Neurological research and practice最新文献

{"title":"Gout flares following acute stroke: a single-center cohort and a systematic review/meta-analysis.","authors":"Evangelos Panagiotopoulos, Vasiliki Kotsali-Peteinelli, Georgia Papagiannopoulou, Aikaterini Theodorou, Maria Chondrogianni, Eleni Bakola, Lina Palaiodimou, Klearchos Psychogios, Odysseas Kargiotis, Apostolos Safouris, Panagiota-Eleni Tsalouchidou, Annerose Mengel, Ulf Ziemann, Christos Krogias, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Maria-Ioanna Stefanou","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00424-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-025-00424-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the global prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout rising, accumulating evidence has linked acute gout flares to a transient rise in major adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke. However, the reverse association, whether acute stroke is associated with an increased incidence of gout flares, has been inadequately investigated. The aim of this single-center cohort study, coupled with a systematic review and meta-analysis, was to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of gout flares in the early post-stroke period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies was conducted, incorporating data from a cohort of acute stroke patients admitted to a tertiary care stroke center. Eligible studies reported in-hospital gout flares among patients with acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Pooled estimates were calculated using random-effects models. The systematic review was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251061747).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified three studies (one involving only acute ischemic stroke, two including both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke), encompassing a total of 13,722 acute stroke patients, including our institutional cohort. The pooled incidence of in-hospital gout flares was 4% (95% CI, 2-6%; I²=88.1%). The pooled mean time to flare onset was 6.3 days post-stroke (95% CI, 4.09-8.44; I²=96.6%), and 64% of flares involved the paretic limb (95% CI, 33-90%; I²=62.1%). Among flare patients, 85% were male (95% CI, 40-100%; I²=84.5%), 97% had ischemic stroke (95% CI, 94-99%; I²=0%), and 61% were newly diagnosed with gout or hyperuricemia during hospitalization (95% CI, 48-73%; I²=0%). In our cohort, 50% and 12.5% of flare patients presented with delirium and aphasia, respectively; all patients received colchicine treatment with complete symptom resolution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gout flares occur in one out of every 25 acute stroke patients, particularly in men presenting with acute ischemic stroke within the first week after symptom onset, and frequently involve the paretic limb. In over half of cases, the flare uncovers previously undiagnosed gout or hyperuricemia, emphasizing the need for systematic evaluation, particularly in patients with delirium or impaired communication, where diagnosis may be delayed. Early colchicine initiation warrants consideration given its anti-inflammatory effects and potential to reduce stroke recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145305230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-infectious autoimmune disorder involving the CNS and PNS following SARS-CoV-2 infection - a clinical-morphological case report.","authors":"Vincent Umathum, Carolin König, Dirk Bandorski, Lukas Scheffer, Joachim Weis, Heidrun H Krämer, Jens Allendörfer, Anne Schänzer","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00436-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-025-00436-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-COVID can be associated with neurological symptoms such as neuropathy or fatigue. Histological analysis of affected nerves is rarely described and post mortem study of the brain and peripheral nerves are carried out only in few cases.In the case report, we describe the clinical and neuropathological findings of a 75-year-old female patient who presented with a motor and sensory axonal neuropathy after a SARS-CoV-2 infection seven weeks before and suddenly died. Laboratory testing of serum and CSF revealed no signs of systemic vasculitis or infectious diseases. A post mortem investigation was performed. Samples from the brain including the cranial nerves, peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles from different regions were analysed.The brain revealed lymphocytic cells predominantly in the basal ganglia and brain stem with involvement of the cranial nerves. Interestingly, a CNS involvement was not observed during lifetime. The sensory and motor peripheral nerves revealed a severe axonal neuritis. Skeletal muscle showed a neurogenic atrophy.This case report highlights that a post-infectious autoimmune disorder with CNS and PNS involvement should be considered in patients with post-COVID. The diagnosis of an ongoing inflammation may influence the treatment options.</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145305142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The race against time: patterns and variables of spine surgery timing in traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective cohort study from the TraumaRegister DGU®.","authors":"Till Kamradt, Stefan Hemmer, Raphael Trefzer, Gerhard Schmidmaier, Andreas Hug, Rüdiger Rupp, Rolf Lefering, Norbert Weidner","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00429-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00429-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Numerous uncontrolled observational studies suggest that early spinal decompression and stabilization within 24 h of spinal cord injury (SCI) improve neurological recovery, forming the basis for recently published best practice guidelines. In this study, we aim to investigate current surgical practices in trauma centers across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and to elucidate trauma- and patient-related factors influencing the timing of spine surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified patients aged 16 years or older with traumatic SCI and permanent neurological deficits from the TraumaRegister DGU^® of the German Trauma Society (2008-2022). Trauma severity was assessed using the Abbreviated Injury Scale. Patients were categorized based on the timing of spine surgery (early surgery: day of admission; late surgery: subsequent days) and functional impairment (moderate vs. severe, based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to correlate patient and trauma-related factors with these endpoints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 9938 patients with SCI