Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine最新文献

{"title":"Adherence to the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Guideline for Reporting Cold Ischemia Time and Breast Formalin Fixation Is Easier Said Than Done.","authors":"Michael A Balatico, Sumie Edwards, Rachel E Factor","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0540-LE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2025-0540-LE","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":"150 4","pages":"259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endometriosis-Associated Neoplasms: A Review of Clinicopathologic Features and Common Diagnostic Challenges.","authors":"Joy M Hoang, Ramya P Masand","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0414-RA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0414-RA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>Neoplastic potential of endometriosis is well established, albeit rare, and endometriosis-associated neoplasms are frequently encountered in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To summarize and review common diagnostic issues with endometriosis and endometriosis-associated neoplasms, as well as review clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics of these tumors and discuss differential diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Data sources.—: </strong>Literature review and cases from the authors' personal practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>Endometriosis-associated neoplasms are a frequently encountered heterogeneous group of ovarian neoplasms with some unifying features, including younger age and lower stage at presentation. The most common tumors are endometrioid carcinomas, clear cell carcinomas, and seromucinous borderline tumors. The diverse morphologic features and variant histologic patterns can significantly complicate interpretation and compromise reproducibility. This review offers a systematic approach in overcoming these diagnostic challenges that are facilitated by the integration of histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":"150 4","pages":"e90-e101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147517493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Sets for the Reporting of Head and Neck Tumors: Second Edition Update From the International Collaboration of Cancer Reporting.","authors":"Lester D R Thompson, Justin A Bishop, Martin Bullock, Rebecca D Chernock, William C Faquin, Susan Müller, Edward W Odell, Michelle D Williams, Nina Zidar, Fleur Webster","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0335-OA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0335-OA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>The International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting is a not-for-profit organization whose goal is to develop evidence-based, internationally agreed standardized data sets for each anatomic site to be used throughout the world.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To update the changes in the 2nd edition of the data set suite, including carcinomas of the hypopharynx, larynx and trachea, major salivary glands, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, oropharynx and nasopharynx, and oral cavity, and ear and temporal bone tumors, malignant odontogenic tumors, mucosal melanomas of the head and neck, and nodal excisions and neck dissection specimens.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>International consensus by expert data set authoring committees, especially authors of the World Health Organization head and neck tumor classification.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>The unique features have been updated based on current research and developments in histologic classification and standardized reporting guidelines. Separation between core and noncore elements is based on data meaningful to prognosis and stratification. The changes are in conjunction with publication of the 5th edition of the World Health Organization head and neck tumor classification.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>Increased harmonization of reporting and benchmarking improves patient outcomes and international collaborative research.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"266-275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145650394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing Choice of Laboratory-Developed Tests and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved or FDA-Cleared In Vitro Diagnostics for Molecular Analytes.","authors":"Benjamin F Smith, Julia A Bridge, Susan J Hsiao, Neal I Lindeman, Christina M Lockwood, Madhu M Ouseph, Bijal A Parikh, Daniel D Rhoads, Rhona J Souers, Karen Tsuchiya, Patricia Vasalos, Joel T Moncur","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0253-CP","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0253-CP","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>Clinical laboratory tests in the United States have been subject to dichotomous regulatory oversight, encompassing both laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved or FDA-cleared in vitro diagnostic products (IVDs).</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To assess the factors and preferences that are important for the selection of tests by clinical laboratories.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>A questionnaire was sent to laboratories participating in College of American Pathologists proficiency testing programs for 5 molecular analytes across molecular oncology, infectious disease, and germline genetics. The questionnaire asked about the factors that influenced the decision to implement an LDT or an FDA IVD.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>For all laboratories providing analyte responses, including those using LDTs and FDA IVDs, the factors most rated as very important were assay coverage of specific variants and/or positions of interest (95.1%; 656 of 690) and assay performance (eg, analytical sensitivity and specificity) (92.8%; 666 of 718). Laboratories using LDTs preferentially rated flexibility to modify the assay and already possessing the testing platform/equipment as very important. Laboratories using FDA IVDs preferentially rated the reputation of the assay manufacturer and support and customer service as very important.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>This study highlights the primacy of performance for laboratories' selection of assays. The variability of laboratory preferences for LDTs and FDA IVDs illustrates the need for a regulatory approach that minimizes burdens and is flexible so that laboratories can best adapt to their unique clinical environments. These preferences should be considered to reduce impact on laboratories and on patient care as the FDA and other agencies assess regulatory oversight.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"581-594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrater Variability in the Application of the Goldman Criteria to Medical Autopsies.","authors":"Meagan Chambers, Tanner Bartholow, Thomas Long, Felipe Carrasco Tenezaca, Ronald Phillips, Shera Wanner, Anja C Roden, Eumenia Castro, Sonja Chen, Holly Harper, David S Priemer, Amy Rapkiewicz, Amyn M Rojiani, Harold Sanchez","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0487-OA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0487-OA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>The Goldman criteria are widely used to categorize diagnostic discrepancies in autopsy reports for hospital quality assurance. Despite their adoption, little is known about how consistently they are applied across institutions.