Current protocols最新文献

{"title":"Isolation and Molecular Profiling of Nuclei of Specific Neuronal Types from Human Cerebral Cortex and Striatum","authors":"Christina Pressl,&nbsp;Matthew Baffuto,&nbsp;Paul Darnell,&nbsp;Cuidong Wang,&nbsp;Thomas S. Carroll,&nbsp;Nathaniel Heintz,&nbsp;Kert Mätlik","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most pathological conditions of the central nervous system do not affect all cell types to the same extent. Delineation of molecular events underlying disease symptoms, including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional changes, thus relies on the ability to characterize a specific cell type separately from others. We have developed a methodology for the collection of nuclear RNA and genomic DNA of specific cell types from frozen post-mortem striatum and cerebral cortex. This allows deep transcriptomic profiling of specific cell populations and characterization of their genomes and epigenetic properties. The method is based on the purification of cell nuclei, followed by fluorescence-activated sorting of nuclei (FANS) labeled with nucleic acid probes or antibodies binding to targets present in specific cell types. The protocol describes in detail the procedure for isolating and labeling neuronal and glial nuclei from human brain tissue, the steps that can be taken to extract RNA and genomic DNA, a way to combine the procedure with ATAC-seq to yield information about chromatin accessibility, as well as computational measures for assessing the quality of cell type-specific RNA-seq and ATAC-seq datasets. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Tissue homogenization, isolation of cell nuclei by ultracentrifugation and formaldehyde-fixation</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Antibody-based labeling and isolation of nuclei of specific neocortical neuron types</p><p><b>Support Protocol 1</b>: Generation of ATAC-seq libraries from the nuclei of specific neuron types of the cerebral cortex</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Nucleic acid hybridization-based labeling and isolation of nuclei of specific striatal projection neuron types</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol 1</b>: Labeling and isolation of nuclei of specific striatal interneuron types</p><p><b>Support Protocol 2</b>: Generation of ATAC-seq libraries from the nuclei of specific striatal neuron types</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 4</b>: Extraction of genomic DNA and nuclear RNA and preparation of sequencing libraries</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 5</b>: Processing and quality control of FANS-seq and ATAC-seq data</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11627125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142803658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generate and Analyze Three-Dimensional Dendritic Spine Morphology Datasets With SpineTool Software","authors":"Anita Ustinova,&nbsp;Ekaterina Volkova,&nbsp;Anastasiya Rakovskaya,&nbsp;Daria Smirnova,&nbsp;Olesya Korovina,&nbsp;Ekaterina Pchitskaya","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dendritic spine morphology is associated with the current state of the synapse and neuron, and changes during synaptic plasticity in response to stimulus. At the same time, dendritic spine alterations are reported during various neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders and other brain states. Accurate and informative analysis of spine shape has an urgent need for studying the synaptic processes and molecular pathways in normal and pathological conditions, and for testing synapto-protective strategies during preclinical studies. Primary neuronal cultures enable high quality imaging of dendritic spines and offer a wide spectrum of accessible experimental manipulations. This article outlines the protocol for isolating, culturing, fluorescent labeling, and imaging of mouse primary hippocampal neurons by three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy in a normal state and in conditions of low amyloid toxicity—an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease. An alternate protocol describes the neuronal morphology analysis using the EGFP expressing neurons in line-M transgenic mouse brain slices. Since the dendritic spines are relatively small structures lying close to the confocal microscope resolution limit, their proper segmentation on the images is challenging. This protocol highlights the image-preprocessing steps, including generation of theoretical point spread function and deconvolution, which enhances resolution and removes noise, thereby enhancing the 3D spine reconstruction results. SpineTool, an open source Python–based script, enables 3D segmentation of dendrites and spines and numerical metric calculation, including key measures, such as spine length, volume, and surface area, with a new feature, the chord length distribution histogram, improving clustering results. SpineTool supports both manual and machine learning spine classification (i.e., mushroom, thin, stubby, filopodia) and automated clustering using k-means and DBSCAN methods. This protocol provides detailed instructions for using SpineTool to analyze and classify dendritic spines in control and experimental groups, enhancing our understanding of spine morphology across different experimental conditions. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Obtaining 3D confocal dendritic spine images of hippocampal neuronal culture in normal state and conditions of low amyloid toxicity</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol</b>: Obtaining confocal dendritic spine images of mice hippocampal neurons from fixed brain slices</p><p><b>Support Protocol</b>: Post-processing deconvolution of confocal images</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Segmentation of dendritic spines with SpineTool</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Spine dataset preparation using SpineTool</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 4</b>: Clustering of dendritic spines with SpineTool</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 5</b>: Machine classification of dendritic spines with SpineTool</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryopreservation of Human Adult Ventricular Tissue for the Preparation of Viable Myocardial Slices","authors":"Alessandra M. Lodrini,&nbsp;Esmee J. Groeneveld,&nbsp;Meindert Palmen,&nbsp;Jesper Hjortnaes,&nbsp;Anke M. Smits,&nbsp;Marie-José Goumans","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Living myocardial slices (LMS) are ultrathin sections of adult myocardium that can be maintained in culture. These slices provide a unique platform for studying interactions between cardiomyocytes (CMs), other cardiac cell types, and the extracellular matrix while maintaining the