Journal of postgraduate medicine最新文献

{"title":"Mapping the landscape: A scoping review of how medical education research in India evolved post 2015.","authors":"M A Joshi, H Sabane, C J Shah, N N Rege","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_647_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_647_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This scoping review aimed to map the landscape of medical education research (MER) in India from 2016 to 2021, focusing on teaching-learning methodologies. The objectives were to identify demographic trends, analyze research methodologies and their shifts, and inform future research priorities. It was conducted following updated Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A systematic search was performed across MEDLINE, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and Google Scholar, supplemented by hand-searched journals to select original English-language research articles that addressed teaching-learning methodologies within Indian medical colleges. Data on pertinent variables were extracted. The methodological quality of these studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. From 348 articles screened, 238 met the inclusion criteria. Publication output showed a peak in 2021 (n = 60). A majority of studies originated from private medical colleges (n = 137, 57.6%). The department of Physiology was the most frequent contributor. Undergraduate students were the main participants (n = 205, 86.1%). Most studies were classroom-based (n = 172, 72.3%) and used quantitative, perception-based methods (n = 208, 87.4%). Only 56 studies (23.5%) were rated as high quality. Ethical approval and informed consent were reported in 79.4% (n = 189) and 66.0% (n = 157) of studies, respectively. MER in India has grown in volume since 2016, but significant improvements are needed in methodological rigor, ethical transparency, and instrument validation. It is dominated by quantitative, perception-based studies focusing on undergraduates. Future progress requires in-depth training in research methodologies, improved reporting standards, and stronger institutional support.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"189-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753040/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145727973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxorubicin-induced palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia in a patient with metastatic carcinoma ovary.","authors":"R Kumar, T Batra, A Kakar","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_469_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_469_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"208-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5. Determining the size of sample for rigorous conclusions.","authors":"A Indrayan","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_697_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_697_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Sample size is among the most common concerns while planning an empirical research study in health and medicine. Its role in rigorous conclusions is well known. The procedure for determining the sample size is different for the estimation of a population parameter than for testing a hypothesis on a parameter. The former requires specification of the tolerable margin of error, and the latter the minimum clinically important effect to be not missed when present. But all research studies must be subjected to the highest rigor, and several other factors, such as inter-subject variability and the design, need to be considered for determining the adequate sample size. This communication compiles all these considerations together at one place. This also provides a general method for computing sample size for the two types of statistical inferences, which is not generally available in the literature. This may sensitize the reader to the ingredients required for calculating the correct sample size and the intricacies involved. The sources and tools for the calculation of sample size are also presented. This may enable the researchers and statisticians to determine the right sample size for rigorous results in their study.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"201-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JPGM: Editor's report (2024-2025).","authors":"M S Tullu","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_871_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_871_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"153-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145688652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review of clinical outcomes from the implementation of hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship programs in India.","authors":"M Bhattacharjee, K Manimekalai, S Bhowmick","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_410_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_410_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern that can compromise clinical outcomes as well as increase the significant economic stress on healthcare systems. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have demonstrated promising results in improving treatment outcomes and reducing costs worldwide. However, the effectiveness of ASP in Indian hospital settings remains underexplored. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing ASP in Indian hospital settings. Literature search was carried out in electronic databases such as PubMed, Clinical Trials Registry-India, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar from January 2015 till April 2025 to identify published studies that explored the clinical outcomes in Indian hospital-based settings that implemented ASP. Studies that assessed at least one of the following outcomes-AMR pattern, infection rate, mortality rate, prescription pattern, costs, or barriers/challenges in ASP implementation-were eligible for screening. Two independent reviewers screened the articles for eligibility, with discrepancies resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Out of the 1732 studies screened, 11 studies were found eligible for inclusion. Those studies were conducted in different Indian states. Each study implemented different ASP practices, including infection control, audit and feedback, and customized training. Most of the studies evaluated demonstrated improvements such as a reduction in inappropriate prescriptions, lower antimicrobial resistance rates, decreased infection and mortality rates, and reduced costs following the implementation of ASP. Despite the benefits, implementation challenges remain. This review highlights the need for strict ASP implementation and monitoring in Indian hospitals to combat AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"180-188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145590615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing arterolane-piperaquine vs. artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.","authors":"A Mondal, A Basu, D C Modak, R P Goswami","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_393_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_393_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended first-line therapy for falciparum malaria. However, recent concern is ACT resistance. Arterolane-piperaquine is a synthetic alternative to ACT. Our objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of arterolane-piperaquine in comparison with artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of falciparum malaria.