<0.001). Coffee staining caused significant color change in all specimens (p=0.001), with no significant difference between milled and printed zirconia across polishing subgroups (p>0.05). All polished surfaces achieved Ra values below the clinically accepted threshold of 0.2 µm.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>3D-printed zirconia represents a clinically reliable alternative to milled zirconia, as initial surface roughness differences are eliminated after standardized polishing. All polishing systems achieved clinically acceptable smoothness. Both materials exhibited comparable staining susceptibility, suggesting discoloration depends more on material composition than on surface finishing.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148378894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trueness and Precision of Coded Healing Abutments, Scan Bodies, and Conventional Implant Impressions at Different Implant Angulations: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Maria Carrion, Pedro Diaz, Celia Tobar, Veronica Rodriguez, Seyed Ali Mosaddad, Jesus Pelaez, Maria J Suarez","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9839","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the trueness and precision of digital implant impressions using coded healing abutments (CHA) and scan bodies (SB) with conventional impression technique (ANA), and to evaluate the influence of implant angulation in vitro.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two mandibular models with parallel (M1) and angulated (M2) implants were fabricated. Sixty impressions (n=10 per subgroup) were obtained using CHA, SB, or ANA. Digital impressions were acquired with an intraoral scanner; conventional casts were digitized with a laboratory scanner. A coordinate measuring machine served as the reference. Linear inter-implant distance, angular deviations, and three-dimensional implant position were analyzed. Trueness was calculated as deviation from the reference, and precision as standard deviation. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc tests, independent t tests for model comparisons, and Levene's test to assess variance homogeneity, with α=.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SB showed values closest to the reference for inter-implant distance. Digital techniques (SB and CHA) demonstrated comparable trueness (P>.05) and significantly higher precision than ANA for linear distance and angular deviations (P<.05). SB exhibited higher precision than CHA for anterior implant Y2 and Z2 coordinates (P=.001, P=.004). Implant angulation negatively affected ANA but did not significantly influence digital techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SB and CHA provided comparable digital impression accuracy under controlled conditions. Conventional impressions demonstrated greater variability, particularly in angulated conFigurations.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Digital implant impressions using CHA may serve as a clinically acceptable alternative to SB, with greater reliability than conventional techniques in angulated implant scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing An Unexpected Cemento-Dentinal Tear with a 3D-printed Crown Generated Chairside: A Case Report with 2 years Follow Up.","authors":"Francisco X Azpiazu-Flores, Paola C Saponaro, Wei-Shao Lin, Dean Morton, Andréa Ferreira Zandoná, Shereen Azer","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9637","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 65-year-old Caucasian female was seen for the treatment of a failing mandibular fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). When the abutment teeth were evaluated, tooth 44 had an extensive carious lesion and was determined non-restorable, and tooth 47 was deemed salvageable. The patient presented and accepted a treatment plan involving the extraction of tooth 44, a three-unit zirconia implant-supported FDP to replace teeth 44,45, and 46, and a zirconia crown for tooth 47. At the time of insertion, when the interim restoration covering tooth 47 was removed, the cementum and dentin of the tooth separated from the underlying tissues, leaving the tooth with reduced coronal dimensions. In this case report, the interim restoration with the coronal tissues attached was scanned and used as a reference to fabricate a long-term 3D-printed restoration. This restoration faithfully replicated the cameo surface contours of the interim restoration. It provided an intimate adaptation to the remaining intraoral coronal tissues since it closely replicated the tissue features inside the interim restoration recorded during scanning.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Implant Angulation on the Accuracy of Complete Arch Digital Scans with Intraoral Photogrammetry.","authors":"Carmen Muñoz, Solange Vasquez-Ramos, Rocío Cascos, Marta Revilla-León, Miguel Gómez-Polo","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9882","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the influence of implant angulation on the trueness, and precision of complete arch implant digital scans acquired using an intraoral photogrammetry system.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Two edentulous mandibular models with six implants each were fabricated and assigned to two groups based on implant angulation: parallel implants and posterior angulated implants. In the angulated group, posterior implants were angled (<30° relative to the reference axis), resulting in interimplant angulations of up to approximately 45° due to their spatial relationships. Each group was scanned 20 times (n=40) using an intraoral scanner incorporating intraoral photogrammetry technology under standardized ambient lighting conditions (1000 lux). Linear and angular deviations were calculated by comparing the test scans with reference datasets obtained using a calibrated laboratory scanner. The Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney U, and Levene tests were used to analyze differences in trueness and precision between groups (α=.