Diabetes care最新文献

{"title":"The Forces Reshaping America's Health Landscape for People With Diabetes-This Is Not About DEI, This Is About Whether People Live or DIE.","authors":"Cheryl A M Anderson, John B Buse, Steven E Kahn, Elizabeth Selvin","doi":"10.2337/dci25-0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dci25-0100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144801303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Utero Exposure to Maternal Hyperglycemia and Offspring Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Are Independently Associated With Risk of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Youth.","authors":"Abigayil C Dieguez, Alan Kuang, Jami L Josefson, Denise M Scholtens, William L Lowe, M Geoffrey Hayes, Marie-France Hivert","doi":"10.2337/dc24-2891","DOIUrl":"10.2337/dc24-2891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We tested associations of type 2 diabetes genetic risk score (T2D-GRS) and exposure to maternal hyperglycemia with childhood impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and T2D and glycemic outcomes in youth from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We calculated T2D-GRS using 1,150 known genetic variants associated with T2D in adults. In utero exposures included gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and sum-of-glucose z scores during oral glucose tolerance test at ∼28 weeks' gestation. IGT + T2D and continuous glycemic outcomes were measured when children were 10-14 years old.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 3,444 children (mean age, 11.4 years), higher maternal sum-of-glucose z scores and child T2D-GRS were both associated with higher glucose levels. In children exposed to GDM and with T2D-GRS >75th percentile, 15.9% had IGT + T2D, compared with 5.6% in nonexposed children.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High genetic risk for diabetes and in utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia are additively associated with IGT + T2D and glycemic outcomes in youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":"1356-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Patient Cost Sharing With Adherence to GLP-1RA and Adverse Health Outcomes.","authors":"Donglan Zhang, Nihan Gencerliler, Amrita Mukhopadhyay, Saul Blecker, Morgan E Grams, Davene R Wright, Vivian Hsing-Chun Wang, Anand Rajan, Eisha Butt, Jung-Im Shin, Yunwen Xu, Karan R Chhabra, Jasmin Divers","doi":"10.2337/dc24-2746","DOIUrl":"10.2337/dc24-2746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the associations between patient out-of-pocket (OOP) costs and nonadherence to glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), and the consequent impact on adverse outcomes, including hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used MarketScan Commercial data (2016-2021). The cohort included nonpregnant adults aged 18-64 years with type 2 diabetes who initiated GLP-1RA therapy. Participants were continuously enrolled in the same private insurance plan for 6 months before the prescription date and 1 year thereafter. Exposures included average first 30-day OOP costs for GLP-1RA, categorized into quartiles (lowest [Q1] to highest [Q4]). Primary outcomes were the annual proportion of days covered (PDC) for GLP-1RA and nonadherence, defined as PDC <0.8. Secondary outcomes included diabetes-related and all-cause hospitalizations and ED visits 1 year after GLP-1RA initiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 61,907 adults who initiated GLP-1RA, higher 30-day OOP costs were associated with decreased adherence. Patients in the highest OOP cost quartile (Q4: $80-$3,375) had significantly higher odds of nonadherence (odds ratio [OR] 1.25; 95% CI 1.19-1.31) compared with those in Q1 ($0-$21). Nonadherence was linked to increased incidence rates of diabetes-related hospitalizations or ED visits (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.86; 95% CI 1.43-2.42), cumulative length of hospitalization (IRR 1.56; 95% CI 1.41-1.72), all-cause ED visits (IRR 1.38; 95% CI 1.32-1.45), and increased ED-related costs ($69.81, 95% CI $53.54-$86.08).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher OOP costs for GLP-1RA were associated with reduced adherence and increased rates of adverse outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":"1329-1336"},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breastfeeding in Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes: Impact of Maternal Glycemia on Breast Milk Composition.","authors":"Kok Lim Kua","doi":"10.2337/dci25-0043","DOIUrl":"10.2337/dci25-0043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":"48 8","pages":"1312-1314"},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12279037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Semaglutide With or Without Concomitant Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Use in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A FLOW Trial Prespecified Secondary Analysis.","authors":"Peter Rossing, George Bakris, Vlado Perkovic, Richard Pratley, Katherine R Tuttle, Kenneth W Mahaffey, Thomas Idorn, Nicolas Belmar, Heidrun Bosch-Traberg, Søren Rasmussen, Robert S Busch, Ronald E Schmieder, Pieter Gillard, Johannes F E Mann","doi":"10.2337/dc25-0472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-0472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In the Evaluate Renal Function With Semaglutide Once Weekly (FLOW) trial, semaglutide reduced the risk of major kidney and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This prespecified analysis assessed the effects of semaglutide on kidney, CV, and mortality outcomes by baseline mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) use.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Participants were randomized to once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg or placebo. The primary kidney outcome was a composite of time to first persistent ≥50% eGFR reduction from baseline, kidney failure, or death from kidney/CV causes. Baseline MRA was predominantly spironolactone; finerenone was only available after recruitment ended.