C Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.3390/c10020032

Seon Kyung Kim, Seung Ah Kim, Yoon Soo Han, Kyung-Hye Jung

{"title":"Supercapacitor Performance of MXene-Coated Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes","authors":"Seon Kyung Kim, Seung Ah Kim, Yoon Soo Han, Kyung-Hye Jung","doi":"10.3390/c10020032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020032","url":null,"abstract":"MXenes consisting of thin layers of transition metal carbides or nitrides are good candidates for electrode materials due to their excellent electrical conductivity and fast ion transfer. Electrospun carbon nanofibers are highly porous and electrically conductive, making them attractive for electrode materials. In this study, free-standing electrodes were prepared by the dip-coating of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in the MXene (Ti3C2) colloidal solution, which was synthesized via the wet-etching of MAX (Ti3AlC2) phase, and their chemical structures were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphological and crystallographic features of MXene-coated CNFs. Surface area and pore volumes were investigated by nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. Supercapacitor performance was studied by assembling a 3-electrode system with 1M aqueous sodium sulfate solution as an electrolyte. MXene-coated CNFs exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 514 F/g at 0.5 A/g, with energy and power densities of 71.4 Wh/kg at 0.5 A/g and 2.3 kW/kg at 5 A/g, respectively, which are relevantly higher compared to the pristine CNFs due to the pseudocapacitive behavior of MXenes. They also showed comparable cyclic stability during 5000 cycles with the CNFs. This result indicates that MXene-coated carbon nanofibers can be effective electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Refining and Validating Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) for Robust Characterization and Quality Assurance of Graphene-Related Two-Dimensional Materials (GR2Ms) 改进和验证热重分析 (TGA)，实现石墨烯相关二维材料 (GR2M) 的可靠表征和质量保证

C Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.3390/c10020030

Dusan Losic, F. Farivar, Pei Lay Yap

{"title":"Refining and Validating Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) for Robust Characterization and Quality Assurance of Graphene-Related Two-Dimensional Materials (GR2Ms)","authors":"Dusan Losic, F. Farivar, Pei Lay Yap","doi":"10.3390/c10020030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020030","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene-related two-dimensional materials available on the global market are manufactured using various production methods, with significant variations in properties and qualities causing serious concerns for the emerging multi-billion graphene industry. To address the limitations of conventional characterization methods probing the properties of individual graphene particles which may overlook the presence of non-graphene carbon impurities at a large (bulk) scale, this paper presents the refining thermogravimetric analysis as a complementary method for the reliable chemical characterization and quality control of graphene powders. A systematic parametric investigation of key experimental conditions such as sample mass and loading, heating rate, and gas environment and flow rate is performed to identify optimized settings for reliable thermal gravimetric measurements. These optimized conditions are evaluated through a series of comparative characterizations using industrially produced graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide powders, including their common carbon impurities. The ability of this method to provide both qualitative and quantitative analyses for characterizing graphene-related materials is confirmed. The optimized method is finally validated through an International Laboratory Comparison study and subsequently incorporated into a new standard. This low-cost, industry-affordable, and complementary characterization method is expected to enhance the quality control of manufactured graphene materials and make a valuable contribution to the growing graphene industry.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"103 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140379522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plasma-Treated Cobalt-Doped Nanoporous Graphene for Advanced Electrochemical Applications 用于先进电化学应用的等离子体处理掺钴纳米多孔石墨烯

C Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.3390/c10020031

Florian Knabl, Nikolaos Kostoglou, Ram K. Gupta, A. Tarat, S. Hinder, M. Baker, Claus Rebholz, Christian Mitterer

