Current drug discovery technologies最新文献

{"title":"<i>In silico</i> based Diabetic Wound Healer from Nature: An Update.","authors":"Amit Lather, Pratibha Rathee, Manish Kumar Gautam, Kalicharan Sharma, Tanuj Hooda","doi":"10.2174/0115701638336128250122223221","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638336128250122223221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease of high levels of glucose in the blood and affecting 536.6 million people in the world between the age group of 20-79 with management spent of 11% of the total worldwide. Wound healing in diabetics is impaired due to many factors like high blood sugar, poor blood circulation, damaged blood vessels, diabetic neuropathy, decreased immune responses etc. The presently used synthetic drugs have high costs, a toxic nature, and are full of adverse effects drawing attention to the need to identify new and successful treatment approaches for diabetic wounds. <i>In silico</i> drug screening methods of drug development made it easy to screen thousands of active constituents against a target specifically responsible for diabetes and wound healing. Thus the current review compiled the naturally available active compounds screened by <i>in silico</i> docking from natural resources and has the potential to treat diabetic wound healing with their specificity and target-based mechanism. This information will be helpful for further screening of non-reported natural compounds having antidiabetic as well as wound healing potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e15701638336128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143416550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 2-(Substituted Amino)-N-(6-Substituted-1,3-Benzothiazol-2yl) Acetamide.","authors":"Smita Pawar, Amol Kale, Priya Zori, Dhanashri Zope","doi":"10.2174/0115701638299377240604112400","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638299377240604112400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The development of antimicrobial agents is crucial for several reasons, primarily to combat infectious diseases and to address the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. The need for the continued development of antimicrobial drugs persists despite the presence of many existing drugs for several reasons, viz emerging new pathogens and diseases, resistance to existing drugs, and propagation of multidrug resistance to existing drugs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the study was to synthesize and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of newly synthesized benzothiazole derivatives.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A new series of 2-(substituted amino)-N-(6-substituted-1,3-benzothiazol-2yl)acetamide BTC(a-t) has been synthesized by reacting it with chloracetyl chloride with substituted 2-amino benzothiazole and further refluxed with various substituted amines to obtain target compounds. The synthesized compounds were screened experimentally for their antimicrobial property against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of compounds were determined against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Further docking study was carried out to check the probable interactions with the selected protein using V-life MDS 3.5 software (DNA gyrase, PDB: 3G75).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compounds BTC-j N-(6-methoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-(pyridine-3-ylamino)acetamide and BTC-r N-(6-nitro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-(pyridine-3-ylamino)acetamide were found to have good antimicrobial potential. The compound BTC-j showed good antibacterial activity against <i>S. aureus</i> at an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL, <i>B. subtilis</i> at MIC of 6.25μg/mL, <i>E. coli</i> at MIC of 3.125μg/mL, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> at MIC of 6.25μg/mL. Thus, from the result, it was observed that compounds BTC-j, BTC-f, BTC-n, and BTC-r exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal potential at different concentrations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study resulted in the successful synthesis of 2-acetamido substituted benzothiazole derivatives BTC(a-t) with good yields. The dock score of the compounds and the antimicrobial activity were found to be consistent. No statistical difference in the antimicrobial activity of the standard and test compounds was found, indicating that the test compounds have comparable activity. Therefore, benzothiazole linked to heterocyclic rings with an acetamide linkage may serve as promising lead molecules for further optimization in the journey to discover potent antibacterial agents. Thus, we conclude that the synthesized compounds have the potential for further development as novel antimicrobial agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e200624231065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Approaches for the Enhancement of Bioavailability of Drugs: An Updated Review.","authors":"Jyoshna Rani Dash, Gurudutta Pattnaik, Himansu Bhusan Samal, Gangadhar Pradhan, Choudhury Pratyush Kumar Baral, Biswajit Behera, Biswakanth Kar","doi":"10.2174/0115701638311058240806100555","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638311058240806100555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In medicine, bioavailability is the percentage of a drug that enters the bloodstream and can be used to treat a patient. It has proven challenging throughout time to develop techniques that allow oral administration of most drugs, regardless of their properties, to achieve therapeutic systemic availability. This will be an impressive feat, considering that over 90% of pharmaceuticals are known to have limitations on their oral bioavailability. Improving bioavailability is