Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)最新文献

{"title":"In vitro gastrointestinal stability and Caco-2 cell cytotoxicity of TiO₂ and SiO₂ (nano)particles from confectionary products.","authors":"Elena Espada-Bernabé, Gustavo Moreno-Martín, Beatriz Gómez-Gómez, Yolanda Madrid","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of an in vitro gastrointestinal assay on the characteristics of nanoparticles from food additives TiO₂ (E171) and SiO₂ (E551) present in confectionaries was determined by spICP-MS. No significant differences were detected in particle size distribution regardless of the phase of the in vitro stage and the confectionary products, with particles present as aggregates/ agglomerates. The percentage of TiO₂ as nanoparticle form was found to be less than 50 % during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process, whereas SiO₂ nanoparticles could not be detected due to the high LOD in size obtained (142 nm). The bioaccessible fractions of intestinal extracts showed a 5 % content for both particle types, suggesting their limited absorption in the body. MTT cytotoxicity assay with Caco-2 cells exposed to gastrointestinal extracts from confectionery products revealed an average cytotoxic effect of 40 % for all products tested which was attributed to the food matrix components rather than (nano)particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"202 ","pages":"115754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aroma analysis and biomarker screening of 27 tea cultivars based on four leaf color types.","authors":"Feiquan Wang, Hua Feng, Yucheng Zheng, Ruihua Liu, Jiahao Dong, Yao Wu, Shuai Chen, Bo Zhang, Pengjie Wang, Jiawei Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green is no longer the only color used to describe tea leaves. As tea plants with different leaf colors-white, yellow, and purple-yield significant economic benefits, scholars are growing increasingly curious about whether these differently colored leaves possess unique aromatic characteristics. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS was used to analyze the volatile metabolites of buds and leaves from 7 white-leaf tea plants, 9 yellow-leaf tea plants, 4 purple-leaf tea plants, and 7 normal (green) tea plants. A total of 125 aroma metabolites were identified. The aroma compounds of heterochromatic tea leaves and green-leaf tea were compared separately. It was found that white-leaf tea had the most upregulated compounds (63 up), mainly floral and fruity aromas, including nerol, Z-isogeraniol, and E-3-hexen-1-yl acetate. Purple-leaf tea had the most downregulated compounds (31 down), including β-myrcene, benzyl alcohol, and methyl salicylate, which are related to fresh and fruity aromas. According to variable importance in projection (VIP > 1) and a p-value < 0.05, a total of 40 differential compounds were detected, among which Z-3-hexenol, 1-nonanol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and 2,6,10,15-tetramethyl-heptadecane were common in all heterochromatic tea. The random forest model constructed using differential metabolites screened out five aroma metabolites, including Z-3-hexenyl isobutyrate, E-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, Z-jasmone, and Z-isogeraniol. These metabolites demonstrated high accuracy in the model (AUC = 1) and have the potential to serve as characteristic aroma compounds for distinguishing tea leaf colors.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"201 ","pages":"115681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effect of L-theanine synergised with EGCG on starch digestibility in ultrasonic field from different perspectives.","authors":"Zongwei Hao, Zhaofeng Li, Qianxin Zhou, Zhenni Ma, Yanrui Wang, Jiali Lv, Hui Xu, Daxiang Li, Zhongwen Xie, Zhenyu Yu, Yiqun Du","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential anti-hyperglycemic effects has become a key focus in food and nutrition research. L-theanine (THE) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from tea are gaining attention due to their antioxidant and metabolic regulation properties. Although they have been shown to have an effect on glucose metabolism, their synergistic effect on starch digestive properties and the mechanism remain unclear. Here, we explored that THE and EGCG synergistically regulated starch digestive properties in ultrasound treatment through two different perspectives. At specific THE/EGCG ratios (THE/EGCG_1:1), maize starch granules exhibited significant aggregation and densification. THE promoted the ordered arrangement of starch molecular chains through hydrogen bonding, and the polyphenolic structure of EGCG further stabilised this ordered structure, thus enhancing the crystallinity and short-range ordering of starch. It meant that THE and EGCG further reduced starch digestibility by synergistically modulating the multi-scale structure of starch. In addition, THE and EGCG exhibited significant synergistic inhibition of α-amylase activity (1.6 mM THE and 0.05 mg/mL EGCG). The multi-spectral results showed that the addition of THE and EGCG enhanced the conformational change of the enzyme, leading to the change of the secondary structure, and