Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS最新文献_第2页

Robust Scoring System to Evaluate Animal Well-Being in Murine (Mus musculus) Orthotopic Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Models. 评估小鼠（小家鼠）原位乳腺癌和卵巢癌模型动物健康状况的稳健评分系统。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-027

Ranya Al-Khaledy, Makiko Watanabe, Rebecca Shukla, Ladan Mashouri, Everett Stone, Mark Badeaux

{"title":"Robust Scoring System to Evaluate Animal Well-Being in Murine (Mus musculus) Orthotopic Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Models.","authors":"Ranya Al-Khaledy, Makiko Watanabe, Rebecca Shukla, Ladan Mashouri, Everett Stone, Mark Badeaux","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-027","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-027","url":null,"abstract":"Orthotopic tumor models are critical to the development of new cancer therapies, as they have the greatest potential to mimic human cancer progression. However, such models are often underutilized due to practical challenges. These challenges include the need for specialized surgeries and the presence of complicating symptoms, such as ascites fluid accumulation in ovarian cancer and liver disease models, as well as ulceration of breast tumors growing in the mammary fat pad. An adaptable, quantitative animal health assessment system that employs simple, noninvasive visual measurements can enable researchers to realize the full potential of these models while safeguarding humane endpoints. The goal of this work was to establish health-scoring systems for translationally relevant ovarian (ID8-Defb29/Vegf-A) and breast cancer (triple-negative 4T1) models. We developed a tractable health assessment system by monitoring a combination of activity and responsiveness, hair coat condition, respiratory function, changes in body weight, posture, gait, tumor size (where measurable), and extent of ulceration, and scoring each parameter on a simple numerical scale. The scores at which euthanasia or other interventions were required were estimated and then adjusted based on clinical assessment by a team of researchers and veterinarians. These semiquantitative health-scoring systems were applied to survival experiments, in which mice were euthanized at a predetermined score or upon meeting a superseding health criterion, to confirm their applicability and effectiveness in maintaining humane endpoints. The scoring systems presented are intended to build on previously established generic tumor model scoring systems that do not account for the particular phenotypes present in orthotopic breast and ovarian cancer models.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13641240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148474999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Standardization of Dental Radiographic Techniques Using a Handheld X-Ray System in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). 恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）手持x射线系统牙科放射照相技术的标准化。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-07-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-041

William R Fugina, Alyssa H Balzer, Victoria R Albanese, Dawn M Wolf, Renita E Brown, Daniel J Bland, Christopher J Fugina

{"title":"Standardization of Dental Radiographic Techniques Using a Handheld X-Ray System in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).","authors":"William R Fugina, Alyssa H Balzer, Victoria R Albanese, Dawn M Wolf, Renita E Brown, Daniel J Bland, Christopher J Fugina","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-041","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-041","url":null,"abstract":"Dental radiology is a valuable diagnostic tool commonly used during comprehensive oral health assessments and treatments (COHAT) and oromaxillofacial surgical procedures in companion animals and humans. However, standardized techniques for dental radiography in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) remain underdeveloped. This study aimed to establish practical and reproducible methods for obtaining high-quality dental radiographs in rhesus macaques using the handheld X-ray system. Initially, anatomic landmarks, optimal X-ray beam, and sensor angles were determined using a preserved rhesus macaque skull. These techniques were subsequently applied to 12 anesthetized rhesus macaques for dental radiographic assessment and presurgical planning. Radiographs were successfully obtained for maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. In addition, several examples of common dental pathologies, including periodontal disease, root resorption, and tooth fractures, were documented. This study provides detailed techniques for dental radiography in rhesus macaques, demonstrating its utility as a diagnostic adjunct for identifying dental pathology and planning oromaxillofacial surgical procedures. The use of dental radiographs enhances diagnostic accuracy, improves surgical outcomes, and contributes to the overall welfare of rhesus macaques in research and clinical settings. These findings establish a foundation for the broader application of dental radiology in nonhuman primates and underscore its importance in advancing veterinary care.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13641232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148475025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance Validated 8-Week Sanitation Interval for Mouse (Mus musculus) Wire-Bar Lids: ATP and CFU Outcomes. 性能验证小鼠（小家鼠）铁丝网盖8周卫生间隔：ATP和CFU结果。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-197