{"title":"Plasma-Treated Cobalt-Doped Nanoporous Graphene for Advanced Electrochemical Applications","authors":"Florian Knabl, Nikolaos Kostoglou, Ram K. Gupta, A. Tarat, S. Hinder, M. Baker, Claus Rebholz, Christian Mitterer","doi":"10.3390/c10020031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020031","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–carbon nanocomposites are identified as key contenders for enhancing water splitting through the oxygen evolution reaction and boosting supercapacitor energy storage capacitances. This study utilizes plasma treatment to transform natural graphite into nanoporous few-layer graphene, followed by additional milling and plasma steps to synthesize a cobalt–graphene nanocomposite. Comprehensive structural characterization was conducted using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, gas sorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical evaluations further assessed the materials’ oxygen evolution reaction and supercapacitor performance. Although the specific surface area of the nanoporous carbon decreases from 780 to 480 m2/g in the transition to the resulting nanocomposite, it maintains its nanoporous structure and delivers a competitive electrochemical performance, as evidenced by an overpotential of 290 mV and a Tafel slope of 110 mV/dec. This demonstrates the efficacy of plasma treatment in the surface functionalization of carbon-based materials, highlighting its potential for large-scale chemical-free application due to its environmental friendliness and scalability, paving the way toward future applications.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"116 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140380138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fused Deposition Modelling of Thermoplastic Polymer Nanocomposites: A Critical Review 热塑性聚合物纳米复合材料的熔融沉积建模：评论

C Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.3390/c10020029

Taha Sheikh, K. Behdinan

引用次数: 0

Laser-Induced Copper/Carbon Nanocomposite from Anodically Electrodeposited Chitosan for H2O2 Sensing 用于 H2O2 传感的阳极电沉积壳聚糖激光诱导铜/碳纳米复合材料

C Pub Date : 2024-03-24 DOI: 10.3390/c10020028

Usama Zafar, P. Rai, Ankur Gupta, J.G. Korvink, V. Badilita, Monsur Islam

{"title":"Laser-Induced Copper/Carbon Nanocomposite from Anodically Electrodeposited Chitosan for H2O2 Sensing","authors":"Usama Zafar, P. Rai, Ankur Gupta, J.G. Korvink, V. Badilita, Monsur Islam","doi":"10.3390/c10020028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020028","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents anodically electrodeposited copper (Cu)/chitosan gel as a novel precursor for synthesizing a Cu/carbon nanocomposite through laser-induced carbonization. Metal/carbon nanocomposites offering advantageous properties compared to their individual counterparts stand out in various applications, particularly in those involving electrochemical phenomena. However, their synthesis often suffers from complicated and time-consuming synthesis procedures. Here, we integrate anodic electrodeposition and laser-induced carbonization to yield a rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedure for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposite. A precursor composite involving Cu-coordinated chitosan film is achieved through anodic electrodeposition on a copper anode. Irradiation by an infrared laser with optimized parameters results in the thermochemical decomposition of the Cu/chitosan composite, rapidly forming a nanocomposite material featuring highly graphitized and porous carbon materials. Elemental mapping confirms the formation of the nanocomposite, although no crystalline phases of copper are observed during X-ray diffraction. This can be attributed to the rapid nature of the laser-carbonization process. The nanocomposite material is further demonstrated for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), exhibiting a sensitivity of 2.65 mM−1 for concentrations ranging from 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM H2O2, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mM−1 for concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mM H2O2. These sensitivities are comparable to other non-enzymatic H2O2 biosensors. The finding of this work signifies a rapid and facile method for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposites with strong implications for the field of biosensors.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Coordination Polymer Based on Nickel(II)–Cyamelurate: A Robust Catalyst with Highly Dispersed Nickel Sites for Nitrophenol Reduction under Ambient Conditions 一种基于焦糖酸镍(II)的配位聚合物：一种具有高度分散镍位点的强效催化剂，可在环境条件下还原硝基苯酚

C Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI: 10.3390/c10010027

Taís dos Santos da Cruz, Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista, Eduarda Ferreira de Oliveira, W. L. Oliveira, D. Pimentel, Gabriel A A Diab, Ivo F. Teixeira, Marcio César Pereira, João Paulo de Mesquita