at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels were identified. Among the 5025 patients who underwent spine surgery, 69% were operated on the day of admission, while 31% received surgery on subsequent days. Elderly patients (≥ 60 years) had a higher likelihood of delayed surgery (odds ratio [OR] 0.68-0.76). Trauma-related factors, including high cervical SCI, significant injuries beyond the spine, traumatic brain injury, and signs of hemorrhage, were strongly associated with late surgery (OR 0.38-0.83; p < 0.05). Conversely, patients with complete SCI or SCI at the thoracic or lumbar levels were more likely to undergo early surgery (OR 1.45-1.8; p < 0.001). Severe functional impairment was associated with advanced age (≥ 70 years), complete SCI, high cervical SCI, concomitant traumatic brain, signs of hemorrhage and comorbidities (OR 1.27-4.59; p < 0.01), whereas SCI at thoracic (OR 0.8) and lumbar (OR 0.4) levels correlated with moderate functional impairment (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The majority of SCI patients in trauma centers across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland undergo early spinal surgery, reflecting adherence to best practice recommendations. Timing of surgery is significantly influenced by patient age and trauma complexity. Delays are more common in elderly patients and those with high cervical injuries or associated trauma, underscoring the need for individualized surgical decision-making. Given the strong correlation between injury severity, surgical timing, and functional impairment, future guidelines should refine criteria for early intervention to further optimize neurological recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12514803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145276907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of the art: glioma-associated epilepsy-bridging tumor biology and epileptogenesis.","authors":"Iris Divé, Anna-Luisa Luger, Dorothea Muench, Katharina J Weber, Joachim P Steinbach, Felix Rosenow, Frank Winkler, Pia S Zeiner","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00434-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00434-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glioma-associated epilepsy (GAE) is a frequent and clinically significant complication in neuro-oncological practice. Its prevalence varies across glioma subtypes and is influenced by tumor biology, cortical involvement, tumor size, extent of resection, and disease progression. Despite its substantial impact on quality of life and clinical outcomes, GAE remains underrepresented in neurological and neuro-oncological guidelines. Moreover, novel findings in molecular subtyping and their relevance to tumor biology and GAE pathogenesis are not yet adequately reflected in clinical frameworks. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive synthesis of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management strategies for GAE based on the recent advances in glioma biology, cancer neuroscience, and epileptology.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>This review highlights recent insights into the epidemiology, clinical impact, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies for GAE. We focus on both lower-grade gliomas, in which GAE is most prevalent over lifetime-particularly in tumors harboring isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations-as well as high-grade gliomas where GAE remains a clinically relevant and complex issue. In addition to diffuse glioma subtypes, this review also addresses low-grade epilepsy-associated tumors (LEAT), a distinct and heterogeneous group with an inherently high risk of seizures. The pathomechanisms of GAE are reviewed with regard to glioma subtype-specific alterations of the tumor metabolism, neuroinflammation, increased glutamatergic activity, as well as the interaction between tumor cells and non-neoplastic cells. Key pathways implicated in both GAE and tumor biology include the IDH and mTOR signaling and a range of tumor related somatic mutations. With regard to the prognostic and therapeutic significance of GAE, we highlight the essential importance of accurate molecular tumor classification. In addition to reviewing common and tumor-specific side effects of anti-seizure medication (ASM), the emerging role of therapeutic approaches targeting both tumor growth and epileptogenesis is discussed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Glioma (subtype) specific mechanisms of epileptogenesis and selection of ASM is an emerging topic with future potential to improve the therapy of GAE and tumor growth alike.</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12514801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145277068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epilepsy in women of childbearing age: a focused review.","authors":"Jan Heckelmann, Bettina Schmitz, Yvonne G Weber, Catrin Mann","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00430-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00430-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy affects over 50 million individuals worldwide, a significant proportion of whom are women with epilepsy (WWE) of childbearing age. This population faces unique challenges related to hormonal fluctuations, e.g., during life stages such as breastfeeding or menopause. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) further complicate reproductive health by influencing menstrual function, contraception, pregnancy outcomes, bone health, and menopausal transition due to their teratogenic potential and hormonal interactive effects. Consequently, treatment strategies for WWE must consider these interactions and the risks associated with ASMs during pregnancy. This review aims to consolidate current data and guidelines for managing WWE throughout their reproductive years. These findings emphasize the importance of preconception counseling to optimize ASM regimens, ensuring both maternal well-being and fetal safety. Key recommendations from major international pregnancy registries are summarized to guide clinicians in selecting ASMs that minimize the risk of congenital malformations while maintaining effective seizure control. Additionally, this review explores the role of folic acid supplementation in preventing neural tube defects and outlines contraceptive options tailored for WWE. In conclusion, comprehensive education on the implications of epilepsy for reproductive health is crucial for WWE. By fostering informed decision-making through personalized counseling and careful medication management before, during, and after pregnancy, healthcare providers can significantly improve outcomes for both mothers and their children.