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For trueness, the parallel group showed significantly lower linear deviations (median 0.066 mm; IQR 0.063-0.071) than the angulated group (median 0.159 mm; IQR 0.155-0.162) (P < 0.001). For angular deviations, the angulated group showed lower values (median 0.353°; IQR 0.347-0.380) than the parallel group (median 0.457°; IQR 0.450-0.467) (P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in precision were found for either linear (P=.664) or angular (P=.070) measurements.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Implant angulation significantly influenced trueness, while precision remained unaffected. Higher angulation resulted in increased linear deviations, although angular deviations may not be clinically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Performance, Esthetics, and Patient-Rated Outcomes of Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Fixed Partial Dentures with Cobalt-chromium and Gold-alloy Frameworks: A 5-to-7 Year Retrospective Study.","authors":"Niklas Landin, Evaggelia Papia, Alf Eliasson","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9682","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate and compare the clinical performance, esthetics, and patient-rated outcomes of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) fixed partial dentures (FPDs) with CoCr-alloy-based and Au-alloy-based frameworks.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>A total of 92 patients with 117 FPDs in either CoCr- or Au-alloy-based frameworks were followed for 5-9 years. Two calibrated examiners performed clinical and radiological examinations and recorded survival and biological and technical complications using a modified California Dental Association (CDA) index and a structured patient questionnaire on function, esthetics, and complications. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square, Fisher's exact, and multiple regression tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survival rate was 98.3% for CoCr-alloy-based FPDs and 93.0% for Au-alloy-based FPDs. While the incidence of chip-off fractures was similar between the two groups on FPD level, the difference was statistically significant on unit level with 4.7 % in the CoCr-alloy-group and 9.5% in the Au-alloy-group (p=0.009). CDA assessments showed overall acceptable outcomes in both groups, with differences observed in anatomical form, marginal characteristics, and patient-reported outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the present study, both Au-alloy-based and CoCr-alloy-based FPDs showed high survival rates. Chip-off fractures were more common in Au-alloy-based frameworks. Accordingly, CoCr-alloy-based frameworks are a cost-effective and clinically reliable alternative for PFM frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immersive Haptic Simulation for Psychomotor Skill Acquisition in Preclinical Prosthetic Dentistry: A Randomized Study.","authors":"Octave Nadile Bandiaky, Christelle Volteau, Antoine Bihan, Roselyne Clouet, Assem Soueidan, Laurent Le Guehennec","doi":"10.11607/ijp.9731","DOIUrl":"10.11607/ijp.9731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using the VirTeaSy Dental simulator in conjunction with a virtual reality headset on student performance in conventional fixed prosthodontics simulations.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study involved 85 novice dental students from the Dental Faculty of XX University, who were randomly assigned to two groups. In phase one, the control group (G1, n=42) completed conventional simulation exercises according to a standardized protocol, while the test group (G2, n=43) performed a combination of immersive haptic simulation followed by conventional simulation exercises. In phase two, the groups were subdivided: G1a and G2a performed the conventional simulation only, while G1b and G2b engaged in both immersive haptic and conventional simulation. This design assessed the effects of continued, delayed, discontinued, or no exposure to immersive haptic simulation. Student performance was evaluated using single-unit prosthetic preparations after each phase using the software prepCheck 3.0. A Bonferroni adjustment was used to control the overall alpha level. A significance threshold of p < 0.025 (5%/2) was used for comparison of the results from phase 1, and p < 0.008 (5%/6) was used for comparisons for phase 2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results from phase one showed a slightly higher mean score for prosthetic preparation quality in G2 (17.19 ± 1.53) than G1 (16.55 ± 1.80), although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In phase two, the four subgroup scores were comparable with no significant differences (G1a: 21.90 ± 3.20, G1b: 22.38 ± 2.33, G2a: 22.10 ± 2.40, G2b: 22.95 ± 2.93). In both phases, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combining immersive haptic and conventional simulation in various modalities does not significantly improve student performance in prosthetic preparation compared to conventional simulation alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":94232,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of prosthodontics","volume":"0 0","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}