{"title":"A Coordination Polymer Based on Nickel(II)–Cyamelurate: A Robust Catalyst with Highly Dispersed Nickel Sites for Nitrophenol Reduction under Ambient Conditions","authors":"Taís dos Santos da Cruz, Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista, Eduarda Ferreira de Oliveira, W. L. Oliveira, D. Pimentel, Gabriel A A Diab, Ivo F. Teixeira, Marcio César Pereira, João Paulo de Mesquita","doi":"10.3390/c10010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010027","url":null,"abstract":"Cyamelurate anions obtained from the hydrolysis of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride were used for the preparation of a water-stable and crystalline coordination polymer based on nickel(II)–cyamelurate. The polymer was prepared and applied as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of borohydride under ambient conditions. The catalyst was prepared by a simple and environmentally friendly method in an aqueous medium, and it was completely characterized by a variety of techniques, including FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, TGA, TEM, and STEM. The obtained catalyst was able to catalyze the reaction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with a good kinetic constant. In addition, the catalyst proved to be significantly robust, maintaining a conversion rate greater than 80% after five minutes of reaction for eight consecutive catalytic cycles. In addition, the catalytic activity of the coordination polymer was much higher than that observed for a homogeneous catalyst based on aqueous Ni2+ ions, suggesting the importance of the structure of the coordination sphere formed by the cyamelurate anions. The results presented here can contribute to the application of other coordination polymers anchored with cyamelurate-like ligands and derivatives, as well as to new catalyst designs based on this coordination site formed by oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140235499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption 使用磷酸活化的枣椰叶衍生碳微球可高效吸附铅 (II)

C Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.3390/c10010026

Saeed Alhawtali, M. El-Harbawi, Lahssen El Blidi, Maher M. Alrashed, Abdulrahman Alzobidi, Chun-Yang Yin

{"title":"Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption","authors":"Saeed Alhawtali, M. El-Harbawi, Lahssen El Blidi, Maher M. Alrashed, Abdulrahman Alzobidi, Chun-Yang Yin","doi":"10.3390/c10010026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010026","url":null,"abstract":"The removal of lead metals from wastewater was carried out with carbon microspheres (CMs) prepared from date palm leaflets using a hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC). The prepared CMs were subsequently activated with phosphoric acid using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The prepared sample had a low Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area of 2.21 m2·g−1, which increased substantially to 808 m2·g−1 after the activation process. Various characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, BET analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and elemental analysis (CHNS), were used to evaluate the morphological structure and physico-chemical properties of the CMs before and after activation. The increase in surface area is an indicator of the activation process, which enhances the absorption properties of the material. The results demonstrated that the activated CMs had a notable adsorption capacity, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 136 mg·g−1 for lead (II) ions. This finding suggests that the activated CMs are highly effective in removing lead pollutants from water. This research underscores the promise of utilizing activated carbon materials extracted from palm leaflets as an eco-friendly method with high potential for water purification, specifically in eliminating heavy metal pollutants, particularly lead (II), contributing to sustainability through biomass reuse.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Let Us Get Regional: Exploring Prospects for Biomass-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Ground 让我们实现地区性：探索基于生物质的二氧化碳地面去除前景

C Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.3390/c10010025

Danny Otto, Nils Matzner

{"title":"Let Us Get Regional: Exploring Prospects for Biomass-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Ground","authors":"Danny Otto, Nils Matzner","doi":"10.3390/c10010025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010025","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, research on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) has significantly increased. Numerous studies have analyzed demonstration projects, outlined scenarios, modeled pathways, or focused on CDR’s national or international governance. However, regional case studies investigating the dynamics that may facilitate or impede the broader adoption of CDR methods in spatially explicit settings are critically absent. Understanding implementation contexts on the ground is vital, and comparing them across different removal methods is essential for effectively scaling up CDR. This paper aims to address this research gap by comparatively examining the development of biomass-based CDR in three regions of Germany. Taking an exploratory approach, we conducted surveys in these regions to gain insight into stakeholder perceptions of the following six CDR methods: forest management, agriculture and soil carbon, long-lasting building materials, rewetting of peatlands and paludiculture, biochar, and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. In this article, we present the results of the stakeholder survey, which offers multiple perspectives that can shape future studies of regional implementation and yield policy-relevant guidance. Although our research primarily focuses on the regional level in Germany, it sheds light on various conflicts, uncertainties, and potentials that are likely to be relevant for the rollout of CDR in other countries. By examining these aspects, we contribute to the broader discourse on CDR and its potential implementation.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"15 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nonlocal-Strain-Gradient-Based Anisotropic Elastic Shell Model for Vibrational Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 用于单壁碳纳米管振动分析的基于非局部应变梯度的各向异性弹性壳模型

C Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.3390/c10010024

Matteo Strozzi, Isaac Elishakoff, Michele Bochicchio, M. Cocconcelli, R. Rubini, Enrico Radi

{"title":"Nonlocal-Strain-Gradient-Based Anisotropic Elastic Shell Model for Vibrational Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"Matteo Strozzi, Isaac Elishakoff, Michele Bochicchio, M. Cocconcelli, R. Rubini, Enrico Radi","doi":"10.3390/c10010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010024","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a new anisotropic elastic shell model with a nonlocal strain gradient is developed to investigate the vibrations of simply supported single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The Sanders–Koiter shell theory is used to obtain strain–displacement relationships. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity and Mindlin’s strain gradient theories are adopted to derive the constitutive equations, where the anisotropic elasticity constants are expressed via Chang’s molecular mechanics model. An analytical method is used to solve the equations of motion and to obtain the natural frequencies of SWCNTs. First, the anisotropic elastic shell model without size effects is validated through comparison with the results of molecular dynamics simulations reported in the literature. Then, the effects of the nonlocal and material parameters on the natural frequencies of SWCNTs with different geometries and wavenumbers are analyzed. From the numerical simulations, it is confirmed that the natural frequencies decrease as the nonlocal parameter increases, while they increase as the material parameter increases. As new results, the reduction in natural frequencies with increasing SWCNT radius and the increase in natural frequencies with increasing wavenumber are both amplified as the material parameter increases, while they are both attenuated as the nonlocal parameter increases.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"58 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140258763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of L-FDM Technology to the Printing of Tablets That Release Active Substances—Preliminary Research 将 L-FDM 技术应用于释放活性物质的片剂印刷--初步研究

C Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.3390/c10010023

E. Gabriel, Anna Olejnik, B. Sztorch, Miłosz Frydrych, Olga Czerwińska, R. Pietrzak, R. Przekop

{"title":"Application of L-FDM Technology to the Printing of Tablets That Release Active Substances—Preliminary Research","authors":"E. Gabriel, Anna Olejnik, B. Sztorch, Miłosz Frydrych, Olga Czerwińska, R. Pietrzak, R. Przekop","doi":"10.3390/c10010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010023","url":null,"abstract":"The following work presents a method for obtaining PLA composites with activated carbon modified using the liquid for fused deposition modeling (L-FDM) method in which two different compounds, i.e., rhodamine and antipyrine, are introduced. Tablets saturated with substances were obtained. Microscopic tests were carried out, and these confirmed the presence of substances that had been introduced into the polymer structure. UV-Vis spectra and observation of the active substance release process confirmed the relationship between the printing speed and the amounts of the compounds liberated from the tablets. Additionally, the contact angle of the PLA with activated carbon composites was characterized. The hydrophilic nature of the obtained composites favors an increase in the amounts of compounds released during the release process, which is a desirable effect. The surfaces and pores of the obtained materials were also analyzed. The incorporation of activated carbon into PLA results in a significant increase in its surface area. Investigations indicate that a novel approach for introducing chemicals into polymer matrices through the L-FDM method holds promise for the prospective fabrication of tablets capable of a controlled and customized release of substances tailored to individual requirements.","PeriodicalId":9397,"journal":{"name":"C","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

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