cytoarchitecture and electrical phenotype of CMs over extended periods. Despite their advantages over other cardiac models, LMS have limitations, particularly their reliance on slice quality. The primary factor influencing the quality of the slices is the method used to process the cardiac tissue block. Current methods typically require immediate slice preparation following the excision of the tissue block, which restricts the timing of experiments. To address this limitation, we developed a simple procedure for cryopreserving human adult myocardium, allowing the preparation of LMS at a later stage. The protocol provides a list of required equipment and reagents, as well as a detailed description of the methodology for processing the myocardium and slice preparation. We present typical results demonstrating that cryopreserved human cardiac tissue retains biomass and structural integrity comparable to freshly obtained myocardium. Furthermore, we assessed the LMS derived from both fresh and cryopreserved samples. Histological analysis confirmed the preservation of viability, normal cytomorphology, and gap junctions between CMs in all LMS after 24 h and up to 5 days of culture in the absence of electrical stimulation. Cryopreservation extends the interval between tissue collection and LMS preparation, facilitating longer-term and more complex experiments. Further research into the impact of cryopreservation on various cardiac cell types will promote better donor organ management and efficient banking of cardiac samples from a multitude of donors and disease states. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Preparation and preservation of human adult myocardium</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Preparation of adult living myocardial slices from cryopreserved blocks</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Nucleofection for Genome Editing in Primary Human Keratinocytes: Knockouts, Deletions, and Homology-Directed Repair Mutagenesis","authors":"Martina Bamundo,&nbsp;Sara Palumbo,&nbsp;Ludovica D'Auria,&nbsp;Caterina Missero,&nbsp;Daniela Di Girolamo","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70056","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Keratinocytes are the most abundant cell type in the human epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. For years, primary human keratinocytes (HKs) have been used as a crucial tool for studying the pathogenesis of a wide range of skin-related diseases. To mimic the physiological and pathological behavior of human skin, organotypic 3D skin models can be generated by <i>in vitro</i> differentiation of HKs. However, manipulation of HKs is notoriously difficult. Liposome-mediated gene delivery often results in low transfection rates, and conventional electroporation results in high mortality, is difficult to optimize, and requires high cell numbers without necessarily achieving maximum efficiency. Additionally, HKs have a short lifespan <i>in vitro</i>, with a limited number of cell divisions before senescence, even when cultured on a feeder layer. Therefore, the possibility to use an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system in HKs is not without challenge in terms of transfection technology and clonal selection. In this article, we provide detailed protocols to perform efficient gene knock-out (KO) or genomic deletion in a small number of HKs without clonal selection of edited cells. By nucleofecting ribonucleoprotein complexes, we efficiently generate KO cells as well as deletion of specific genomic regions. Moreover, we describe an optimized protocol for generating site-specific mutations in immortalized keratinocytes (N/TERT2G) by exploiting the homology-directed repair system combined with rapid single-clone screening. These methods can also be applied to other immortalized cells and tumoral cells of epithelial origin. Together, these protocols provide a comprehensive and powerful tool that can be used to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying different skin diseases. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Knock-out generation by indel mutation in primary human keratinocytes using nucleofection of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Deletion of specific genomic region using RNPs via nucleofection</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Use of homology-directed repair system to introduce site-specific mutations</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 4, Issue 11","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the Article <i>PhyKIT: A Multitool for Phylogenomics</i> by Jacob L. Steenwyk et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.70016.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DMS-MapSeq Analysis of Antisense Oligonucleotide Binding to lncRNA PANDA","authors":"Gabriel A. Romero Agosto,&nbsp;Ethan Cox,&nbsp;Silvi Rouskin","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While various methods exist for examining and visualizing the structures of RNA molecules, dimethyl sulfate-mutational profiling and sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) stands out for its simplicity and versatility. This technique has been proven effective for studying RNA structures both in vitro and in complex biological settings. We present an updated protocol of DMS-MaPseq, as well as methodology that enables it to be used for detection of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) binding to RNA. By applying this protocol, we successfully characterized the structural ensemble of the HIV1 Rev Response Element (RRE), along with its two alternative structures. The findings align with previously published research validating the accuracy of the method. We also demonstrate the utility of the DMS-MaPseq protocol by resolving and confirming ASO binding at the complementary sites of the P21-associated noncoding RNA DNA damage-activated (PANDA) long non-coding RNA via decreased DMS reactivity. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: DMS-MaPseq on HIV1-RRE</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: DMS-MaPseq on PANDA with ASO probing</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Pancreas-Derived Organoids with Controlled Polarity: Detailed Protocols and Experimental Timeline","authors":"Aletta Kiss,&nbsp;Attila Farkas,&nbsp;Ferhan Ayaydin,&nbsp;György Lázár,&nbsp;Árpád Varga,&nbsp;József Maléth","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70045","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since their discovery, 3D cell cultures have emerged as powerful tools across various basic, translational research, and industrial discovery projects. One such application is in the physiological and pathophysiological modeling of pancreatic exocrine functions, which addresses critical clinical challenges, including acute and chronic pancreatitis. While several methods now exist for generating epithelial organoids (derived from induced pluripotent, embryonic, or adult stem cells), the advent of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) with controlled polarity has introduced a new frontier in pancreatic research. This advancement has significantly expanded the methodological arsenal available for studying human pancreatic epithelial secretion.