Angelica J Petersson, Linnéa E Särén, Linda M Kroon, Liselotte C Hallengren, Sofia M Östman

{"title":"Performance Validated 8-Week Sanitation Interval for Mouse (Mus musculus) Wire-Bar Lids: ATP and CFU Outcomes.","authors":"Angelica J Petersson, Linnéa E Särén, Linda M Kroon, Liselotte C Hallengren, Sofia M Östman","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-197","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-197","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent sanitation of rodent cage accessories is labor-intensive and costly. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals recommends changing tops every 2 weeks but allows performance-based intervals when supported by data. This study evaluated whether mouse wire-bar lid sanitation intervals can be extended to 8 weeks without increasing organic or microbial load. In a 10-week study across 5 cage configurations, wire-bar lids were sampled at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Organic residue was quantified by ATP luminometry (relative light units [RLUs]) and viable bioburden by total plate count (TPC; CFU/cm2) using Hygicult TPC contact agar. Prespecified action thresholds were ATP ≤100,000 RLU and TPC ≤45 CFU/cm2. All values remained below thresholds; ATP was consistently <5% of the action level and TPC maxima <40% of the action level. Two one-sided tests on log-transformed data demonstrated biologic equivalence between week 8 and week 2 across all configurations, with 90% CIs fully within prespecified margins (±10,000 RLU; ±4.5 CFU/cm2). Under these conditions, extending the wire-bar lid sanitation interval to 8 weeks was feasible without evidence of increased organic load or bioburden. Based on facility census and time-and-motion data, the change is projected to save ∼22,075 kWh/y of energy, 166,270 L/y of water, and ∼1,125 labor hours (≈0.54 full-time equivalent). These findings provide site-specific validation supporting performance-based sanitation intervals for wire-bar lids. Implementation should remain performance-validated and site-specific. Future studies may assess other cage components and microenvironmental parameters to support performance-based intervals across the home-cage system.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148284980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vaginal Bleeding and an Intra-Abdominal Mass in a Sprague-Dawley Rat (Rattus norvegicus). Sprague-Dawley大鼠阴道出血和腹腔内肿块。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-005

Katelyn E Thomas

引用次数: 0

Assessment of Temperature Monitoring Techniques in Neonatal and Juvenile BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J Mice (Mus musculus) as They Age. BALB/cJ和C57BL/6J小鼠（小家鼠）新生和幼鼠年龄温度监测技术的评估

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-195

Noelle S White, Janiya Allen, Jeannette Delva-Wiley, Katherine Lamont, Sandra Lee, Morika D Williams

