Critical reviews in oncology/hematology最新文献

Recent advances in tumour microenvironment impact immunotherapy resistance in gastric cancer. 肿瘤微环境影响胃癌免疫治疗耐药的研究进展。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104837

Qiuhong Sun, Shihui Li, Jing Lou, Xiaoying Wang, Xiaohui Xu

{"title":"Recent advances in tumour microenvironment impact immunotherapy resistance in gastric cancer.","authors":"Qiuhong Sun, Shihui Li, Jing Lou, Xiaoying Wang, Xiaohui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104837","url":null,"abstract":"Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumours worldwide, and its high morbidity and mortality are closely related to insignificant early symptoms, diagnosis mostly at an advanced stage and immunotherapy resistance. In recent years, the application of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, has brought new hope for treating GC; however, the problem of drug resistance is still a major challenge. The clinical need for effective immunotherapy in GC is still unmet, as the majority of patients do not respond to current treatments or develop resistance over time. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a key factor affecting immunotherapy resistance. It contains immunosuppressive cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, immunosuppressive cytokines and other components, which interact to form an immunosuppressive environment and weaken the effect of immunotherapy. In addition, tumour metabolic reprogramming further promotes immune resistance by affecting immune cell function and activity. However, the detailed mechanisms by which these components drive resistance are not fully understood, and there is a significant gap in the literature regarding comprehensive strategies to overcome this resistance. This review aims to address this gap by elucidating how key components of the TME contribute to immunotherapy resistance in GC. The study reviews the effect of key components in the TME of GC on immunotherapy resistance and its mechanism and discusses potential treatment strategies and future research directions for these mechanisms; it provides a theoretical basis for overcoming immunotherapy resistance and improving the prognosis of patients with GC.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bridging the Gap: the role of MDM2 inhibition in overcoming treatment resistance in breast cancer. 弥合差距：MDM2抑制在克服乳腺癌治疗耐药性中的作用。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104834

Giuseppe Di Grazia, Chiara Conti, Sabrina Nucera, Stefania Stella, Michele Massimino, Mario Giuliano, Francesco Schettini, Paolo Vigneri, Federica Martorana

{"title":"Bridging the Gap: the role of MDM2 inhibition in overcoming treatment resistance in breast cancer.","authors":"Giuseppe Di Grazia, Chiara Conti, Sabrina Nucera, Stefania Stella, Michele Massimino, Mario Giuliano, Francesco Schettini, Paolo Vigneri, Federica Martorana","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104834","url":null,"abstract":"Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53. It is involved in several biological processes and in cancer development, both in a p53-dependent and independent manner. Discordant evidence exists on MDM2 genetic polymorphisms and a possible susceptibility to breast cancer, but more studies are needed to fully understand this relationship. Elevated MDM2 levels, due to gene amplification or overexpression, can be found in up to 40% of estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. These alterations exert antiapoptotic activity, promoting cell survival and resistance to treatment, through the degradation of p53. For this reason, evidence about MDM2 activity as an oncogene led to various approaches to counter its action in cancer. Several MDM2 inhibitors have been evaluated in in-vitro and in-vivo preclinical models, showing preliminary anticancer activity in various neoplasms, including breast cancer. Few of these agents have been tested in early phase clinical trials, alone or in combination, with some promising results, however showing significant drug toxicity. Wild type p53 may represent a potential biomarker of response. However, other biomarkers must be discovered to clearly select patients who can benefit from these therapies and new strategies are needed to manage their toxicity. In conclusion, further research is needed to fully understand the role of MDM2 in breast cancer and to develop targeted therapies that can effectively inhibit its function and at the same time limit the toxicity of so far experimented compounds.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104834"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficacy, Safety, and Clinical Landscape of Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 过继细胞免疫治疗晚期肾细胞癌的疗效、安全性和临床前景：系统回顾和荟萃分析。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104833