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Effects were analyzed by baseline MRA use (n = 257 [136 in the semaglutide group and 121 in the placebo group]) and nonuse (n = 3,276 [1,631 in the semaglutide group and 1,645 in the placebo group]). Semaglutide reduced the risk of the primary kidney outcome by 49% (59 events; hazard ratio [HR] 0.51 [95% CI 0.30, 0.86]) and 21% (682 events; HR 0.79 [95% CI 0.68, 0.92]; P-interaction = 0.12) versus placebo in MRA and non-MRA subgroups, respectively. There was no heterogeneity, favoring the effects of semaglutide on major adverse CV events (MACE) and all-cause mortality in both MRA subgroups (P-interaction > 0.7). Albuminuria at 104 weeks was reduced from baseline with semaglutide by 15% (95% CI -41, 31) in MRA users and 33% (26, 39) in nonusers versus placebo (P-interaction = 0.22). Estimated glomerular filtration rate decline was similarly reduced with semaglutide (P-interaction = 0.71). The safety profile of semaglutide was comparable between subgroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In participants with T2D and CKD, consistent benefits of semaglutide on major kidney outcomes, MACE, and all-cause mortality were observed regardless of baseline MRA use.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144746614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extinguishing the Fire: Treating Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes by Targeting Obesity Treatment.","authors":"Megan O Bensignor, Daniel S Hsia, Michelle A Van Name, Ania M Jastreboff, Justin R Ryder","doi":"10.2337/dci25-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dci25-0031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood obesity affects nearly one in five children in the U.S. and is a key driver in youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) development and progression. Effective obesity treatment may lead to T2D remission and can greatly improve dysglycemia and insulin sensitivity. The main objective of this article is to describe the growing evidence in support of targeting obesity to treat T2D in youth. There is growing evidence and guidance that for adults with T2D medical and surgical treatments for obesity should be prioritized. Yet, for youth with T2D, there has been limited movement to prioritize treating obesity, despite its role in diabetes pathophysiology. In adults, addition of obesity medications and bariatric surgery to the diabetes treatment regimen results in substantial weight reduction, improvement in dysglycemia, and decreased use of diabetes agents. In youth, there is limited, yet mounting evidence of these same benefits. U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved obesity medications are effective and well tolerated in youth with obesity and an important therapeutic tool for youth with T2D and obesity. For several medications clinically significant weight reduction has been demonstrated, with improvement in insulin resistance and dysglycemia. In youth with T2D significant weight reduction has been demonstrated with bariatric surgery, with significant 3- and 10-year diabetes remission rates. Further studies in pediatric patients with T2D and obesity are needed to determine the long-term impacts of obesity therapies and bariatric surgery on progression and outcomes of youth-onset T2D.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144746615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition of BMI Status From Childhood to Adulthood and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome in Midlife: A 36-Year Cohort Study.","authors":"Yang Wang, Yang Yang, Jing Chen, Ming-Fei Du, Yue Sun, Dan Wang, Hao Jia, Gui-Lin Hu, Zi-Yue Man, Teng Zhang, Sheng-Hao Zuo, Chao Chu, Ming-Ke Chang, Ze-Jiaxin Niu, Ying Xiong, Hao Li, Shi Yao, Lei Chen, Jie Ren, Yu-Ming Kang, Zu-Yi Yuan, Duo-Lao Wang, Gregory Y H Lip, Zheng Liu, Jian-Jun Mu","doi":"10.2337/dca25-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dca25-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated the associations between BMI transitions from childhood to adulthood and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome and its components in midlife.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Using data from the Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Study, 1,997 participants aged 6-18 years were followed for 36 years into midlife (mean age 48.12 years). Participants were categorized into four groups based on BMI transitions from childhood to midlife: control, incident, persistent, and resolution. CKM stages ranged from early (stages 0-1), to intermediate (stage 2), to advanced (stages 3-4), defined by cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic disorders. Multivariable regression models were used to assess associations between BMI transitions and CKM outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals transitioning from normal childhood BMI to overweight in adulthood had higher risks of intermediate (odds ratio [OR] 5.19 [95% CI 3.15-8.53]) and advanced CKM stages (OR 6.70 [95% CI 3.96-11.33]) compared with those with persistently normal BMI. These risks were attenuated if elevated childhood BMI resolved by adulthood. For specific CKM components, individuals with normal childhood BMI but overweight in adulthood showed higher risks of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, subclinical kidney damage, albuminuria, and metabolic abnormalities compared with those with persistently normal BMI. These risks were reduced if high childhood BMI normalized by adulthood.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Transitioning from normal childhood BMI to overweight in adulthood is associated with increased risks of higher CKM stages in midlife. However, individuals whose high childhood BMI resolved by adulthood exhibit similar risk to those with persistently normal BMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unfolding the Mystery of Autoimmunity: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study.","authors":"Marian Rewers, Daniel Agardh, Suzanne Bennett Johnson, Ezio Bonifacio, Helena Elding Larsson, Patricia Gesualdo, William Hagopian, Michael J Haller, Heikki Hyöty, Randi Johnson, Richard McIndoe, Eoin McKinney, Jessica Melin, Åke Lernmark, Richard E Lloyd, Kristian F Lynch, Jill M Norris, Stephen S Rich, Roswith Roth, Desmond Schatz, Jorma Toppari, Eric Triplett, Kendra Vehik, Suvi M Virtanen, Anette-G Ziegler, Beena Akolkar, Jeffrey P Krischer","doi":"10.2337/dc24-2886","DOIUrl":"10.2337/dc24-2886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2025, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) at the National Institutes of Health celebrates 75 years of leadership in diabetes research. The NIDDK serves people of the U.S. affected by or at risk for many chronic diseases, including