{"title":"Assessment of Temperature Monitoring Techniques in Neonatal and Juvenile BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J Mice (Mus musculus) as They Age.","authors":"Noelle S White, Janiya Allen, Jeannette Delva-Wiley, Katherine Lamont, Sandra Lee, Morika D Williams","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-195","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-195","url":null,"abstract":"Body temperature is an important clinical parameter in mice and can help refine humane endpoints in research models. However, due to their small size, accurate measurement of body temperature in neonatal and juvenile mice presents challenges. While rectal temperature is precise, it is invasive and stressful to both neonates and dams. Infrared technologies offer a potential alternative for assessing the body temperature of young mice. This study compared traditional rectal temperature to 3 alternative noninvasive methods: a surface probe and 2 infrared-based approaches (rodent infrared and human infrared). For each alternative method, temperature was measured at 3 different anatomic locations (dorsum, abdomen, and thorax). Temperatures were measured in mice of various ages from postnatal day (PND) 2-42. Temperature measurements were obtained in awake C57BL/6J (n = 114) and BALB/cJ (n = 113) mice to establish baseline neonatal mouse body temperature as they develop thermoregulation. Two strains of mice were used to determine whether coat color impacts infrared temperature readings. Results indicate that body temperature significantly changes as mice age for both strains. Temperatures from all 3 alternative temperature methods at all anatomic locations were significantly lower relative to rectal temperature. The surface probe had little variability among anatomic locations and closely followed the trend of the rectal thermometer with an average difference of 2.1-2.22 °C lower than rectal temperature. Of the methods assessed, the surface probe was the best alternative method to rectal temperature. These results provide valuable baseline data on normal neonatal mouse body temperature for 2 commonly used strains and suggest the surface probe could provide an alternative for body temperature measurement in young mice.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148159651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Collaboration between Human and Veterinary Research and Medical Experts Could Provide a Balanced Discussion on the Ethics of Using Animals in Research. 人类和兽医研究与医学专家之间的合作可以就研究中使用动物的伦理问题提供一个平衡的讨论。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-187

Donna J Clemons, Stuart Leland

{"title":"Collaboration between Human and Veterinary Research and Medical Experts Could Provide a Balanced Discussion on the Ethics of Using Animals in Research.","authors":"Donna J Clemons, Stuart Leland","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-187","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-187","url":null,"abstract":"Animal use in biomedical research continues to present ethical issues regarding justification, care, and welfare. There are differing viewpoints for the continued use of animals in research, testing, and training, and the public can easily search for viewpoints that support a single perspective but rarely are provided with a balanced discussion. An issue of the American Medical Association Journal of Ethics (September 2024, vol. 26, no. 9) exemplifies this problem by providing many views opposing the continued use of animals in research without allowing or providing input from those in the laboratory animal science profession. As a result, many of the views represented in the journal misrepresent important considerations that currently exist when considering the ethical use of animals in research. If a more diverse set of experts, including those with knowledge of laboratory animal medicine, governance, application of the 3Rs, and nonanimal alternatives, were invited into the discussion, we believe that a more accurate perspective of this issue could have been presented. Such diverse viewpoints would have fostered a better atmosphere that more accurately reflects the current reality of how animal use in research is considered by IACUCs. A better understanding of differing perspectives, and with further opportunity for respectful dialogue, could more effectively move this issue forward.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Brief Overview of Colitis Cystica Profunda and Potential Animal Models. 深囊性结肠炎及其潜在动物模型综述。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-061

Alfonso S Gozalo, William R Elkins

引用次数: 0

Is the Microbial Status an Extrinsic, Intrinsic, or Intermediate Influence on Experimental Animals? 微生物状态对实验动物的影响是外在的、内在的还是中间的？

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-036

Laurentiu Benga, Anna Rehm, Christina Gougoula, Sabine Bischoff, Stefan Janssen

{"title":"Is the Microbial Status an Extrinsic, Intrinsic, or Intermediate Influence on Experimental Animals?","authors":"Laurentiu Benga, Anna Rehm, Christina Gougoula, Sabine Bischoff, Stefan Janssen","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-036","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-036","url":null,"abstract":"Living entities, inlcuding laboratory animals, are composed of the host and its associated microbial communities and defined as holobionts. The host genotype and its microbiome drive together as a metagenome, the holobiont phenotype, with the microbiome itself as a well-recognized source of phenotypic variation. Multiple environmental (diet, light/dark cycles, etc.) as well as host-related factors (genotype, maternal effect, etc.) not only influence the animal experimental phenotype but also contribute to the shaping of the microbiome, raising the question of whether the microbiome of experimental animals represents an extrinsic, intrinsic, or intermediate influence. Currently, there is sufficient evidence that microbial communities at different body sites are shaped by distinct endogenous and exogenous factors, indicating that the host does not leave its microbial status to chance but instead actively modulates it through host-specific mechanisms, despite extrinsic influences. This leads to a microbiome that reflects a 'fingerprint' of its own endogenous and exogenous influences. This suggests that the microbiome of experimental animals is an intermediate factor with both intrinsic and extrinsic components and underscores the importance of refining the selection of the appropriate metagenome for each specific rodent experiment.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alfaxalone-Based Anesthetic Combinations to Minimize Anesthesia-Induced Transient Lens Opacity in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). 以阿法沙酮为基础的麻醉药组合减少大鼠（褐家鼠）麻醉引起的短暂性晶状体混浊。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-013

