BMC ecology and evolution最新文献

{"title":"Population stratification in Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) off Iceland evident from RADseq analysis.","authors":"Áki Jarl Láruson, Hafrún Gunnarsdóttir, Jake Goodall, Snæbjörn Pálsson, Ingibjörg G Jónsdóttir","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02369-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-025-02369-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The northern shrimp Pandalus borealis (ice. Stóri kampalampi) is a North Atlantic crustacean of significant commercial interest which has been harvested consistently in Icelandic waters since 1936. In Icelandic waters, the length at which this protandrous species transitions from male to female differs between the inshore and offshore populations, suggesting a biologically meaningful stratification which may or may not be plastic. Using reduced representative genomes assembled from RADseq data, sampled from 96 individuals collected at two time points (2018 and 2021), we compare the level of genetic structure across a gradient extending out of Skjálfandi bay, north Iceland. These data are compared to samples from a far offshore site, some 65 km out from the bay, as well as another inshore fjord in Arnarfjörður, in northwestern Iceland. Since 1999, no harvesting of inshore populations of P. borealis in Skjálfandi has been allowed due to stock decline, but harvesting of offshore stocks has continued. Uncertainty surrounding the extent of structure between the in- and offshore aggregations has remained. Here we report distinct genetic structure defining the inshore and offshore populations of northern shrimp, but find significant admixture between the two. Most importantly, we see that genetically inshore populations of northern shrimp extend far outside the harvest boundaries of inshore shrimp, and offshore individuals may exhibit punctuated migration into the inshore areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social control of egg-laying in independently nest-founding bumble bee queens.","authors":"Blanca R Peto, Claudinéia P Costa, Meghan E Moore, S Hollis Woodard","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02364-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-025-02364-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evolution has shaped diverse reproductive investment strategies, with some organisms integrating environmental cues into their reproductive decisions. In animal societies, social cues can further influence reproductive decisions in ways that might support the survival and success of the social group. Bumble bees are a lineage of eusocial insects wherein queens initiate nests independently. Bumble bee queens enter their eusocial phase only after successfully rearing their first offspring and thereafter exhibit an increased rate of egg-laying. We tested the idea that during bumble bee nest initiation, queen reproduction is socially context-dependent and under the control of social conditions in the nest.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings reveal that in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens, queen egg-laying follows a dynamic, stereotypical pattern and is also heavily influenced by social group members. During the initial stages of nest initiation, accelerated egg-laying in queens is associated with the presence of workers or older larvae and pupae. Moreover, workers are required for queens to maintain increased levels of egg laying across the nest initiation stage. We also confirmed a previously-described pattern where queens temporarily decelerate egg-laying early in nest-founding, only to increase it again when the first adult workers are soon to emerge. This \"pause\" in egg-laying was observed in all B. impatiens queens as well as in additional species examined.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results support the idea that eusocial systems can employ socially context-dependent control of queen egg-laying as a reproductive strategy. In some solitary-founding lineages, including bumble bees, queens may reach their full reproductive potential only after the emergence of the first adult workers, who then take over brood care. This stands in contrast to the hyper-reproductivity observed in some eusocial species. The presence of workers and older brood (who will soon eclose) not only alleviates queen brood care responsibilities but may also provide signals that cause queens to increase their reproductive output. These phenomena may allow queens to adapt their reproductive output to the conditions of the colony. Broadly, these findings highlight the dynamic interplay between social conditions and reproduction in bumble bees.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11980249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Great ape abundance and per capita carbon storage in their habitats.","authors":"Prince Degny Vale, Ernest Dadis Bush Fotsing, Samedi Jean Pierre Mucyo, Williams Danladi Abwage, Serge Ely Dibakou, Kouame Paul N'Goran, Tenekwetche Sop, Yntze van der Hoek, Stefanie Heinicke, Lars Kulik, Inza Kone, Hjalmar Kuehl","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02371-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02371-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11974002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glomalin related soil protein, soil aggregate stability and soil aggregate-associated organic carbon under agroforestry practices in southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Nebiyou Masebo, Emiru Birhane, Serekebrehane Takele, Araceli Perez-Sanz, Juan J Lucena, Zerihun Belay, Agena Anjulo, Felipe Yunta","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02365-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02365-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Land degradation in Ethiopia is escalating due to high population density and the shift from tree-based agricultural systems, like agroforestry practices (AFP), to monoculture farming. These land use changes, compounded by climate change, threaten biodiversity and soil resources. Key soil health parameters, such as glomalin, soil aggregation, and aggregate stability, are negatively impacted by such practices. Agroforestry is proposed as a sustainable alternative to address these challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AFPs on soil glomalin, soil aggregate stability (mean weight diameter, MWD), and the relationship between soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC). Undisturbed soil samples were collected from 0 to 30 cm and 30-60 cm depths in four land use types: home garden (HAFP), cropland (ClAFP), woodlot (WlAFP), and trees on soil and water