Current protocols最新文献

{"title":"Establishing Primary and Stable Cell Lines from Frozen Wing Biopsies for Cellular, Physiological, and Genetic Studies in Bats","authors":"Fengyan Deng,&nbsp;Pedro Morales-Sosa,&nbsp;Andrea Bernal-Rivera,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Dai Tsuchiya,&nbsp;Jose Emmanuel Javier,&nbsp;Nicolas Rohner,&nbsp;Chongbei Zhao,&nbsp;Jasmin Camacho","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1123","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bats stand out among mammalian species for their exceptional traits, including the capacity to navigate through flight and echolocation, conserve energy through torpor/hibernation, harbor a multitude of viruses, exhibit resistance to disease, survive harsh environmental conditions, and demonstrate exceptional longevity compared to other mammals of similar size. <i>In vivo</i> studies of bats are challenging for several reasons, such as difficulty in locating and capturing them in their natural environments, limited accessibility, low sample size, environmental variation, long lifespans, slow reproductive rates, zoonotic disease risks, species protection, and ethical concerns. Thus, establishing alternative laboratory models is crucial for investigating the diverse physiological adaptations observed in bats. Obtaining quality cells from tissues is a critical first step for successful primary cell derivation. However, it is often impractical to collect fresh tissue and process the samples immediately for cell culture due to the resources required for isolating and expanding cells. As a result, frozen tissue is typically the starting resource for bat primary cell derivation, but cells in frozen tissue are usually damaged and have low integrity and viability. Isolating primary cells from frozen tissues thus poses a significant challenge. Herein, we present a successfully developed protocol for isolating primary dermal fibroblasts from frozen bat wing biopsies. This protocol marks a significant milestone, as this is the first protocol specifically focused on fibroblast isolation from bat frozen tissue. We also describe methods for primary cell characterization, genetic manipulation of primary cells through lentivirus transduction, and the development of stable cell lines. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Bat wing biopsy collection and preservation</p><p><b>Support Protocol 1</b>: Blood collection from bat venipuncture</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Isolation of primary fibroblasts from adult bat frozen wing biopsy</p><p><b>Support Protocol 2</b>: Primary fibroblast culture and subculture</p><p><b>Support Protocol 3</b>: Determination of growth curve and doubling time</p><p><b>Support Protocol 4</b>: Cell banking and thawing of primary fibroblasts</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Lentiviral transduction of bat primary fibroblasts</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 4</b>: Bat stable fibroblast cell line development</p><p><b>Support Protocol 5</b>: Bat fibroblast validation by immunofluorescence staining</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 5</b>: Chromosome counting</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periodic Acid Schiff Staining to Detect Mott Cells, Aberrant Plasma Cells Containing Immunoglobulin Inclusions Called Russell Bodies","authors":"Pedram Mahmoudi Aliabadi,&nbsp;Khlowd Al-Qaisi,&nbsp;Vishnu Reddy,&nbsp;Andreas Radbruch,&nbsp;Makio Kobayashi,&nbsp;Hiromi Kubagawa","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70005","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hematoxylin and eosin staining is widely used for routine histopathological analysis under light microscopic examination to determine alterations of tissue architecture and cellular components in animal studies. Aside from hematoxylin/eosin staining, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is used to detect polysaccharides and carbohydrate-rich macromolecules, and is essential in immunological fields for evaluation of glomerular lesions of kidneys in autoimmune animals. Since erythrocytes are not stained by PAS, this stain is also helpful for identifying changes in immune cells in the red pulp of the spleen, which is filled with erythrocytes. This article describes a protocol to detect Mott cells, bizarre plasma cells containing immunoglobulin inclusion bodies (Russell bodies) in the cytoplasm. The protocol can be used for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, frozen tissue sections, tissue-touch preparations, blood films, and cytocentrifuged cell smears. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Detection of Mott cells by PAS staining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Detection of Mott cells by PAS staining in frozen tissue sections, touch preparations, blood films, and cytocentrifuged cell smears</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Facile, Transfection-Free Approach to siRNA Delivery in In Vitro 3D Spheroid Models","authors":"Andrew S. Riching,&nbsp;Allyson Malloy,&nbsp;Emily M. Anderson,&nbsp;Jonathan Sheard,&nbsp;Piia Mikkonen,&nbsp;Anja van Brabant Smith,&nbsp;Zaklina Strezoska,&nbsp;Josien Levenga","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cell culture has long been essential for preclinical modeling of human development and disease. However, conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture fails to faithfully model the complexity found in vivo, and novel drug candidates that show promising results in 2D models often do not translate to the clinic. More recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have gained popularity owing to their greater physiological relevance to in vivo biology. In particular, 3D spheroid models are becoming widely used due to their ability to mimic solid tumors, both in architecture and gradation of nutrients distributed from the outer, proliferative layers into the inner, quiescent layers of cells. Similar to in vivo tumors, cell lines grown in 3D spheroid models tend to be more resistant to antitumor drug treatments than their 2D cultured counterparts, though distinct signaling pathways and gene targets conferring this resistance have yet to be fully explored. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective tool to elucidate gene function and discover novel druggable targets in 2D models; however, only a few studies have successfully performed RNAi in complex 3D models to date. Here, we demonstrate efficient RNAi-mediated knockdown using “transfection-free” Dharmacon Accell siRNAs in three spheroid culture models, in the presence or absence of the extracellular matrix. This methodology has the potential to be scaled up for complex arrayed screening experiments, which may aid in the identification of novel druggable targets with greater clinical relevance than those identified in 2D experiments. © 2024 Dharmacon, Inc. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Generation of 3D spheroids in matrix-free ULA plates</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol 1</b>: Generation of Matrigel matrix–embedded 3D spheroids</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol 2</b>: Generation of GrowDex hydrogel–embedded 3D spheroids</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Delivery of siRNA and collection of matrix-free 3D spheroids</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol 3</b>: Delivery of siRNA and collection of matrix-embedded spheroids</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: RNA and protein extraction from spheroids for characterization of gene knockdown</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.1121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging","authors":"Colin K.L. Phoon,&nbsp;Orlando Aristizábal,&nbsp;Mohammed Farhoud,&nbsp;Daniel H. Turnbull,&nbsp;Youssef Z. Wadghiri","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1116","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mouse is the mammalian model of choice for investigating cardiovascular biology, given our ability to manipulate it by genetic, pharmacologic, mechanical, and environmental means. Imaging is an important approach to phenotyping both function and structure of cardiac and vascular components. This review details commonly used imaging approaches, with a focus on echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, with brief overviews of other imaging modalities. In this update, we also emphasize the importance of rigor and reproducibility in imaging approaches, experimental design, and documentation. Finally, we briefly outline emerging imaging approaches but caution that reliability and validity data may be lacking. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142116420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouse Models for the Study of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection","authors":"Kimberly J. Olsen,&nbsp;Shilpa Sachan,&nbsp;Nicole Baumgarth","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1127","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lyme disease, a tickborne illness caused by <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, is an emerging, significant public health concern. <i>B. burgdorferi</i> infections are challenging to study because of their complex life cycle that requires adaptation to both ticks and mammalian hosts for long-term survival and transmission. Bacterial adaptation is accomplished through extensive gene expression alterations in response to environmental cues that remain to be more fully explored. Mouse models of infection serve as valuable tools for studying <i>B. burgdorferi</i> adaptation to the mammalian host and the spirochete's ability to cause persistent infections and thus to interact with and evade the immune system. This article details three mouse models that differ in their primary methods of infection: infestation with <i>B. burgdorferi</i> infected ticks, intradermal inoculation of culture-grown spirochetes, and infection via subcutaneous transplantation of infected tissue. Each method offers unique advantages and limitations. Tick infestation is the route of natural transmission but presents logistical challenges. Syringe inoculation is easy and provides precise control over the infectious dose, but infection is with culture-adapted bacteria. Transplantation of infected tissue introduces mammalian-host-adapted <i>B. burgdorferi</i> in precise anatomical locations, but misses the transfer of tick factors affecting immunity. Detailed protocols are provided for each of the three infection routes, and pros and cons of each method are outlined to help researchers identify the best approach for a research question to be addressed. A protocol is also provided for the treatment of mice with antibiotics that reliably eliminates detectable spirochetes from the animals. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Syringe inoculation of mice with cultured <i>B. burgdorferi</i> and collection of necropsy tissues</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Infection of mice with <i>B. burgdorferi</i> via tick infestation</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Infection of mice with host-adapted <i>B. burgdorferi</i> via tissue transplant</p><p><b>Support Protocol</b>: Clearance of <i>B. burgdorferi</i> by antibiotic treatment</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of 2-Aminoimidazole-Activated Substrates for the Study of Nonenzymatic Genome Replication","authors":"James D. Robinson,&nbsp;Scott R. Sammons,&nbsp;Derek K. O'Flaherty","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1119","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nonenzymatic genome replication is thought to be an important process for primitive lifeforms, but this has yet to be demonstrated experimentally. Recent studies on the nonenzymatic primer extension mechanism mediated by nucleoside 5′-monophosphates (NMPs) activated with 2-aminoimidazole have revealed that imidazolium-bridged dinucleotide intermediates (N*N) account for the majority of the chemical copying process. As a result, an efficacious synthetic pathway for producing substrates activated with an imidazoyl moiety is desirable. This article provides a detailed protocol for the standard dehydrative redox reaction between NMPs and 2-aminoimidazole to produce nucleotide phosphoroimidazolides. In addition, we describe a similar synthetic pathway to produce N*N in high yields for homodimers. Finally, a simple reversed-phase cation exchange step is described to increase NMP solubility, which significantly increases yields for certain substrates. This approach allows for an efficient and cost-effective methodology to prepare high-quality substrates utilized in origins-of-life studies. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Synthesis of 2-aminoimidazolephosphoroimidazolide-activated cytidine</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Synthesis of 2-aminoimidazolium-bridged dicytidyl intermediate</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Cation exchange of guanosine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol</b>: Synthesis of cytidine 5′-phosphoroimidazolide or 2-aminoimidazolium-bridged dicytidyl from cytidine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.1119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardized Production of Anti-Desmoglein 3 Antibody AK23 for Translational Pemphigus Vulgaris Research","authors":"Eliane J. Mueller,&nbsp;Siavash Rahimi,&nbsp;Patrizia Sauta,&nbsp;Taravat Shojaeian,&nbsp;Laurence Durrer,&nbsp;Soraya Quinche,&nbsp;Michael Francois,&nbsp;Elisabeth Locher,&nbsp;Monika Edler,&nbsp;Marlies Illi,&nbsp;Thomas Gentinetta,&nbsp;Kelvin Lau,&nbsp;Florence Pojer,&nbsp;Luca Borradori,&nbsp;William V. J. Hariton","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1118","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antibody-mediated receptor activation is successfully used to develop medical treatments. If the activation induces a pathological response, such antibodies are also excellent tools for defining molecular mechanisms of target receptor malfunction and designing rescue therapies. Prominent examples are naturally occurring autoantibodies inducing the severe blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). In the great majority of patients, the antibodies bind to the adhesion receptor desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and interfere with cell signaling to provoke severe blistering in the mucous membranes and/or skin. The identification of a comprehensive causative signaling network downstream of antibody-targeted Dsg3 receptors (e.g., shown by pharmacological activators or inhibitors) is currently being discussed as a basis to develop urgently needed first-line treatments for PV patients. Although polyclonal PV IgG antibodies have been used as proof of principle for pathological signal activation, monospecific anti-Dsg3 antibodies are necessary and have been developed to identify pathological Dsg3 receptor–mediated signal transduction. The experimental monospecific PV antibody AK23, produced from hybridoma cells, was extensively tested in our laboratory in both in vitro and in vivo models for PV and proved to recapitulate the clinicopathological features of PV when generated using the standardized production and purification protocols described herein. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Bovine IgG stripping from FBS and quality control</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: AK23 hybridoma expansion and IgG production</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: AK23 IgG purification</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 4</b>: AK23 IgG quality control</p><p><b>Support Protocol 1</b>: Detection of endotoxin levels</p><p><b>Support Protocol 2</b>: Detection and removal of mycoplasma</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.1118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Neural Network–Based Scoring System for Predicting Prognosis and Therapy in Breast Cancer","authors":"Min Deng,&nbsp;Xinyu Chen,&nbsp;Jiayue Qiu,&nbsp;Guiyou Liu,&nbsp;Chen Huang","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy affecting women worldwide. Currently, there are no precise molecular biomarkers with immense potential for accurately predicting breast cancer development, which limits clinical management options. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of metastatic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in modulating the antitumor therapy response. However, the prognostic value of using these features in combination, and their potential for guiding individualized treatment for breast cancer, remains vague. To address this challenge, we recently developed the metastatic and immunogenomic risk score (MIRS), a comprehensive and user-friendly scoring system that leverages advanced bioinformatics methods to facilitate transcriptomics data analysis. To help users become familiar with the MIRS tool and apply it effectively in analyzing new breast cancer datasets, we describe detailed protocols that require no advanced programming skills. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Calculating a MIRS score from transcriptomics data</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Predicting clinical outcomes from MIRS scores</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Evaluating treatment responses and guiding therapeutic strategies in breast cancer patients</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 4</b>: Guidelines for utilizing the MIRS webtool</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of Murine Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells for In Vivo Studies in Syngeneic Tumor Models","authors":"Mina Hosseini,&nbsp;Behnia Akbari,&nbsp;Ahmad Reza Shahverdi,&nbsp;Jamshid Hadjati,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Faramarzi,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Mirzaei,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Yazdi","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1107","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>CAR-T cell therapy has emerged as a potent and effective tool in the immunotherapy of refractory cancers. However, challenges exist in their clinical application, necessitating extensive preclinical research to optimize their function. Various preclinical in vitro and in vivo models have been proposed for such purpose; among which immunocompetent mouse models serve as an invaluable tool in studying host immune interactions within a more realistic simulation of the tumor milieu. We hereby describe a standardized protocol for the generation of high-titer γ-retroviral vectors through transfection of the HEK293T packaging cell line. The virus-containing supernatant is further concentrated using an inhouse concentrator solution, titrated, and applied to mouse T cells purified via a convenient and rapid method by nylon-wool columns. Using the method presented here, we were able to achieve high titer γ-retrovirus and highly pure mouse T cells with desirable CAR transduction efficiency. The mouse CAR T cells produced through this protocol demonstrate favorable CAR expression and viability, thus making them suitable for further in vitro/in vivo assays. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Production of γ-retroviral vectors from retrovirus-backbone plasmids</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Concentration of γ-retrovirus-containing supernatants</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Titration of concentrated γ-retrovirus</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 4</b>: Isolation and activation of mouse T cells</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 5</b>: Transduction of activated mouse T cells, assessment of CAR expression, and expansion of CAR T cells for further in vitro/in vivo studies</p><p><b>Support Protocol</b>: Surface staining of cells for flow cytometric assessment of CAR expression</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choosing Suitable Color Palettes for Accessible and Accurate Science Figures","authors":"Fabio Crameri,&nbsp;Grace E. Shephard,&nbsp;Philip J. Heron","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.1126","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.1126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a scientific context, a suitable color choice is more than simple decoration. Color handling, as part of scientific visualization, is a scientific methodology that is one of the most widely used, given the importance of figures and images in conveying results. Yet, an expert-level understanding and application of proper scientific coloring is rare. Here, a concise overview of important color tools is provided and complemented by ready-to-apply resources for using color in science research, publishing, communication, tool development, editing, and teaching. This overview offers a guide to spot problems, master the methodology, and support accessible and accurate use of color for science figures in both short and long terms. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.1126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142006138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}