crucial for optimizing the efficacy and safety of drugs. This review covers a wide range of techniques, including physical, chemical, and formulation approaches, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Inhibitions of efflux pumps, inhibition of presystemic metabolism, and innovative drug delivery systems that capitalize on the gastrointestinal regionality of medicines are some of the new techniques that have drawn increased interest. Nanotechnology in pharmaceuticals is also being used in this field. We have collected the literature data from 2009 to 2024 using Science Direct, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e15701638311058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Screening of Novel Nitroimidazole Candidates: Targeting Key Enzymes of Oral Anaerobes for Anti-parasitic Potential.","authors":"Touhami Lanez, Maroua Lanez, Riad Lanez, Elhafnaoui Laanez, Badia Talbi-Lanez","doi":"10.2174/0115701638326365241029080310","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638326365241029080310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study focuses on evaluating the parasitic potential of novel metronidazole analogs using computational methods. Specifically, it aims to target key enzymes of oral anaerobes, including UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (MurA) of Fusobacterium nucleatum and DNA topoisomerase (Topo) of Prevotella intermedia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective is to assess the pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of 368 novel nitroimidazole candidates through virtual screening. Additionally, the study aims to determine the binding affinity of the most promising candidates with the target proteins through molecular docking analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A combinatorial library of nitroimidazole candidates was constructed, and virtual screening was performed. Molecular docking analyses were conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of selected compounds with MurA and Topo. Further investigation involved molecular dynamic simulation to assess the stability of the compounds within the active sites of MurA and Topo.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All selected compounds exhibited activity against both MurA and Topo. Among them, Mnz11, Mnz12, and Mnz15 demonstrated the lowest binding free energies and IC₅₀ values. Molecular dynamic simulation indicated that these three compounds remained stable within the active sites of MurA and Topo, with RMSD values consistently below 2 Å. Additionally, the antibacterial potential of the most potent compound, Mnz15, was evaluated against a series of oral microbes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study concludes that the newly identified nitroimidazole candidates show promise as anti-parasitic agents, based on their activity against key enzymes of oral anaerobes and their pharmacokinetic properties evaluated through computational methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e15701638326365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Genus Paeonia: A Review of the Targeted Signaling Pathways and Underlying Mechanisms of Pharmacological and Clinical Properties.","authors":"Atefeh Jalali, Fereshteh Jafari, Shima Behnamrad, Mohammad M Zarshenas, Xiuxin Zhang, Ali Kashkooe","doi":"10.2174/0115701638318395240703115522","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638318395240703115522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Paeoniaceae family contains only the Paeonia genus and is considered a major group of flowering plants. Several traditional and pharmacological applications of Paeoniaceae herbs have been described. This paper aimes to determine the pharmacological activities of the most prevalent herbs from the genus Paeonia by focusing on their underlying mechanism of action and signaling pathways, providing insight for further in-depth research on the medicinal resources of Paeonia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The \"Paeoniaceae\" keyword was searched from 1st January 1995 to 15th May 2024 through the PubMed and Scopus databases. Only papers related to pharmacology, pharmaceutics, and toxicology were extracted. The possible pharmacological activity of the Paeonia plants, including their underlying mechanisms of action and signaling pathways, was subsequently discussed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following our venture, only 15 Paeonia herbs were adequately evaluated for their pharmacological applications. <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i> Pall., <i>Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews</i>, and Paeonia emodi Royle are among the most prevalent Paeonia plants that have attracted increased attention in modern pharmacological studies. Paeonia herbs possess various pharmacological applications, such as antiinflammatory, anti-allergic, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardiovascular protective, cosmetic and skincare, radical scavenging, hepatoprotective and anti-ulcerative, anti-diabetic, musculoskeletal, and neuroprotective effects, and can be used as alternative therapies under critical medical conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among the applications of Paeonia herbs, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities are critical, as most other pharmacological effects are attributed to them. In other words, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can be considered the most important signaling pathways involved in the pharmacological activity of Paeonia herbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e100724231842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Panax ginseng</i> Ameliorates Pituitary-ovarian Dysfunction Induced by Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation from Cell Phones via Upregulation of the CREM Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Oyetunji A Oyewopo, Olabimpe C Badejogbin, Isaac O Ajadi, Linus A Enye, Mary B Ajadi, Ikponmwosa V Ebuwa, Olutunmise V Owolabi, Stephanie E Areloegbe, Kehinde S Olaniyi","doi":"10.2174/0115701638279386240425050818","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638279386240425050818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Panax ginseng</i> (PG) is a plant that contains ginsenosides, which are considered adaptogens that confer cellular protection. However, the impact of PG on pituitary-ovarian dysfunction and subsequent infertility is unknown. This study investigated the hypothesis that PG would attenuate pituitary-ovarian dysfunction associated with mobile phone's Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) in experimental rat models and the possible involvement of a cAMP Response Element Modulator (CREM)-dependent pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty adult female Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, each consisting of five rats. The control group was administered a vehicle (distilled water) orally, while the P. ginseng group received 200 mg/kg of <i>P. ginseng</i> extract orally. The RF-EMR group was exposed to 900MHz radiation, and the RF-EMR + PG group was exposed to the same radiation while also being treated with 200 mg/kg of <i>P. ginseng</i> orally. These treatments were administered daily for a period of 56 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The RF-EMR group exhibited significant reductions in serum levels of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone compared to the control group. Moreover, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly lower in the RF-EMR group compared to the control. Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the expression of the CREM gene, accompanied by disrupted pituitary/ovarian morphology in the RF-EMR group compared to the control. However, the administration of PG mitigated these changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study indicate that <i>P. ginseng</i> extract shields against pituitary-ovarian impairment linked to RF-EMR exposure from cell phones by boosting antioxidant capacity and promoting the CREM-dependent pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e300424229527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140870274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> Antibacterial Activity of <i>Adiantum capillus veneris</i> Extraction with Methanol, Chloroform, and Ether Solvents against Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.","authors":"Mahdiyeh Ebrahimzadeh, Solmaz Rahbari, Reza Hosseini Doust, Faraz Mojab","doi":"10.2174/0115701638313570241015045118","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638313570241015045118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing problem of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens is a worldwide concern, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, medicinal plants have renewed interest because of their wide variety of bioactive phytochemicals, which could be used to develop new antimicrobial drugs. This renewed interest is partly due to the growing resistance to traditional drugs and their associated side effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The objective of this study is to assess the antimicrobial properties of the total extract and various fractions of <i>Adiantum capillus</i> veneris against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The aerial parts of <i>Adiantum capillus</i> veneris were subjected to extraction using methanol, chloroform, and ether, and the resulting extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against MRSA. Additionally, essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts using a Clevenger apparatus and boiling water. Furthermore, Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) was utilized to analyze the phytochemicals isolated from the extracts of <i>Adiantum capillus veneris</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The essential oil was obtained through distillation and then analyzed using GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GC/MS analysis revealed that the composition was primarily phytol (59.9%), constituting 99.3% of phyto-constituents. However, both the total extract and the individual fractions exhibited no inhibitory effects against MRSA strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e15701638313570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI in Clinical Trials and Drug Development: Challenges and Potential Advancements.","authors":"Divyanshi Gupta, Pranay Wal, Ankita Wal, K R Sribhavani, Mudit Kumar, Krishna Chandra Panda, Mukesh Chandra Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115701638314252241016165345","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638314252241016165345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the fastest-growing fields in various industries, including engineering, architecture, medical and clinical research, aerospace, and others. AI, which is a combination of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and human intelligence (HI), is revolutionizing drug discovery and development by making it more cost-effective and efficient. It is also being used in fields such as medicinal chemistry, molecular and cell biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, formulation development, and toxicology. AI plays a crucial role in clinical testing by enhancing patient stratification, patient sample evaluation, and trial design, assisting in the identification of biomarkers, determining efficacy criteria, dose selection, trial length, and target patient population selection. The primary objective of this study is to emphasize the importance of AI in clinical trials and drug development, while also exploring the existing challenges and potential advancements in AI within the healthcare industry. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, covering the period from 1998 to 2023. The Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant information. A variety of publications, including Research Gate, Nature, MDPI, and Springer Link, provided pertinent data. This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the use of AI in clinical research and drug development, as well as its potential and limitations. We also discuss the benefits and main data limitations of the traditional trial and drug development approach. AI approaches are currently being used to overcome research obstacles and eliminate conceptual or methodological limitations. After discussing possible obstacles and coping mechanisms, we provide several recommendations to help individuals understand the challenges and difficulties associated with clinical research and drug development. It is essential for pharmaceutical companies to have a cutting-edge AI strategy if AI is to become a routine tool for clinical research and drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e15701638314252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Development, Applications, and Patents of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Design and Development.","authors":"Prashant Kumar, Alpana Mahor, Roopam Tomar","doi":"10.2174/0115701638364199250123062248","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638364199250123062248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug design and development are crucial areas of study for chemists and pharmaceutical companies. Nevertheless, the significant expenses, lengthy process, inaccurate delivery, and limited effectiveness present obstacles and barriers that affect the development and exploration of new drugs. Moreover, big and complex datasets from clinical trials, genomics, proteomics, and microarray data also disrupt the drug discovery approach. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into drug design is both timely and crucial due to several pressing challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, including the escalating costs of drug development, high failure rates in clinical trials, and the increasing complexity of disease biology. AI offers innovative solutions to address these challenges, promising to improve the efficiency, precision, and success rates of drug discovery and development. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technology are crucial tools in the field of drug discovery and development. More precisely, the field has been revolutionized by the utilization of deep learning (DL) techniques and artificial neural networks (ANNs). DL algorithms & ML have been employed in drug design using various approaches such as physiochemical activity, polypharmacology, drug repositioning, quantitative structure-activity relationship, pharmacophore modeling, drug monitoring and release, toxicity prediction, ligand-based virtual screening, structure-based virtual screening, and peptide synthesis. The use of DL and AI in this field is supported by historical evidence. Furthermore, management strategies, curation, and unconventional data mining aided assistance in modern modeling algorithms. In summary, the progress made in artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms offers a promising opportunity for the development and discovery of effective drugs, ultimately leading to significant benefits for humanity. In this review, several tools and algorithmic programs have been discussed which are being used in drug design along with the descriptions of the patents that have been granted for the use of AI in this field, which constitutes the main focus of this review and differentiates it fromalready published materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e15701638364199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical Data Extrapolation to Clinical Reality: A Translational Approach.","authors":"Prakhar Varshney, Phool Chandra","doi":"10.2174/0115701638302778240417045451","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115701638302778240417045451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>In vivo</i> investigations are much more complex than trials conducted in a test tube; the results sometimes aren't as illuminating and could raise more questions than answers. Preclinical data projection into clinical truth is a transcriptional science that remains a compelling trial in drug development. Preclinical <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> education is important in novel drug's non-violent or active growth. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic research is necessary to better understand the chemical and biological effects of medicines and their metabolites. Information produced by such a policy can be used to progress Phase I studies, primarily for anticancer medication. Both living and deceased <i>in vitro</i> models are theoretically excellent preclinical tools for calculating the pharmacological action of counterparts from the same family, such as vinca alkaloids. The animal species most closely linked to humans are chosen based on metabolic patterns. The estimation of the duration of drug action, particularly for medicines with varied metabolic clearances (e.g., benzodiazepines); The empathetic or estimate of medicine relations, i.e., those defined for cyclosporin A and macrolide antibiotics; and Sclarification of the metabolic roots of individual inconsistencies in pharmaceutical action.</p>","PeriodicalId":93962,"journal":{"name":"Current drug discovery technologies","volume":" ","pages":"e250424229318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}