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the safety and efficacy of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials.gov and MedRxiv. Search results were screened by title, abstract, and full text before inclusion into the study. Meta-analysis of risk difference between arterolane-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine in regard to safety and efficacy was done using a random effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. One RCT had a high risk of bias, while the other three studies had a low risk of bias. The 28-day polymerase chain reaction (PCR) corrected risk difference between the artemether-lumefantrine and arterolane-piperaquine was 0 (95% confidence interval -0.02 to 0.02), whereas the PCR uncorrected risk difference was 0.11 (95% confidence interval -0.06 to 0.27). On 42-day follow-up, the PCR uncorrected risk difference was 0.17 (95% confidence interval -0.05 to 0.38), while the PCR-corrected risk difference was 0.01 (95% confidence interval -0.01 to 0.03). Adverse effect profile was similar with risk difference of at least one adverse effect being -0.01 (95% confidence interval -0.02 to 0.00). The commonly reported adverse effects of arterolane-piperaquine were vomiting, anemia, and pain abdomen.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study shows that arterolane-piperaquine is non-inferior to artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"170-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145590593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pleuroparenchymal aspergillus infection in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.","authors":"S Spalgais, P Sarma, P Mrigpuri, R Kumar","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_419_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_419_25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"205-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145590631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, and hypertension on cardiovascular disease and mortality: A national-wide cohort study from China.","authors":"M Su, X Yang, T Li, Y Zhang, W Qiu, S Liu","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_219_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_219_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The combined impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), sarcopenia, and hypertension on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the additive effect of these co-morbidities on CVD and all-cause mortality among Chinese adults aged 45 years and older.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 12,398 participants were enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Participants were categorized based on their T2DM, sarcopenia, and hypertension status. The study outcomes included incident CVD (including heart disease and stroke) and all-cause mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models and population attributable fractions (PAFs) were employed to investigate the associations between the coexistence of T2DM, sarcopenia, and hypertension with CVD incidence and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to those with none of T2DM, sarcopenia, or hypertension, participants with any one, any two, or all three of these conditions exhibited increased risks of incident CVD and higher odds of all-cause mortality. The ORs for CVD and all-cause mortality significantly increased in the groups with none, any one, any two, and all three co-morbidities. (P for trend < 0.001) These three co-morbidities collectively explained 19.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.7, 22.3) of PAF for CVD and 19.0% (95% CI: 13.5, 24.2) for mortality. The results remained generally consistent in the sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Participants with the coexistence of T2DM, sarcopenia, and hypertension faced a more than two-fold increase in the risk of CVD events and mortality. The estimated PAFs indicated that preventing these three co-morbidities could be beneficial in reducing CVD incidence and all-cause mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12753039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4. The riddle of confidence levels and the levels of significance in the era of artificial intelligence.","authors":"A Indrayan","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_441_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_441_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Whether it is the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of individual patients or the research results derived from group studies, uncertainties are an integral part of the decision-making process because of the omnipresence of inter- and intra-individual variations. Whereas artificial intelligence methods are poised to steeply reduce the uncertainties at the individual level, they cannot completely eliminate the role of chance. This is especially so with group-based medical research where uncertainties may still confound the decision processes even with the advent of artificial intelligence. Probabilities quantify the uncertainties. Confidence level and the level of significance measure the probability in different contexts in statistical inference and remain the essential features of group-based research. Some researchers mix up these two levels. This article explains the difference between these two levels and offers a new perspective in the era of artificial intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"132-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12534097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease and treatment awareness, prescription patterns, and self-medication practices in patients of functional bowel disorders: A cross-sectional survey.","authors":"U I Parmar, T Jaju, R Tripathi, S Sundaram, S Bhatia","doi":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_141_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_141_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Functional bowel disorders (FBD) are chronic, recurrent, debilitating disorders affecting the mid or lower gastrointestinal tract with no identifiable underlying pathology. There is a dearth of Indian studies focusing on treatment awareness and prescription evaluation in FBD. Due to chronic course, patients tend to self-medicate. The study was planned to evaluate disease and drug treatment awareness, self-medication practices, and prescription patterns in FBD patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, single-center, questionnaire-based study was carried out on FBD patients after getting clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The patients were administered two questionnaires, i.e. disease/drug awareness and self-medication questionnaire. Prescriptions were analyzed based on World Health Organization prescribing indicators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 118 FBD patients were enrolled and the common disorder was functional constipation (94/118, 79.7%). Number of males (77/118, 65%) was greater than females (41/118, 34%). In disease awareness (98/118, 83%), patients opined that FBD occurs frequently and agreed that medications can treat FBD. In treatment awareness (106/118, 90%), patients were aware about the importance of drug compliance, but only (10/118, 9%) knew the adverse effects. In prescription patterns, a total of 311 medications were prescribed. A total of 173 medications were primary drugs for FBD. Laxatives were the common class (98/138, 68.9%) prescribed with polyethylene glycol (77/138, 55.7%) as the most common drug prescribed for functional constipation. A total of 28/118 (23.7%) patients' self-medicated prior to visiting the current OPD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FBD patients were aware of the dosing schedule and consulted their treating doctor but awareness regarding drug name, and adverse effects was poor among the patients. Laxative-polyethylene glycol was the common drug prescribed. Only less than 1/4 th of patients resorted to self-medication commonly with herbal remedies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of postgraduate medicine","volume":" ","pages":"110-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12534103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144818934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}