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To evaluate the interrater reliability among academic pathologists applying the Goldman criteria to classify missed diagnoses in autopsy cases.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>Thirty autopsy cases from 2 academic hospitals were reviewed by 5 experienced autopsy pathologists. Each reviewer independently assigned Goldman classification scores (classes I-IV) to missed diagnoses based on the original 1983 definitions. Consensus was defined as at least 60% agreement (≥3 of 5 raters). Fleiss κ and Gwet AC1 were calculated to assess interrater reliability.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>A total of 196 missed diagnoses were identified by at least 1 rater. Only 26% (51 of 196) achieved a consensus Goldman classification, and just 4% (8 of 196) had unanimous classification agreement. Most diagnoses (65%; 127 of 196) were not identified by at least 3 raters. Among consensus classification ratings, 49% (25 of 51) were class IV. Fleiss κ was 0.176 (slight agreement) while Gwet AC1 was 0.390 (fair agreement). Collapsing major (classes I-II) and minor (classes III-IV) categories modestly improved agreement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>Interrater agreement in applying the Goldman criteria is only fair to moderate, suggesting significant subjectivity in their application. As the criteria are used for institutional comparison and quality metrics, efforts to standardize definitions and provide reviewer training are warranted to improve reproducibility and utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"603-609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed Neuroendocrine-Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Pancreas: Unraveling the Concept and Applying It to Clinical Practice.","authors":"David S Klimstra","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0370-RA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0370-RA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>Although most pancreatic epithelial neoplasms show differentiation predominantly along ductal, neuroendocrine, or acinar lines, minor elements with divergent differentiation are common, and some neoplasms have substantial components reflecting more than one line of differentiation. These rare mixed neoplasms can show any combination of phenotypes, but neuroendocrine differentiation mixed with either ductal or acinar components is the most frequent. The classification of mixed neoplasms with a neuroendocrine component has been standardized by the World Health Organization (WHO) under the label of \"mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN).\" However, the definition of MiNEN is complex and several distinct neoplastic entities fall within this conceptual category, leading to confusion about how to use the term MiNEN and what are its clinical utility and significance.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To demystify the MiNEN concept and provide some guidance about how the specific neoplasms encompassed in the category should be diagnosed, prognosticated, and managed. Mixed neoplasms with amphicrine features are also discussed, although they are not classified as MiNENs according to the definition of that category.</p><p><strong>Data sources.—: </strong>Publications describing pancreatic neoplasms with mixed differentiation have been reviewed, along with the range of WHO classifications related to gastrointestinal and endocrine neoplasms, for the past 45 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>The MiNEN concept, along with the evolving concept of mixed neoplasms with amphicrine features, can be helpful to describe groups of pancreatic neoplasms that exhibit evidence of differentiation along both neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine lineages. For individual neoplasms, however, the diagnosis should indicate the specific components represented to ensure appropriate clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"e131-e140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147470449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Needs Assessment of Breast Pathology Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Oluwatosin Omoyiola, Jaime L Gilliland, Omolade Betiku, Gilbert Nkya, Fabiola Couto Fernandes, Neybi Stella Tacula, Carla Carrilho, Angela Elisha Pallangyo, Omolade Adegoke, Marcia Edelweiss, Dianna L Ng","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0501-OA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0501-OA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>High-quality breast pathology services are a cornerstone to rendering accurate and timely diagnostic reports essential for breast cancer management.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To perform a qualitative needs assessment of breast pathology services across several large referral hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa to better understand the challenges in providing optimal pathology services.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>We conducted semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in breast cancer care, including pathologists, radiologists, oncologists, and surgeons from Nigeria, Tanzania, and Mozambique. All interviews were conducted by a breast pathologist with subspecialty training based in the United States. Interviews explored the current gaps in pathology services. Responses were recorded, key points transcribed and coded by using thematic content analysis, and major themes were identified.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>Individual interviews were conducted with a total of 6 pathologists, 3 radiologists, 2 oncologists, and 6 surgeons. Major themes identified included pathology reporting practices, laboratory workflow, pathology infrastructure, and challenges in communication between clinical specialties. Participants expressed a desire for more consistent and structured reports, including standardization of essential information and the use of synoptic templates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>Addressing gaps in breast cancer pathology services in sub-Saharan Africa will require a multifaceted approach. Critical areas to focus on include interventions to strengthen laboratory infrastructure, increasing availability of context-tailored subspecialty training, standardizing laboratory protocols and specimen reporting, and establishing communication channels between clinical specialties. Building pathology capacity in sub-Saharan Africa will improve not only diagnosis but also treatment planning and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"527-532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Verification and Establishment of Reference Intervals for Dendritic Cells, γδT Cells, and Follicular Helper T Cells Using Flow Cytometry.","authors":"Mei Liu, Tian-Ling Yang, Xin Cheng, Si-Hua Yu, Ya-Jing Fu, Pan Wang, Yong-Jun Jiang, Zi-Ning Zhang, Hong Shang","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0371-OA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0371-OA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>Dendritic cells (DCs), gamma-delta T (γδT) cells, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are key players in immune responses and clinical surveillance. While flow cytometry (FCM) provides precise quantification of these subsets with their subpopulations, its clinical application remains limited, partly due to lack of standardized performance verification and reference intervals.