Atsuko Yamashita, Yoshinori Yamagiwa

{"title":"Alfaxalone-Based Anesthetic Combinations to Minimize Anesthesia-Induced Transient Lens Opacity in Rats (Rattus norvegicus).","authors":"Atsuko Yamashita, Yoshinori Yamagiwa","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-013","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-013","url":null,"abstract":"Anesthesia-induced lens opacity has been reported in rats and mice and is characterized as acute and reversible. In ophthalmologic research, lens opacity often interferes with the accurate acquisition of ocular data. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of alfaxalone, an anesthetic known for its favorable safety profile, for prevention of anesthesia-induced lens opacity in rats. First, anesthetic protocols using alfaxalone were screened to identify those suitable for the study. Then, the induction profiles of transient lens opacity following intraperitoneal administration of alfaxalone-butorphanol and alfaxalone-midazolam-butorphanol were evaluated, and the findings were compared with those obtained for ketamine-xylazine, which is known to induce lens opacity. Lens opacity induced by alfaxalone-based anesthetic combinations was significantly milder than that induced by ketamine-xylazine. Alfaxalone-based anesthetic combinations suppressed reflex responses, and alfaxalone-midazolam-butorphanol provided sufficient depth and duration of anesthesia for morphology-based assessment of the eye, although the depth of anesthesia was lower than that achieved with ketamine-xylazine. In conclusion, the combination of alfaxalone, midazolam, and butorphanol may represent a promising anesthetic option for ophthalmologic studies in rats.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of Noninvasive Measurement Techniques and Histologic Findings in a Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. lps诱导急性肺损伤小鼠模型的无创测量技术和组织学结果评估。

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Pub Date : 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-017

Leandra F Mosca, Jessica M Snyder, Anne M Manicone, Charles W Frevert

{"title":"Assessment of Noninvasive Measurement Techniques and Histologic Findings in a Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury.","authors":"Leandra F Mosca, Jessica M Snyder, Anne M Manicone, Charles W Frevert","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-017","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-017","url":null,"abstract":"Studies involving rodent models of acute lung injury infrequently use oxygen saturation to characterize lung injury, even though it is the principal standard by which physiologic lung dysfunction is measured in humans. Assessing the clinical progression of lung injury in rodent models presents challenges due to their small size and limited ability to correlate physiologic outcomes with human disease. Furthermore, traditional methods for assessing lung injury rely on invasive techniques, including leukocyte quantification in lung tissue, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and histopathologic evaluation, most of which require euthanasia and preclude longitudinal assessments in the same animal. While body weight is a commonly used indicator of morbidity, additional noninvasive metrics such as pulse oximetry, heart rate, and respiratory rate may offer deeper insights into host responses. Here, we used the MouseOx Plus in conscious mice with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury to monitor cardiopulmonary parameters and determine whether there is a correlation between peak hypoxemia, body weight, and heart rate with the severity of the lung injury as defined by histologic assessment. We also evaluated the use of anesthesia to immobilize animals for collecting cardiopulmonary data, as is commonly done, and found that arterial saturation measurements were not significantly different in awake compared with anesthetized animals. However, body weight recovery was significantly decreased in anesthetized groups on days 4-5. Together, these data support the use of conscious pulse oximetry as a refinement method that noninvasively increases the rigor of the clinical data collected in mice with LPS-induced lung injury.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0