Xinyi Qiu, Qian Wu, Jie Zhu, Tianxiang Xu, Yuqian Feng, Shengyou Lin

{"title":"Efficacy, Safety, and Clinical Landscape of Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Xinyi Qiu, Qian Wu, Jie Zhu, Tianxiang Xu, Yuqian Feng, Shengyou Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104833","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACI) has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for advanced (recurrent or metastatic) renal cell carcinoma (RCC), yet its clinical efficacy and safety remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the therapeutic outcomes, safety profile, and research trends of ACI in this setting.Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant clinical studies. A random-effects model was used for quantitative synthesis.Clinicaltrials: gov was also searched to assess ongoing research. Subgroup analyses were performed by geographic region and therapeutic strategy to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using prespecified statistical tests.Results: A total of 1,893 studies were screened, and 30 studies involving 508 patients were included. The pooled objective response rate (ORR) for ACI monotherapy (n=12) was 12% (95% CI: 8-18%), with a progressive disease rate (PDR) of 50% (95% CI: 38-62%) and a stable disease response (SDR) of 35% (95% CI: 24-48%). Most adverse events were mild to moderate (grade 1-2), with an overall incidence of 27% (95% CI: 9-56%) for any-grade events. Subgroup analysis showed that cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy achieved the highest ORR (25%). Among 89 registered trials, a shift since 2019 was observed from non-targeted, broad-spectrum immunotherapies to targeted approaches, with CAR-T trials comprising 60% of recent studies.Conclusions: ACI demonstrates limited efficacy and favorable safety in advanced RCC, particularly in combination strategies. Further large, well-designed trials are needed to confirm long-term benefits.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104833"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Global perspective on the Genetic, Epigenetic, and Transcriptomic basis of Gallbladder Cancer. 胆囊癌的遗传学、表观遗传学和转录组学基础的全球视角。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104830

Doutrina Das, Pooja Singh, Manjusha Pal, Manoj Pandey, Ruhi Dixit

{"title":"Global perspective on the Genetic, Epigenetic, and Transcriptomic basis of Gallbladder Cancer.","authors":"Doutrina Das, Pooja Singh, Manjusha Pal, Manoj Pandey, Ruhi Dixit","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104830","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Its pathophysiology involves environmental, microbiological, and physiological factors. Emerging evidence highlights the role of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic alterations in GBC onset. This article reviews these molecular changes in GBC patients.Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar was conducted for articles published up to May 2025. A total of 248 relevant studies were included in this literature review.Results: This review identified 24 genes associated with GBC, with mutations impacting apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and cell adhesion. Transcriptomic studies revealed alterations in coding and non-coding RNAs, emphasizing RNA-based gene regulatory networks. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes, histone acetylation, and miRNA-mediated regulation, were found to influence DNA repair, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Specific alterations in mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also observed.Conclusion: GBC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the lack of specific early signs and symptoms, with benign conditions frequently mimicking GBC. Early detection relies on identifying reliable biomarkers, which remain elusive. Ongoing research aims to discover biomarkers for early diagnosis, paving the way for improved treatment outcomes.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE ROLE OF HER2 PATHWAY IN VULVAR PAGET'S DISEASE. her2通路在外阴paget病中的作用。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104836

Giulia Pomati, Giacomo Corrado, Eleonora Palluzzi, Gaia Manna, Simona Maria Fragomeni, Alex Federico, Gaetano Lanzetta, Giovanni Scambia, Giorgia Garganese