</p><p>In this article, we present basic protocols and a troubleshooting guide for an advanced culture method that results in an apical-to-basal polarity switch. Alongside the protocols, we emphasize a comprehensive cost breakdown, an aspect often challenging to estimate when implementing new techniques. By sharing the technical nuances and financial implications of these protocols, we aim to encourage researchers to transition from rodent models to primary human epithelial cells wherever feasible. This aligns with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's efforts to accelerate the translation of significant scientific findings to address major clinical needs. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Establishment and maintenance of pancreatic PDOs</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Cryopreservation and thawing of pancreatic PDOs</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Inducing polarity switching in pancreatic PDOs</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-site Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration to Study Cells and Soluble Factors From Human Lymph Nodes","authors":"Adam Al-Diwani,&nbsp;Deepsha Agrawal,&nbsp;Fintan Sheerin,&nbsp;Callum Board,&nbsp;Sarosh R. Irani,&nbsp;Katrina M. Pollock,&nbsp;Nicholas M. Provine","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lymph nodes (LNs) are specialized secondary lymphoid tissues essential to the priming and maintenance of adaptive immune responses, including the B cell germinal center response; thus, they are central to immunity. However, the anatomically restricted and time-resolved nature of immune priming means that sampling disease-relevant human LNs requires specialized techniques. This article describes the application of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) to sample LNs, using cervical LNs of the head and neck as an exemplar. This minimally invasive technique allows collection of both immune cells and cell-free material that are relevant to both neuroimmune diseases and basic lymphatic functions. Downstream use of cellular material can include multiplexed flow cytometry, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), and B cell cultures. The cell-free supernatant can be used for proteomics or other similar ‘omics approaches. This unit describes collection of samples by FNA as well as processing and storage of samples for downstream assays. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Sampling of human cervical lymph nodes by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration</p><p><b>Alternate Protocol</b>: Sampling of human lymph nodes by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration with negative pressure</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Processing and storage of human lymph node samples</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpz1.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Free Oligosaccharides in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry","authors":"J. Daniel Sharer,&nbsp;Rongrong Huang,&nbsp;Timothy Wood,&nbsp;Paula Huffman,&nbsp;Yang Yan,&nbsp;Chelsea Zimmerman,&nbsp;Laura Pollard","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Oligosaccharidoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders characterized by abnormal storage and excretion of incompletely processed glycan structures. As with other inherited metabolic disorders, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are essential for optimizing outcomes. Biochemical investigation of suspected oligosaccharidoses has traditionally included thin layer chromatography to detect the presence of disease-specific free oligosaccharides in urine; however, this qualitative method has long been known to have limited sensitivity and specificity. In this unit, a quantitative technique for measuring oligosaccharides utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is described, which provides substantial improvements over other methods, in terms of sensitivity and specificity; moreover, it is relatively inexpensive, accessible, and requires significantly less time, effort, sample volume, and reagents to perform. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol</b>: Analysis of urinary FOS by HPLC–MS/MS</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Application of a Caged Bioluminescent Probe for the Immunoproteasome","authors":"Cody A. Loy,&nbsp;Darci J. Trader","doi":"10.1002/cpz1.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpz1.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monitoring the catalytic activity of the proteasome and its various isoforms has become increasingly important with the continued development of core particle inhibitors and targeted protein degraders as potential therapies for diseases with high protein accumulation. The immunoproteasome (iCP) is expressed in a variety of diseases due to inflammatory signals, such as interferon-gamma, that alert the cell to begin generating iCP preferentially over the standard proteasome. There is a need to understand iCP activity and expression both in cells and in vivo because it is becoming a widely targeted isoform in a variety of diseases. Activity-based probes for the iCP have been developed, but their application has been limited due to their difficult synthesis and choice of fluorescent reporter. There has yet to be a selective iCP probe developed that incorporates a luminescent reporter that could be applied to a variety of different applications. The protocols presented here describe the synthesis of a cleavable activity-based bioluminescent probe that is selective for the iCP, and the application of the synthesized probe in immunoproteasome activity assays using a luminescent plate reader. Having this bioluminescent reporter, a better understanding of how the iCP is implicated in disease progression, as well as identification of small molecule interactors, can be achieved. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 1</b>: Synthesis of a bioluminescent immunoproteasome probe</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 2</b>: Expression of the immunoproteasome in cells</p><p><b>Basic Protocol 3</b>: Immunoproteasome probe application in live cells using a luminescent plate reader</p>","PeriodicalId":93970,"journal":{"name":"Current protocols","volume":"4 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}