conservation-based agroforestry (TSWAFP). Results showed significantly higher glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in HAFP and WlAFP compared to ClAFP and TSWAFP (p < 0.05). HAFP also exhibited the highest soil aggregate stability (SAS) and MWD, followed by WlAFP. These findings suggest that agroforestry practices can significantly enhance soil health, ecosystem stability, and long-term sustainability, contributing to land restoration efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crowdsourcing conservation: unveiling Taiwan's sea turtle foraging grounds, emerging threats, and residency with broad societal engagement.","authors":"Chia-Ling Fong, Daphne Z Hoh, Huai Su, Peng-Yu Chen, Chia-Chen Tsai, Kelly W H Tseng, Hao-Chih Huang, Jun-Yi Wu, Yoko Nozawa, Benny K K Chan","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02354-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02354-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Determining sea turtle foraging grounds, emerging threats, and population status are essential for conservation management. Crowdsourced science is a recently recognized approach that enables internet-based data collection, providing important contributions to scientific goals while also benefiting society and public education. This study is based on the published dataset from TurtleSpot Taiwan (2017-2022) with the aim to leverage crowdsourced data to determine sea turtle foraging grounds, emerging threats, demography, and residency patterns in Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified three green turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging grounds in Taiwan (Liuqiu Island, Kenting, and Green Island), defined as sites with > 100 sightings and > 50 individuals. Among all sites, Liuqiu Island contributed 77% of the total sightings, suggesting this island is a hotspot. Emerging threats to foraging aggregations of sea turtles in Taiwan were evident from the reported sightings, with ~ 10% of the total sightings involving turtles with fishing line entanglement, ingested debris, missing flippers, or injuries. Most of these sightings occurred in Liuqiu Island, indicating a significant level of human-turtle disturbance. Residency patterns identified from sighting data showed that 43.4% of individuals stayed in the same area for one or more years, with adult-sized turtle residency greater than that of immature turtles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taiwan supports healthy foraging grounds for green turtles, where adults often stay for more than one year and with dynamic populations of younger individuals. However, despite a certain number of foraging green turtles observed in Liuqiu Island, many of these turtles displayed injuries. This high population density combined with increased injury frequency suggests that a comprehensive management plan for turtle foraging grounds is urgently needed, including measures to reduce boat speeds in hotspot areas and strict regulations on coastal human activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Expression of Concern: mtDNA structure: the women who formed the Brazilian northeast.","authors":"Ana Paula Schaan, Lorenna Costa, Diego Santos, Antonio Modesto, Marcos Amador, Camile Lopes, Sílvia Helena Rabenhorst, Raquel Montenegro, Bruno D A Souza, Thayson Lopes, France Keiko Yoshioka, Giovanny Pinto, Vivian Silbiger, Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02366-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02366-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repetitive DNAs and differentiation of the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in the combtail fish Belontia hasselti (Perciformes: Osphronemidae).","authors":"Alan Moura de Oliveira, Geize Aparecida Deon, Alexandr Sember, Caio Augusto Gomes Goes, Weerayuth Supiwong, Alongklod Tanomtong, Fábio Porto-Foresti, Ricardo Utsunomia, Thomas Liehr, Marcelo de Bello Cioffi","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02358-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02358-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Java combtail fish Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, 1831), a member of the Osphronemidae family, inhabits lakes and rivers throughout Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. Previous cytogenetic research revealed it possesses a diploid chromosome number of 48 chromosomes with a female-heterogametic ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system, where the W chromosome is distinguishable as the only metacentric element in the complement. Female-heterogametic sex chromosome systems seem to be otherwise surprisingly rare in the highly diverse order Perciformes and, therefore, B. hasselti provides an important comparative model to evolutionary studies in this teleost lineage. To examine the level of sex chromosome differentiation in B. hasselti and the contribution of repetitive DNAs to this process we combined bioinformatic analyses with chromosomal mapping of selected repetitive DNA classes, and comparative genomic hybridization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By providing the first satellitome study in Perciformes, we herein identified 13 satellite DNA monomers in B. hasselti, suggesting a very low diversity of satDNA in this fish species. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we revealed detectable clusters on chromosomes only for four satellite DNA monomers. Together with the two mapped microsatellite motifs, the repeats primarily accumulated on autosomes, with no distinct clusters located on the sex chromosomes. Comparative genomic hybridization showed no region with accumulated female-specific or enriched repeats on the W chromosome. Telomeric repeats terminated all chromosomes, and no additional interstitial sites were detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data collectively indicate a low degree of sex chromosome differentiation in B. hasselti despite their considerable heteromorphy. Possible mechanisms that may underlie this pattern are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11917085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis revisited: contrasting latitudinal richness gradients in actively vs. passively accumulated interaction partners of honey bees.","authors":"Alyssa R Cirtwill, Tomas Roslin, Pablo Peña-Aguilera, Agathe Agboto, William Bercê, Svetlana N Bondarchuk, Robert Brodschneider, Behzad Heidari, Camara Kaizirege, Justine Muhoro Nyaga, Ojonugwa Ekpah, Gonzalo Ossa Gomez, Claudia Paz, Christian Pirk, Amir Salehi-Najafabadi, Anneli Salonen, Chantal Soloniaina, Helena