</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality within three months after nonfatal ischemic stroke treated by mechanical thrombectomy in routine care-data from the German Stroke Registry.","authors":"Marianne Hahn, Sonja Gröschel, Livia Sophie Lang, Ahmed E Othman, Klaus Gröschel, Timo Uphaus","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00427-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00427-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is a highly effective treatment for large vessel occlusion (LVO) ischemic stroke. However, a substantial share of patients have lethal outcome within 3 months. Individualization of outcome prognostication is needed to support clinical decision-making throughout the care pathway after MT. We investigate predictors of lethal outcome in patients with nonfatal LVO, defined by discharge alive from primary treating hospital, in a large prospective registry study of MT under routine care conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>6,518 patients with nonfatal LVO treated by MT enrolled in the German Stroke Registry-Endovascular Treatment from May 2015-December 2021 were analysed with regard to lethal outcome by 3 month follow-up. Univariate group comparisons and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to identify patients with high odds for survival or lethal outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report 11.6% (757/6,518) 3 month mortality following hospital discharge after LVO treated by MT. Besides better functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin scale < 4, odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI]: 2.38 [1.71-3.32], p < 0.001; National Institute of Health Stroke scale < 8, OR [95%CI]: 3.45 [2.55-4.66], p < 0.001), intravenous thrombolysis (OR [95%CI]: 1.48 [1.17-1.88], p = 0.001), successful recanalization (OR [95%CI]: 1.43 [1.08-1.90], p = 0.014) and discharge to a neurorehabilitative facility (versus nursing home: OR [95%CI]: 0.39 [0.26-0.58], p < 0.001; versus home: OR [95%CI]: 0.69 [0.49-0.97], p = 0.032) were independent predictors of survival. Predictors of lethal outcome were older age (OR [95%CI]: 1.09 [1.07-1.10], p < 0.001), male sex (OR [95%CI]: 1.24 [1.00-1.55], p = 0.049), premorbid disability (OR [95%CI]: 1.47 [1.08-2.02], p = 0.016), active smoking (OR [95%CI]: 1.51 [1.06-2.14], p = 0.023), anticoagulation therapy prior to LVO (OR [95%CI]: 1.45 [1.09-1.92], p = 0.010), stroke etiology, general anaesthesia during MT (OR [95%CI]: 1.31 [1.02-1.69], p = 0.035) and intracerebral haemorrhage (OR [95%CI]: 1.50 [1.13-1.99], p = 0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lethal outcome after hospital discharge within 3 months after MT is frequent, accounting for more than one quarter of overall 3-month mortality after MT of LVO. Predictors of survival enable individual outcome prognostication, which assists clinical decision-making with regard to surveillance concerning complications, rehabilitative resource allocation and counselling about goals of care.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03356392, Date of registration: 2017/11/22).</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12490031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of robotic arms for individuals with severe upper-limb disabilities.","authors":"Noémie Fortin-Bédard, Orthelo Léonel Gbètoho Atigossou, Véronique H Flamand, Jason Bouffard, François Routhier","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00403-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00403-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This letter to the editor aims to comment on the article « User expectations and experiences of an assistive robotic arm in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a multicenter observational study » recently published by Spittel et al. (Neurol Res Pract, 6(1), 42).</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Fortin-Bédard et al. \"User expectations and experiences of an assistive robotic arm in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a multicenter observational study\".","authors":"Susanne Spittel, Thomas Meyer, Ute Weyen, Torsten Grehl, Patrick Weydt, Robert Steinbach, Susanne Petri, Petra Baum, Moritz Metelmann, Anne-Dorte Sperfeld, Dagmar Kettemann, Jenny Norden, Annekathrin Rödiger, Benjamin Ilse, Julian Grosskreutz, Barbara Hildebrandt, Bertram Walter, Christoph Münch, André Maier","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00405-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00405-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145180707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Schoene et al.: Brain death determination during crisis requires ethical context and clinical perspective.","authors":"Calixto Machado","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00411-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00411-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This correspondence responds to Schoene et al.'s study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on brain death (BD) detection in German hospitals. While their data-driven approach provides valuable insights, this response emphasizes the need to contextualize BD determination within the lived clinical and ethical realities of the pandemic. It argues that the reduction in BD assessments cannot solely be attributed to organizational lapses but must also account for ethical dilemmas, safety concerns, and triage pressures faced by healthcare providers. The author highlights the limitations of rigid BD protocols during public health emergencies and advocates for flexible, ethically guided practices. Drawing on international experience, including temporary adaptations in Cuba's BD policies, the letter underscores the importance of physician support, context-sensitive decision-making, and humanistic engagement with families. Ultimately, it calls for a reexamination of how BD determinations are understood and implemented under crisis conditions, urging reforms that integrate medical standards with compassionate care and ethical reflection.</p>","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145152492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author response to letter to the editor: \"impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on brain death detection in German hospitals: a state-wide analysis of health data\".","authors":"Daniela Schoene, Kristian Barlinn","doi":"10.1186/s42466-025-00412-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42466-025-00412-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94156,"journal":{"name":"Neurological research and practice","volume":"7 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12465199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145152471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}