diabetes and other endocrine, metabolic, and digestive disorders, by funding innovative research to develop better treatment and prevention and a cure for these conditions. Autoimmunity that leads to type 1 diabetes or celiac disease or thyroid autoimmunity affects 1 in 20 children and adolescents in the U.S. While treatments are available, prevention of these common autoimmune diseases has been elusive due to poor understanding of the environmental causes and their interactions with common predisposing or protective genetic variants. In 2002, the NIDDK established The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) consortium to advance understanding of the causes and the natural history of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. The overarching goal of TEDDY is to inform novel approaches to primary prevention of autoimmunity. In this large international prospective birth cohort study, standardized information has been collected concerning candidate environmental exposures along with serial blood, stool, nasal swab, and other biosamples, with creation of a central repository of data and biologic samples for hypothesis-based research. This review summarizes TEDDY's major contributions to our understanding of environmental triggers, drivers, and modifiers of autoimmunity, and gene-environment interactions, leading to type 1 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":"1125-1135"},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Hospitalizations With Randomized Glycemia-Lowering Treatment in GRADE.","authors":"Daniel S Hsia, Naji Younes, Alokananda Ghosh, Erin J Kazemi, Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, John B Buse, Chelsea Baker, Janet Brown-Friday, Elsa Diaz, Jamie Diner, Erik J Groessl, Elizabeth A Legowski, Cary N Mariash, Andrea H Waltje, Deborah J Wexler, Catherine L Martin","doi":"10.2337/dc24-2839","DOIUrl":"10.2337/dc24-2839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare rates of and risk factors for hospitalizations among Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants taking metformin and randomly assigned to insulin glargine U-100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Intention-to-treat (ITT) (N = 5,047) and on-assigned-treatment (AT) (N = 4,830) data sets were used. Baseline differences between those hospitalized versus those not hospitalized were assessed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine incidence for time to first hospitalization, and log-rank tests were used to determine treatment group differences. Time-to-event analyses were used to examine factors affecting subsequent hospitalization risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During GRADE, 1,636 participants (32.4%) were hospitalized at least once and 751 (14.9%) were hospitalized more than once. Hospitalized participants were older, less likely to be Hispanic, more likely to be White, and more likely to have a history of hypertension and had higher baseline BMI. There were no treatment group differences in incidence for time to first hospitalization in the ITT data set (P = 0.148), but a reduced hazard rate was observed for those taking liraglutide versus those taking glimepiride in the AT data set (hazard ratio 0.78 [95% CI 0.66, 0.92]; P = 0.022). Factors increasing the risk for subsequent hospitalizations included meeting the secondary outcome (HbA1c >7.5%, confirmed), each prior hospitalization, and change from assigned treatment (29%, 41%, and 56% increase in risk, respectively). Assignment to liraglutide versus glimepiride reduced this risk by 13%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hospitalizations were common in GRADE, and rates were nearly identical across treatment groups. The small, but significant, reduction in risk for subsequent hospitalizations among participants assigned to liraglutide versus glimepiride may influence treatment decisions in populations similar to GRADE participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":"1288-1294"},"PeriodicalIF":16.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GLP-1R Polymorphisms Modify the Relationship Between Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Offspring BMI Growth: The EPOCH Study.","authors":"Kylie K Harrall, Deborah H Glueck, Leslie A Lange, Elizabeth M Litkowski, Lauren A Vanderlinden, Iain R Konigsberg, Melanie G Cree, Wei Perng, Dana Dabelea","doi":"10.2337/dc25-0194","DOIUrl":"10.2337/dc25-0194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Exposure to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with childhood BMI. Among youth, we explored whether three different glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene (GLP-1R) polymorphisms modified the associations between 1) GDM and BMI trajectories and 2) GDM and markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>For 464 participants from the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among Children (EPOCH) study, microarray genotyping was performed during childhood (∼10 years). BMI trajectories across childhood and adolescence were characterized using repeated measurements from research visits and medical record abstraction. Markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis were derived from one oral glucose tolerance test in adolescence (∼16 years). Linear models assessed effect modification by GLP-1R polymorphisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among youth with at least one minor allele of rs10305420 (CT or TT) or rs1042044 (CA or AA), but not among major allele homozygotes, exposure to GDM was associated with higher average BMI. For rs6923761, participants who were exposed to GDM and were major allele homozygotes (i.e., genotype GG) had significantly higher average BMI than all other participants in the cohort. No polymorphisms modified the association between GDM and markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis during adolescence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GLP-1R polymorphisms modify the association between GDM and BMI growth among youth. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, and to better understand the mechanisms by which GLP-1R polymorphisms lead to heterogeneity in offspring BMI growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":93979,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes care","volume":" ","pages":"1280-1287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178627/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}