the synergistic effect might originate from the multiple interactions of THE and EGCG with different amino acid residues in the digestive enzyme (e.g., THR-163, GLN-63, ASP-197, etc), which strengthened the inhibition, and the molecular dynamics simulations further supported the findings. This work promotes the further development and utilisation of endogenous substances in tea and provides some references for the development of food ingredients with potential hypoglycaemic functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"202 ","pages":"115805"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of glycosidases and GSH pretreatments, fermentation temperatures, and aging time on the physicochemical, organic acids, and aroma profiles of perry.","authors":"Jian Liu, Wendian Li, You Tang, Zelin He, Yuru Wen, Xiang Li, Can Lyu, Lanmei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lack of sufficient flavour in perry represents a barrier to its further industrialization. This study aimed to investigate the effects of glutathione (GSH), β-glucosidase (Glu), and α-L-rhamnosidase (Rha) pretreatments, the fermentation temperature from 16 °C to 28 °C, and the aging time of 1, 2, and 3 years (PA1, PA2, and PA3) on the physicochemical properties, organic acids, and aroma profiles were investigated. The results demonstrated that the synergistic effect of Glu, Rha, and GSH was more effective than their individual or paired applications in enhancing the varietal aromas. The contents of terpenes, phenols, acetate and ethyl esters in the Glu + Rha + GSH treatment were significantly increased in comparison to the control, with improvements of 60.77 %, 118.64 %, 77.02 %, and 32.82 %, respectively. The OAV flavor profile showed rich floral, fruity, and citrus aromas. The contents of tartaric acid and quinic acid decreased from 16 °C to 28 °C, whereas lactic acid was the opposite. Except for phenethyl acetate and ethyl decanoate, the contents of acetate and ethyl esters exhibited a decline at elevated temperatures, whereas isopentanol and phenylethyl alcohol increased. The contents of esters and phenols at 16 °C increased significantly, whereas those of alcohols decreased. This contributed to banana, floral, fruity, orange peel, and spices aromas to the fermentation aromas. The difference in organic acid profiles between PA3 and PA1, PA2 were obvious, the contents of acetic acid and citric acid in PA3 decreased significantly, whereas those of tartaric acid, L-malic acid, and lactic acid increased. The contents and proportions of acetate and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters decreased from PA1 to PA3, while the ethyl esters resulted from esterification reactions increased, and the contents of alcohols and acids constituents were different between the three years. The contents of esters, phenols, and total volatiles increased significantly, while the aging aroma was markedly enhanced in PA3. It can be concluded that the Glu + Rha + GSH pretreatment, fermentation at 16 °C, and aging for three years exhibited the great aroma potential of perry, which enhanced the flavor intensity through the regulation of varietal, fermentation, and aging aromas.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"201 ","pages":"115605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the mechanism of setting temperature and time on gel properties of Solenocera crassicornis surimi.","authors":"Jiafang Lu, Jingjing Tong, Dalun Xu, Huamao Wei, Tao Huang, Wenge Yang, Ru Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored how setting conditions affect the gel properties of shrimp surimi from Solenocera crassicornis using a two-step heating process with varying temperatures (30, 40, 50 °C) and durations (0-120 min). At 30 °C, increased hydrogen bonds and cross-linking promoted macromolecular polymer formation, with optimal elasticity achieved at 15-30 min, but longer times led to gel aggregation and uneven structure. At 40 °C, macromolecular polymer decreased, while sulfhydryl groups increased, leading to disulfide bond formation, which disrupted hydrogen bonds and increased hydrophobic groups. Gel strength decreased over setting time, with a soft and smooth texture observed after 15-30 min. Setting at 50 °C disrupted chemical bonds, exposed hydrophobic groups, and resulted in less significant changes in storage modulus and loss modulus. After high-temperature gelation at 90 °C, disulfide bonds were further disrupted, reducing the stability of gel properties. Moreover, an increase in the setting temperature affected the internal water distribution within the shrimp surimi gel. A shorter setting time promoted the absorption of water molecules by starch in the gel, thereby reducing the free water content. However, when the setting time exceeded 60 min, the proportions of bound water and immobile water decreased, gradually transforming into free water. This transformation increased the drip loss and softened the texture of gel. In summary, setting conditions significantly influenced moisture distribution, viscoelasticity, and chemical forces in shrimp surimi gels.