{"title":"THE ROLE OF HER2 PATHWAY IN VULVAR PAGET'S DISEASE.","authors":"Giulia Pomati, Giacomo Corrado, Eleonora Palluzzi, Gaia Manna, Simona Maria Fragomeni, Alex Federico, Gaetano Lanzetta, Giovanni Scambia, Giorgia Garganese","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104836","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vulvar Paget's disease (VPD) is an orphan neoaplasm accounting 1-2% of vulvar malignancies. Advanced VPD is currently laking effective treatment options. Since HER2 is overexpressed in 30-40% of VPD cases, this scoping review explores its prognostic significance and the effectiveness of HER2-targeted therapies.Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases. The search was restricted to articles in English and human studies, incorporating the terms \"extramammary Paget disease\", \"vulva\", \"HER2\", \"anti-Her2 therapy\" and \"trastuzumab\". Two reviewers screened abstracts and full-text article while recording relevant data.Results: Seventeen small retrospective studies on HER2 expression in VPD were evaluated. All studies assessed HER2 using IHC, while only 9 studies also employed FISH to detect gene amplification. A total of 270 patients are reported, of which 121 patients (45%) had a 3+ or 2+ score. HER2/neu amplification was reported in 40% of invasive tumours vs 17.5% of non-invasive tumor. Eleven case-reports and series suggested a possible benefit of HER2-targeted therapies. To be mentioned, 4 articles reported trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy as the first-line treatment option, while trastuzumab monotherapy resulted in excellent objective response in two case reports.Conclusions: Although HER2 expression in VPD represents a potential therapeutic target, current evidence is largely derived from case reports and lacks substantial clinical trial data. There is an urgent need for targeted clinical trials and expanded genomic profiling to enhance understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prospect of interdisciplinary research on gut microbiota and colorectal cancer immunotherapy. 肠道菌群与结直肠癌免疫治疗跨学科研究展望

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104832

Yao Lu, Zhen Zhang, Lining Chen, Peng Xue, Yafei Zhang, Yixuan Li, Huiyuan Guo

引用次数: 0

The biological function and mechanism of action of circRNA as a potential target in colorectal cancer. circRNA作为结直肠癌潜在靶点的生物学功能和作用机制。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104828

Yuzhi Gao, Chang Li, Tuo Ji, Kun Yu, Xuzhu Gao

{"title":"The biological function and mechanism of action of circRNA as a potential target in colorectal cancer.","authors":"Yuzhi Gao, Chang Li, Tuo Ji, Kun Yu, Xuzhu Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104828","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence continues to rise, and treatment options for advanced stages are still limited. In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs), a special class of non-coding RNAs, have demonstrated potential applications in cancer therapy. CircRNAs exhibit high stability and tissue specificity, and they play roles in tumorigenesis and progression through multiple mechanisms, such as acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, interacting with proteins, modulating transcription, and participating in signal transduction. In CRC specific circRNAs can regulate gene expression within the tumor microenvironment, thereby influencing tumor cell behavior, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metabolic reprogramming. Moreover, circRNAs hold promise as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets for CRC. Although an increasing number of original studies have revealed the diverse functions of circRNAs in CRC, comprehensive reviews that synthesize these findings and relate them to clinical relevance remain scarce. This narrative review explores the latest advances in circRNA research in CRC and discusses their clinical potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic agents, and drug targets.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104828"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Next-Gen Models of Gallbladder Carcinoma: Linking Biological Insight to Precision Medicine. 下一代胆囊癌模型：将生物学洞察力与精准医学联系起来。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104827

Om Saswat Sahoo, Rashmi Minocha, Deepak Kumar, Arnab Nayek, Gurpreet Singh, Nidhi Bhardwaj, Sajib Sarkar, Nihar R Nayak, Ruby Dhar, Subhradip Karmakar