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To facilitate the standardization and clinical application of peripheral DCs, γδT cells, and Tfh cells with their subpopulations, based on FCM.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>Peripheral whole blood from healthy individuals was collected to measure the frequency of DCs, γδT cells, and Tfh cells with their subpopulations via FCM. Sample stability, reportable range, intra-assay/interassay precision, and linearity were evaluated from best practice documents, followed by establishing reference intervals.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>For sample stability, samples were stable up to 24 hours post collection at 4°C for DCs with their subpopulations; samples were stable up to 96 hours at both 4°C and room temperature for γδT cells with their subpopulations; samples showed instability after 24 hours at both 4°C and room temperature for Tfh cells with their subpopulations. For the reportable range, the minimum cell numbers of upper gate for target cells that could meet the detection requirements of DCs, γδT cells, and Tfh cells with their subpopulations were 5000, 250, and 1000. Both intra-assay/interassay precision and linearity fulfilled the acceptance criteria. Furthermore, we established the reference intervals for DCs, γδT cells, and Tfh cells with their subpopulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>We conducted systematic performance verification and established reference intervals for DCs, γδT cells, and Tfh cells with their subpopulations via FCM, promoting the standardization and clinical application of these assays.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"e141-e148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147461398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast Cancers With Discordant Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization-Positive (Group 1) and Immunohistochemistry-Negative (0/1+) Results Following American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Guideline.","authors":"Diane Wilcock, Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz, Allison S Cleary, Cameron Beech, H Evin Gulbahce","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0490-OA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0490-OA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have been widely used for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status determination in breast cancers for about 25 years. Most laboratories use IHC as the first line of testing in both primary and metastatic breast cancers. Implementation of and updates to the ASCO/CAP guidelines have improved the reported discrepancy between IHC and FISH results.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To investigate the incidence of discordance between IHC and FISH after the most recent guideline update and to determine possible underlying causes.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>Breast cancer cases simultaneously tested for HER2 by IHC and FISH from January 2023 through July 2024 were identified. Information on clinicopathologic features and follow-up on cases with discordant results were obtained from electronic records.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>IHC-negative/FISH-positive discordance was identified in 10 of 956 cases (1.1%). Discordance was significantly more commonly seen in tissues from metastatic sites where ischemic and fixation times were not documented owing to unknown primary site at the time of biopsy. IHC-negative/FISH-positive cases had significantly lower HER2 copy number per cell in discordant cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>Dual IHC and FISH testing, especially from metastatic sites, may need to be considered to ensure all patients eligible for targeted therapies are identified. Significant differences in HER2 copy numbers between discordant and concordant cases raise the possibility of underlying biologic differences and require further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"503-512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement in the Systematized Evaluation of Early Pregnancy Loss: Increased Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Utility.","authors":"María Jesús Isorna-Porto, José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro, Noel González-Ortega, Eugenia Fernández-Mellid, Arturo Gonzalez-Quintela, Bernardo Sopeña","doi":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0259-OA","DOIUrl":"10.5858/arpa.2025-0259-OA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context.—: </strong>The Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement has been validated for term placentas, but its use in the evaluation of early pregnancy loss remains insufficiently studied and underutilized in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Objective.—: </strong>To assess the diagnostic utility of applying the Amsterdam consensus to histopathologic evaluation of early pregnancy loss.</p><p><strong>Design.—: </strong>We conducted a retrospective study of 269 early pregnancy loss events at a tertiary hospital. Each case underwent routine evaluation and blinded reanalysis by 2 pathologists using the Amsterdam consensus definitions. Intervillous fibrin deposition, not part of the original criteria, was also systematically graded. Clinical variables were collected to explore associations with histologic findings.</p><p><strong>Results.—: </strong>Routine evaluation identified potentially relevant findings in 3 of 269 cases (1.1%). Structured reanalysis increased this number to 13 of 269 (4.8%; P < .001), mainly due to maternal vascular malperfusion. When intervillous fibrin deposition was included, abnormal cases rose to 47 of 269 (17.5%; P < .001). Maternal vascular malperfusion was observed in 13 of 269 cases (4.8%) and fibrin deposition in 34 of 269 (12.6%); none were detected in routine evaluation. In addition, the 3 cases reported as pathologic in the routine evaluation were reclassified in the reevaluation, and 2 of these as normal. Pathologic findings correlated with higher gestational age and multiple pregnancies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.—: </strong>Applying the Amsterdam criteria, with the additional evaluation of intervillous fibrin deposition, improves diagnostic yield and consistency in early pregnancy loss, uncovering lesions missed in routine clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":93883,"journal":{"name":"Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine","volume":" ","pages":"630-636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}