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"202 ","pages":"115813"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Omics analysis reveals the sensory quality and fungal communities of Tibetan teas produced by wet- and dry-piling fermentation.","authors":"Shengxiang Chen, Mengxue Zhang, Shijie Luo, Meiyi Ning, Yuxi Chen, Liqiang Tan, Xiaobo Tang, Xiao Liu, Liang Zheng, Aafke Saarloos, Ting Zhang, Chen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ya'an Tibetan tea, a dark tea with a rich historical heritage, is typically processed using two primary piling fermentation methods: wet piling with rolled leaves (moisture content around 60%) and dry piling with sun-dried or baked green tea leaves (moisture content below 30%). This study employed sensory evaluation, targeted and non-targeted metabolomics, and fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing to investigate changes in quality components and fungal composition in Tibetan tea processed by both wet and dry-piling methods. The results revealed that 3,7-Dimethyl-1,5,7-octatriene-3-ol and D-limonene were identified as key volatile metabolites contributing to the aroma variations between the dry and wet-piled teas. More pronounced differences were observed in non-volatile components, with 407 differential metabolites identified between the wet- and dry-piled teas. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified Rhizomucor, Aspergillus, Thermomyces, Setophoma, and Debaryomyces as the key fungal genera with significant differences between the two piling methods, also dominating in abundance and playing a crucial role in the fermentation process of Tibetan tea. Correlation analysis between microbial communities and differential metabolites showed that Debaryomyces, Thermomyces, and Setophoma were significant contributors to the aroma differences between the teas produced by the two piling methods, while Rhizomucor and Aspergillus had a greater influence on non-volatile metabolites. Since Rhizomucor and Aspergillus were the most dominant fungi in the wet (63.05%) and dry-piled (68.70%) samples, respectively, and showed opposite correlations with major non-volatile differential metabolites, they may underlie the flavor differences between the two piled teas, such as mellowness, thickness, and sweet aftertaste. This study sheds light on the chemical and fungal mechanisms underlying the quality formation of Ya'an Tibetan tea processed by wet and dry piling methods, providing theoretical guidance for the improvement, standardization, and potential enhancement of production efficiency of Ya'an Tibetan tea production.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"201 ","pages":"115690"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiota dynamics and metabolic mechanisms in fermented sausages inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus xylosus.","authors":"Yulong Yang, Gang Zhou, Yining Ding, Wenjing Shi, Yueqian Chen, Chunbo Ge, Baocai Xu, Liu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus xylosus are common starters for fermented sausages. Several studies have demonstrated the impact of these two strains on the quality of fermented sausages. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of these two microorganisms on co-cultivation in sausages remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of inoculation with various combinations of starters on the microbial communities and metabolic profiles of fermented sausages. High-throughput sequencing revealed that, during sausage fermentation, Firmicutes was the dominant bacterial phylum, and the primary microorganisms were Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, and Pseudomonas. On the last day of fermentation, the highest abundance of Staphylococcus was observed in the co-inoculation group. Furthermore, inoculated fermentation effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Metabolomic analysis of the four groups of samples identified 208 metabolites in positive ion mode and 109 in negative ion mode. A total of 31 differential metabolites were identified (P < 0.05, variable importance in the projection >1.5), primarily benzene and substituted derivatives, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and fatty acyls. Five crucial differential metabolites (subaphylline, naringenin, 1-hexadecanol, beta-alanyl-L-lysine, and 3'-AMP) were identified as potential biomarkers for fermented sausages. Key differential metabolite metabolic pathways indicated that L. plantarum YR07 dominated in metabolite regulation during sausage fermentation, and S. xylosus Y-18 downregulated the fatty acid degradation pathway, which also affected the metabolism of fermented sausages. Co-cultivation of the two bacteria exhibited a synergistic effect on the metabolism of the fermented sausages. This study offers further insights into improving the quality of fermented sausages, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the production of excellent fermenters.