{"title":"Next-Gen Models of Gallbladder Carcinoma: Linking Biological Insight to Precision Medicine.","authors":"Om Saswat Sahoo, Rashmi Minocha, Deepak Kumar, Arnab Nayek, Gurpreet Singh, Nidhi Bhardwaj, Sajib Sarkar, Nihar R Nayak, Ruby Dhar, Subhradip Karmakar","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104827","url":null,"abstract":"Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is among the most aggressive and deadly malignancies of the biliary tract, with limited early diagnosis and treatment options largely due to a poor understanding of its complex tumor biology. Effective preclinical in vitro models are essential for advancing the understanding of its complex pathobiology and improving therapeutic strategies. Recent research has expanded experimental platforms for studying GBC biology beyond conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures to include advanced three-dimensional (3D) systems, xenograft models, and emerging technologies such as organoids, microfluidic devices, and air-liquid interface platforms. These models enable detailed investigation of tumor growth, stromal interactions, angiogenesis, invasion, and cellular motility. However, while traditional platforms have provided foundational insights into GBC biology, next-generation models incorporating immune components and patient-derived tissues offer enhanced recapitulation of tumor complexity and predictive power for therapeutic screening. This review critically examines the evolution of GBC modeling strategies, compares their strengths and limitations, and highlights the translational potential of cutting-edge approaches. Particular emphasis is placed on innovations that integrate immune components into patient-derived organoid systems, highlighting how cutting-edge technologies are driving the transition toward precision oncology for GBC. This detailed analysis seeks to guide future research efforts and encourage the creation of more efficient, individualized treatment approaches for this complex disease.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104827"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Super enhancers as Drivers of Hallmarks of Cancer: From Oncogene Activation to Metastatic Progression. 超级增强剂作为癌症标志的驱动因素：从癌基因激活到转移进展。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104826

Shuang Fan, Yihang Gao, Xinyu Dai, Hui Ma, Zecheng Yang

{"title":"Super enhancers as Drivers of Hallmarks of Cancer: From Oncogene Activation to Metastatic Progression.","authors":"Shuang Fan, Yihang Gao, Xinyu Dai, Hui Ma, Zecheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104826","url":null,"abstract":"Super enhancers (SEs) are a special type of enhancer with a unique shape and mechanism that allows them to regulate cellular processes by exhibiting a more significant gene transcription regulatory role than conventional enhancers. Tumorigenesis and metastasis may result from cancer cells exploiting SEs and developing a transcriptional addiction to them. Furthermore, tumor development may result from the translocation, creation, deletion, or duplication of SEs. According to reports, SEs closely control several carcinogenic chemicals and pathways. SE-targeting inhibitors can inhibit oncogene transcription and work in concert with chemotherapeutic drugs to overcome treatment resistance. In this work, we reviewed that SEs are essential players in the development of tumors, including the activation of oncogenes, the induction of tumor angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, the control of immune checkpoint genes, cancer immune escape, cancer stem cells, and resistance to treatment. Additionally, we examined the therapeutic strategy and significant SE inhibitors that are helpful in cancer therapy in this research. The limits of SEs in malignancies, both present and prospective, have been covered last.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Molecules with Double-Edged Sword Roles in T Cell: An Implication for Adoptive T Cell Therapy. 在T细胞中发挥双刃剑作用的分子：对过继T细胞治疗的启示。

Critical reviews in oncology/hematology Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104810

Marziyeh Samiee, Saeedeh Salehi, Leila Mohamed Khosroshahi, Tahereh Soltantoyeh

{"title":"The Molecules with Double-Edged Sword Roles in T Cell: An Implication for Adoptive T Cell Therapy.","authors":"Marziyeh Samiee, Saeedeh Salehi, Leila Mohamed Khosroshahi, Tahereh Soltantoyeh","doi":"10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104810","url":null,"abstract":"Immune checkpoints have traditionally been viewed as inhibitory molecules that downregulate immune cell activity, acting as a safeguard against excessive immune responses. In chronic infections and cancer, however, these checkpoints serve as barriers that can inhibit effective immune responses, thereby reducing pathological consequences. Over the years, researchers have explored immune checkpoint blockade through antibody-based therapies and have sought to delete these molecules in adoptive T cell therapy to enhance T cell function and proliferation. However, emerging research suggests that immune checkpoint deletion may not always be advantageous; these molecules appear to play complex roles in supporting T cell functions like metabolism, cytotoxicity, proliferation and persistence. Some of them might have roles in T cell differentiation into subsets like memory cells. This article delves into the evolving understanding of immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, TIM-2, A2aR, 2B4 and EP2, highlighting their nuanced roles in immune regulation and implications for immunotherapy. We proposed that these molecules should be viewed as a double-edged sword and regulated with greater caution, taking into account their lesser-known roles and other interacting factors.","PeriodicalId":93958,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in oncology/hematology","volume":" ","pages":"104810"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0