Wirta","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02363-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02363-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contrasting hypotheses suggest that the number of biotic interactions per species could either increase towards the equator due to the increasing richness of potential interaction partners (Neutral theory), or decrease in the tropics due to increased biotic competition (Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis). Empirical testing of these hypotheses remains limited due to practical limitations, differences in methodology, and species turnover across latitudes. Here, we focus on a single species with a worldwide distribution, the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), to assess how the number of different types of interactions vary across latitudes. Foraging honey bees interact with many organisms in their local environment, including plants they actively select to visit and microbes that they largely encounter passively (i.e., unintentionally and more or less randomly). Tissue pieces and spores of these organisms are carried to the hive by foraging honey bees and end up preserved within honey, providing a rich record of the species honey bees encounter in nature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using honey samples from around the globe, we show that while honey bees visit more plant taxa at higher latitudes, they encounter more bacteria in the tropics.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These different components of honey bees' biotic niche support the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis for actively-chosen interactions, but are more consistent with neutral theory (assuming greater bacterial richness in the tropics) for unintentional interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11912709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular evolution of gustatory receptors in the Anopheles gambiae complex.","authors":"Zachary R Popkin-Hall, Michel A Slotman","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02359-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02359-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mosquitoes in the Anopheles (An.) gambiae species complex are major vectors of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. One reason for this is the high anthropophily of the constituent species An. coluzzii, An. gambiae sensu stricto, and An. arabiensis. In contrast, their sister species An. quadriannulatus is highly zoophilic. Anopheles mosquitoes largely rely on chemical cues for host-seeking, which are primarily detected by four chemosensory gene families: olfactory receptors (Ors), ionotropic receptors (Irs), gustatory receptors (Grs), and odorant binding proteins (Obps). Genes from these families that have been implicated in host adaptation show evidence of positive selection in other insect species, including other mosquitoes. As such, we analyzed the molecular evolutionary patterns of the gustatory receptors within the Anopheles gambiae complex, with a particular interest in identifying Grs that show evidence of positive selection in highly anthropophilic species.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified sixteen Grs that show evidence of potential positive selection using the McDonald-Kreitman test, including four putative sugar receptors and two Grs with unknown ligands that are relatively highly expressed in chemosensory organs of either An. coluzzii or An. quadriannulatus. In addition, we identified twelve Grs that show evidence of potential purifying selection using the McDonald-Kreitman test, and twelve Grs that may have experienced a selective sweep using the DH test, including three putative sugar receptors and the carbon dioxide receptor Gr24. We also identified both positive and purifying selection in the coastal species An. melas (West Africa) and An. merus (East Africa).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results, together with transcriptomic data, identify four Grs as possible candidates for involvement in the evolution of vertebrate host preference in the An. gambiae complex, as may have occurred in the An. farauti complex. They also point to sugar receptors as playing a role in recent adaptation of some of these species. As the vast majority of Grs have unknown functions and much is still unknown about the role of Grs in these species, a more complete interpretation of our data necessitates further characterization of these genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11912695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptic diversity, phenotypic congruence, and evolutionary history of the Leptobotia citrauratea complex (Pisces: Botiidae) within subtropical eastern China.","authors":"Dongming Guo, Xiong Gong, Wenjing Yi, Liang Cao, E Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12862-025-02362-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12862-025-02362-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elucidating the emergence and maintenance of cryptic diversity is a major focus of evolutionary biology. Integrative taxonomy is widely considered as the best practice for delimiting cryptic species and exploring cryptic speciation. This approach is used here to study the Leptobotia citrauratea complex, a group of small-sized loaches so far found in subtropical floodplains and hills of eastern China. A total 170 specimens were collected from 24 sampling sites, encompassing geographical variations and divergent habitas. Six putative species, out of which two are cryptic, were delineated by integrating molecular (two mtDNA and three nuDNA genes) and morphological analyses. These species constituted three ecotypes, exhibiting phenotypic disparities concordant with a habitat transition from high- to low-flow environments. Phenotypic similarities among them were shown to not align with their phylogenetic relationships but closely correlate with habitat utilization. Convergent evolution, driven by similar selective pressure associated with habitat-specific use, likely accounts for the cryptic diversity unveiled in the recently diverging species complex. The diversification of this species complex began in the late Pliocene, coinciding with tectonic activities in the subtropical region of eastern China. Subsequent rapid differentiation during the Pleistocene was possibly driven by regional climate fluctuations. This evolutionary trajectory highlights the crucial roles of geological, climate and ecological factors in shaping biodiversity in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":93910,"journal":{"name":"BMC ecology and evolution","volume":"25 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11912635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}