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"201 ","pages":"115680"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maillard reaction inducing amino acids degradation can adjust the flavour characteristic of black tea.","authors":"Li Li, Jiezhong Zan, Wenxue Chen, Xuyan Zong, Haibo Yuan, Yongwen Jiang, Hongkai Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drying is the step that is to be used to adjust and control the formation of flavour and quality in black tea processing. In the present work, the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS) and gas chromatography olfactometry with mass (GC-O-MS) were used to determine the dynamic change of the volatile compounds in black tea during drying at 90, 120, 150 °C for 1 h. Results showed that the ratio of esters and aldehydes largely declined when temperature was elevated from 90 °C to 150 °C, while the ratio of heterocycles was increased to 22.4 % from 16.5 %. A total of 15 key aroma activity volatiles were screened out in three temperature dried samples, therein 11 volatiles were connected with the Maillard reaction, meaning these volatiles were highly relevant to the degradation of amino acids during the drying process. We detected that 21 amino acids were decreased with enhanced temperature and extended the drying time, which promoted the Maillard-derived volatiles formation. Therefore, it was suggested that to control the degradation of amino acids adjust the flavour profiles of black tea by changing the drying temperature and time.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"201 ","pages":"115685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green preparation of low-molecular-weight galactomannan from Gleditsia sinensis and mechanistic investigation on ameliorating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","authors":"Chi Feng, Xichuang Cheng, Mula Na, Fenglun Zhang, Jiufang Duan, Li Ji, Jianxin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Galactomannan comes from a wide range of plant resources and has some biological activities, but its bioavailability is limited due to its large molecular weight and complex structure. In this study, three degradation methods (H₂O₂, ultrasound, and β-mannanase) combined with ethanol fractional precipitation (25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) were used to degrade and separate Gleditsia sinensis galactomannans (GSG), and the physicochemical properties and biological activities of GSG after degradation were analyzed. Comprehensive comparison indicates that H₂O₂ exhibits had a better degradation effect. After 4 h of degradation using 4 % H₂O₂, the yield of GSG precipitated with 50 % ethanol was 37.06 % (the yield of undigested GSG is 1.80 %). Simultaneously, the molecular weight (reduced from 225.25 to 36.87 kDa) and viscosity were significantly reduced under this condition, while the solubility was increased. In addition, the low-molecular-weight GSG (LGSG) obtained by 4 % H₂O₂/50 % ethanol showed the strongest free radical scavenging activity in vitro. Furthermore, the results of in vivo antioxidant assays showed that LGSG inhibited Aflatoxin B1-induced developmental toxicity by regulating gene expression in the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. LGSG also promoted Nrf2-mediated expression of the lipid metabolism genes ppar-α and cpt1, while suppressing expression of the fatty acid synthesis genes fas and scd-1. Therefore, the liver recovered from lipid peroxidation induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study introduces a method for green and efficient preparation of LGSG, indicates its potential as a nutritional product.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"201 ","pages":"115647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143030535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentation of a wine pomace and microalgae blend to synergistically enhance the functional value of protein- and polyphenol-rich matrices.","authors":"Elisabetta Trossolo, Ali Zein Alabiden Tlais, Stefano Tonini, Pasquale Filannino, Marco Gobbetti, Raffaella Di Cagno","doi":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to generate new functional ingredients from microalgae and wine pomace through starter-assisted fermentation. Five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and five yeasts were variously chosen for their species diversity, origin, and metabolic potential. During fermentation, the combination of Chlorella vulgaris and wine pomace overcame the limited growth observed in pomace substrate, with all LAB and yeasts effectively utilizing sugars and synthesizing microbial metabolites. Additionally, the synergistic interplay between the substrates, alongside the enzyme specificity of the starter cultures, improved the bioavailability of phenolic compounds, particularly flavanols, flavonols, and procyanidins, while simultaneously generating unique peptides in the formulated ingredients. In some cases, these metabolic changes were associated with enhanced antioxidant activity, improved protein digestibility, and overall protein quality. Our findings highlighted the potential of fermented mixed substrates as new functional ingredients, with promising health-promoting benefits and significant potential for applications in the food industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":94010,"journal":{"name":"Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)","volume":"202 ","pages":"115785"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}